科技外交的新发展与中国的战略对策

近几年,科技外交出现新的发展趋势,其背后的动力是全球化发展的挑战、国际关系的变化、科学技术自身发展的需要以及全球公民社会的兴起。美、英、日等发达国家把科技外交纳入国家战略之中,并采取措施促进科技外交。面对科技外交的新发展趋势,中国应该做战略上的谋划,并采取积极的措施,促进科学技术的发展,并使科学技术在国家外交事业中发挥充分的作用。     

Militainment and mechatronics: Occultatio and the veil of science fiction cool in United States Air Force advertisements

In 2009, the United States Air Force aired a series of science fiction-themed recruitment commercials on network television and their official YouTube channel. In these advertisements, the superimposition of science fiction imagery over depictions of Air Force operations frames these missions as near-future sci-fi adventure, ironically summarized by the tagline: “It’s not science fiction. It’s what we do every day.” Focusing on an early advertisement for the Air Force’s Reaper unmanned aerial vehicle, this essay explores how themes essential to the science fiction genre play a role in influencing contemporary attitudes about autonomous and semi-autonomous robotic weapons, as well as the way in which the aesthetic and functional qualities of these advanced technologies are used to frame moral arguments about their use. As a reconfiguration of the near-future battleground in the guise of science fiction, the “Reaper” ad reveals the way in which science fiction has come to serve as a functional-aesthetic benchmark and cultural sounding board, against which “every day” technologies can be measured and claims about their value, ethos, and social appeal are made. This essay explores the ethical entanglements between science fiction film and video games, and military technology, and the complex role science fiction plays in influencing public attitudes towards military technologies.     

A lens of many facets. Science through a family's eyes

This essay argues for the relevance of the history of family life to the history of science, taking the example of the Exners of Vienna. The Exners were an influential case of the nineteenth-century European phenomenon of the "scientific dynasty". The focus here is on their collaborative research on color theory at the turn of the twentieth century. At first glance, this project looks like a reactionary strike against aesthetic innovation, a symptom of what historians assume was an unbridgeable gulf between scientific reason and artistic modernism. We can better understand the Exners' motivations by situating this research at the intersection of the family's public and private lives. The domestic context sheds light on their use of such scientific terms as "subjective", "normal", and "universal", providing a more nuanced sense of what rationality really meant in fin-de-siècle Vienna.     

科学与修辞：从二元对立到辩证统一

如何理解科学与修辞之间的关系？从传统的科学与修辞二元区分观,到20世纪六七十年代以来科学与修辞学的三大合流路径（包括修辞学的认知转向、建构主义科学社会学的兴起、科学哲学的语用学转向）,科学与修辞之间经历了一次从二元对立到彼此融合的过程,但这融合过程并非完善,一系列方法论难题,特别是关于二者相互关联的机制问题仍没有得到很好的解决。文章借用马尔切洛.佩拉的＂科学的辩证法＂观念,尝试性地提出了＂科学的辩证模型＂,通过建构以＂理由＂为中心、以＂争论场＂为基础的新模型,以期对科学与修辞之间的关系进行新的阐释,并破解科学与修辞具体关联机制这一难题。     

科技园管理创新、战略动机和企业创新绩效：一个整合模型

 根据文献回顾,建立相关研究假设和理论框架,提出了科技园区运行机制整合模型,探讨了科技园管理创新、企业入园的战略动机以及园内企业创新绩效之间的逻辑关系,认为科技园管理创新包括两个理论维度：一是科技园管理机构的相关政策;二是科技园管理机构的企业导入服务。企业入驻科技园的战略动机则分成两个维度进行讨论：一是企业入园的外在动机（利益性动机）;二是企业入园的内在动机（主观评估）。而园内企业的创新绩效则有技术研发、人才储备、市场开拓、研发资金等几个层面,本研究通过利用已有的成熟量表,测量相关潜变量,利用结构方程模型验证了假设并提出相关的政策性建议。     

The money trail: a new historiography for networks, patronage, and scientific careers

Money is everywhere in science. Yet historians have only rarely placed the money trail at the center of their analyses. The essays in this Focus section demonstrate that following the money offers a historiographical path for investigating a number of key issues across disciplinary boundaries in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Drawing on cases and materials relating to a number of scientific fields, including electrical engineering, aeronautics, agriculture, and paleontology, the essays examine the continuous role of money in industrial and military patronage, personal connections and networks, and spatial and geographical dimensions of science, as well as in relation to state funding and ownership. Together, the contributions demonstrate how following the money offers a way of overcoming hyperprofessionalism in the history of science.     

中国高校仍“重理轻文”吗？

“重理轻文”是长期以来积攒的科研弊病，那么从科研技术效率的角度来看是否如此呢？本文以2009-2014年中国大陆31个省高校科研活动为研究对象，采用随机前沿分析方法对中国大陆高校理工农医类与人文社科类科研技术效率进行测算与比较分析。研究发现：理工农医类的科研技术效率要明显高于人文社科类，且差距随着时间的推移而不断扩大；初始拥有较多科研资源的东部地区理工农医类与人文社科类的科研技术效率均较高，但后期被中西部地区赶超；不同省市的科研技术效率差异较大，少数省市依然存在“重理轻文”科研观念。因此，合理配置不同地域科研资源，实现不同学科的均衡发展，是今后一段时期内科研领域的工作重点。     

为了科学,还是为了公众?——论公众科学的两种进路

自20世纪90年代中期以来,“公众科学”的概念逐渐受到学界关注并形成了一个新的研究领域,但目前学界对于“公众科学”的内涵仍没有共识。为此本文追溯了实践进路和政治进路两种不同内涵的公众科学的源起、内容与影响,并对两种公众科学的形成背景、理论预设、政策影响等方面的差异进行了系统比较;同时阐述了已有研究对于融合两种公众科学进路的尝试。最后,文章提出公众科学是一种以公众为主体的新知识生产方式,并结合国内公众科学情况提出了几点发展建议。     

皮克林的概念实践研究

皮克林认为传统的科学观并不能完整地描绘科学的图景,科学应该被理解为一个实践的过程。但是,人们更习惯于探讨科学的实验研究、实验室研究及其与外部世界的关系,科学的概念实践却很少有人问津。皮克林认为,概念实践的研究在科学实践研究中具有重要的地位。而且,我们还能发现概念实践中的冲撞体现着阻抗与适应的辩证法。同时,概念实践研究对于我们理解科学的相对性、历史性等都有重要的启示。     

Focus: the elusive icon: Einstein, 1905-2005. Introduction

As Einstein's portrait comes increasingly to resemble an icon, we lose more than detail--his writings and actions lose all reference. This is as true for his physics as it is for his philosophy and his politics; the best of recent work aims to remove Einstein's interventions from the abstract sphere of Delphic pronouncements and to insert them in the stream of real events, real arguments. Politically, this means attending to McCarthyism, Paul Robeson, the Arab-Israeli conflict. Philosophically, it means tying his concerns, for example, to late nineteenth-century neo-Kantian debates and to his own struggles inside science. And where physics is concerned, it means attending both in the narrow to his responses to others' work and his reactions to his own sometimes misfired early work on, for example, general relativity and to the wider context of technological developments. Einstein remains and will remain a magnet for historians, philosophers, and scientists; the essays assembled here represent a strong sampling--but only a sampling--of a fascinating new generation of work on this perennial figure.     

科技创新团队成员的激励探析

科技创新团队作为实现科技进步与发展的重要载体之一,担负着日益重要的角色和任务。结合近年来全国多省市地区科技创新团队建设的实践看,“创新团队人员缺乏稳定性、有效激励不足”因素已经成为制约团队可持续发展的“瓶颈”。因此,文章围绕科技创新团队成员基于知识型工作者的特征进行分析,探究如何对创新团队成员进行有效激励,以提升其异质性人力资本的价值,从而促进科技创新团队的健康成长。     

从编史学看科学史重建的合理性——以波义耳案例的多元批判理性科学史为例

近年来科学史方面相关的作品开始不断增多，然而质量却不断遭受批判，研究重心主要在一阶的科学史研究上。本文通过重点分析以阿伽西为代表对波义耳案例的科学史研究，并对比其他科学史家笔下的波义耳研究，立足于科学编史学的维度来探讨科学史重建的合理性。本文认为，基于不同的哲学立场，不同的科学史作品都是对科学历史的某个侧面进行描述，都是“真实”历史的某种简化、某种单一化，只强调突出某个侧面。只有意识到科学哲学对科学史的作用，才能更好地“利用”科学哲学为科学史服务，从而带来对科学史更多的理解。     

Between training and popularization: Regulating science textbooks in secondary education

Recruitment into the scientific community is one oft-stated goal of science education--in the post-Sputnik United States, for example--but this obscures the fact that science textbooks are often read by people who will never be scientists. It cannot be presupposed that science textbooks for younger audiences, students in primary and secondary schools, function in this way. For this reason, precollegiate-level science textbooks are sometimes discussed as a subset of literature popularizing science. The high school science classroom and the textbook are forums for exposing the public to science. The role of governments and educational institutions in regulating the consumption of these texts not only determines which books are used; it influences how they are written, read, and deemed authoritative. Therefore such science textbooks should not be seen as (at best) the disjunction of texts-for-training and books-for-popularization. A changing sense of what "textbooks" are compels a different understanding of their use in the history of science.     

Domesticated Animals on Exhibit at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1900–1928

In 1905 the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University began planning for a new domesticated animals exhibition in honor of the 100th anniversary of the birth of its founder Louis Agassiz. The resulting displays of variation and heredity in poultry, pigeons, rabbits, mice, and guinea pigs proved surprisingly popular to museumgoers. Some of these specimens still exist in the museum’s storage facilities, namely a series of poultry donated by the biologist Charles B. Davenport and an elaborate set of guinea pigs from the experimental evolutionist William E. Castle. Situating these domesticated animal displays within academic and popular cultures of poultry fancying, animal breeding, and evolutionary science reveals how a nineteenth-century museum known for its ties to anti-evolutionary principles attempted to modernize its public exhibits.     

由元音认识自然语言

元极学认为人与自然通过元音相互贯通信息，根据这一理论，从基本的人体形态出发，探讨了如何理解元音的一种－形体语言，并与现代科学结合展现人与自然的一种具体相应关系。     

科学精英的科学生产功能定位研究

对科学精英的科学生产功能进行定位,是科学精英研究最基本的理论诉求。默顿学派成员在传统实证主义科学观的指导下,认为从个体主义角度而言,科学精英个人在科学生产中发挥着难以替代的功能,而从群体角度而言,整个科学精英阶层独立地创造了绝大部分优秀的科学成果,他们对于发展科学知识、推动科学进步、支撑整个科学共同体发挥的重要功能是不可替代的。随着实证主义科学观的式微和科学社会学中默顿范式的广为垢病,科学知识社会学家通过对实验室实践进行参与式观察,以"实践的逻辑"取代"理论的逻辑"对科学知识的生产过程做了动态考查,最终认为科学生产是一项集体事业,科学精英与普通科学家通过科学网络同盟,分别构成了科学生产作坊中相互依赖的两极,从而避免了科学精英生产功能定位研究中精英主义的泛滥。     

中国区域科技创新与发展40年

通过梳理40年来中国区域科技政策和发展路径发现：区域科技发展是地区产业升级需要和科教实力增强等共同推动的。结论是,市场经济是推动科技成为经济增长的重要因素,创业文化和区位因素是地域科技发展的内在动力;科技在地区经济发展中的作用日益凸显,科技的极化作用仍在延续,科技政策和规划的导向将导致科技资源的再次不均衡。     

从科学到技术的知识传播机理研究：基于知识基因

基础研究是技术创新的重要源泉。从基础研究到技术创新的知识转化规律具有重要的理论与实践价值。鉴于以往研究中专利引文方法的局限性,本研究基于知识基因这种特殊知识单元,从知识内容流动的视角,定量研究从科学到技术的知识传播机理。以人工智能技术为研究案例,识别技术领域的知识基因和专利引用的5个关键基础学科,研究各学科与技术领域的知识关系。通过构建知识基因的传播级联网络模型,对知识基因从科学到技术的跨领域传播模式进行分析。研究发现,相比于专利科学引文,知识基因流动能够揭示从各学科到技术领域的更加真实的知识传播关系;知识基因的短期影响力水平与来源学科有关;知识基因从科学到技术的跨领域传播受到马太效应影响;受异质性知识组合效应的影响,跨领域知识基因在传播网络规模、寿命、影响力及创新“催化”能力方面优于技术领域一般知识基因,后者的产生速度和传播速度则更快。研究结论为进一步深入探究从基础研究到技术创新的知识转化规律提供了微观层面的理论基础,同时,对新兴技术领域的创新预测、基础学科布局以及科技政策的制定具有一定参考价值。     

Implicit media frames: automated analysis of public debate on artificial sweeteners

The framing of issues in the mass media plays a crucial role in the public understanding of science and technology. This article contributes to research concerned with the analysis of media frames over time by making an analytical distinction between implicit and explicit media frames, and by introducing an automated method for the analysis of implicit frames. In particular, we apply a semantic maps method to a case study on the newspaper debate about artificial sweeteners, published in the New York Times between 1980 and 2006. Our results show that the analysis of semantic changes enables us to filter out the dynamics of implicit frames, and to detect emerging metaphors in public debates. Theoretically, we discuss the relation between implicit frames in public debates and the codification of meaning and information in scientific discourses, and suggest further avenues for research interested in the automated analysis of frame changes and trends in public debates.