Annotation and verification of sense pools in OntoNotes

The paper describes the OntoNotes, a multilingual (English, Chinese and Arabic) corpus with large-scale semantic annotations, including predicate-argument structure, word senses, ontology linking, and coreference. The underlying semantic model of OntoNotes involves word senses that are grouped into so-called sense pools, i.e., sets of near-synonymous senses of words. Such information is useful for many applications, including query expansion for information retrieval (IR) systems, (near-)duplicate detection for text summarization systems, and alternative word selection for writing support systems. Although a sense pool provides a set of near-synonymous senses of words, there is still no knowledge about whether two words in a pool are interchangeable in practical use. Therefore, this paper devises an unsupervised algorithm that incorporates Google n-grams and a statistical test to determine whether a word in a pool can be substituted by other words in the same pool. The n-gram features are used to measure the degree of context mismatch for a substitution. The statistical test is then applied to determine whether the substitution is adequate based on the degree of mismatch. The proposed method is compared with a supervised method, namely Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Experimental results show that the proposed unsupervised method can achieve comparable performance with the supervised method.     

From divergent meanings to common practices: The early institutionalization of technology transfer in the life sciences at Stanford University

The formation of Stanford University's technology transfer program in the life sciences is analyzed from 1968 to 1982. The program evolved from multiple models based on divergent definitions of invention, inventor, rewards, and university-industry boundaries. The eventual program that emerged proved to be widely emulated. The norms of the academy shaped the uses of resources and the conditions of their appropriation. In turn, the currency of industrial science prompted the rethinking of academic norms. The analysis offers insight into the early stages of institutionalization, as the ambiguity of important categories and flexibility of policies were transformed into organizational routines. Today's ‘settled’ outcomes are the product of highly divergent practices.     

The sequential order and quality of ideas in electronic brainstorming

A widely accepted ideation assumption is that the quality of ideas improves as the number of unique ideas increases. In many situations, this assumption also means that better ideas tend to come later in a brainstorming process, which indicates an order effect. We conduct an observational study with 215 electronic brainstorming sessions to explore the following research questions: 1) whether or not the quality of ideas improves as the number of ideas increases and 2) whether better ideas tend to come later in the brainstorming process. This research contributes to the existing literature by providing a rigorous test and strong support that better ideas emerge later in brainstorming sessions and that more ideas lead to better ideas.     

Sources of ideas for innovation in engineering design

This paper explores the sources of ideas for innovation in engineering design. It shows that engineering designers involved in complex, non-routine design processes rely heavily on face-to-face conversations with other designers for solving problems and developing new innovative ideas. The research is based on a case study and survey of designers from Arup, a leading international engineering consultancy. We examine the role of different mechanisms for learning about new designs, the motivations of designers, problem-solving and limits to designers’ ability to innovate. We explore how the project-based nature of the construction sector shapes the ways in which designers develop new ideas and solve problems. We suggest that among the population of designers in Arup, there are a number of different design strategies for innovating and that these can have important implications for how design is managed. We locate our approach in the research on innovation in project-based firms, outlining patterns of innovation in firms that survive on the basis of their success in winning and managing projects.     

关于欧·亨利的幽默及写作特色

欧亨利20世纪初世界最杰出的小说家之一,作为当代短篇小说先驱,他在文学界特别是对美国短篇小说的发展发挥了重要作用.欧亨利是一个多产作家,在他的短篇小说中主题、语言、情节、结局都显示出欧亨利式的风格.但最突出的特点莫过于他的幽默写作风格.     

论科技创新中的工具意识

《论语》中有这样一句名言“工欲善其事，必先利其器”。我们在科技创新中对这句话可以这样去理解：“善其事”就是要我们在科技创新工作中取得比较好的成就，“利其器”就是说我们应当充分利用先进的工具或手段，以使我们的创新工作容易出成果。 工具为什么重要，让我们看看哈耶克怎么说“个人或群体若想取得成功和生存下去，就不仅要靠他们追求的目标和遵循的价值，也同样要靠他们掌握的工具和拥有的能力。”工具包括两种，一种是物质性的，另一种是非物质性的。 我认为我们民族缺乏工具意识，对工具不够重视，包括对物质性的和非物质性的…     

诺贝尔自然科学奖的评选理念及其局限

认为诺贝尔自然科学奖虽然是基础科学领域最有声望的奖励机制,但获得诺贝尔奖的科学成果的水平也是层次不齐的。它包含最优秀的科学成就,但也有很一般甚至错误的成果;在它没有包含的成果中,有达到其获奖标准而因为处于“第41席”未能获奖的,也有按其标准不能获奖而其实属于最优秀的科学成就的。因此,诺贝尔奖的评选标准、范围和理念有其局限性。分析了保守性、重事实轻理论、英雄主义、权威决定论等理念在诺贝尔奖评选中的影响。     

Parents and children: ideas of heredity in the 19th century

The concept of heredity played a powerful role in structuring 19th-century debates over sickness, morality, class, race, education, social change and evolution. But there was very little agreement as to which qualities were heritable and how new hereditary variants were acquired. In consequence, notions of heredity existed in a wide variety of forms, expressing anything from extreme determinism and a belief in the incorrigibility of individuals, social and racial groups, to unleavened optimism, and a faith in ultimate human perfectibility. This article explores these rich hereditarian discourses to convey an impression of a century that was at least as preoccupied with the concept of biological inheritance as we are today.     

论高科技企业理财观念与机制创新

主要从人本理财、风险理财、知识理财和网络理财四个方面论述了高科技企业理财观念与机制的创新问题,认为高科技企业在理财中要实现以人为本及多元目标协调理财,切实树立风险的防范意识并积极化解风险,重视知识创新并以此来提升企业价值,借助网络技术以革新传统的企业理财模式和方略。     

技术创新与广义需求圆锥体

廖什的需求圆锥体可以泛化为一种更加普适的广义需求圆锥体。这是一个大中涵小的多个圆锥体的集合体,与廖什的单一形态的需求圆锥体有别。广义需求圆锥体的大中生小的孕育是由技术创新导致的,亦即其不断的“胎生”是由技术创新推动的。在一定时段内,影响广义需求圆锥体体积大小的主要因子是交通条件,而交通的发达程度是与科技进步紧密关联的。     

Diversity of backgrounds and ideas: The case of research evaluation in economics

This paper contributes to the literature on the effect of research evaluation in terms of preserving and reproducing diversity. Through a large-scale natural experiment encompassing two entire cohorts of Italian economists, we document how candidates for academic positions, especially top-tier positions, in economics are pushed to increasingly conform to a standardised research profile. We find evidence of gender bias in research evaluation and observe substantial variability in the chances of qualifying for an academic position, depending on candidates’ main fields, topics and methods of research. Our results also indicate that economists working on less popular research fields and/or with heterodox methods are less likely to qualify for top-tier academic positions, independently of their bibliometric indicators.     

中国生态修复的实践错位问题与应对措施

【目的】生态修复已经成为生态文明建设的主要组成部分和重要内容,但是随着生态修复工作的不断扩大和深入,中国生态修复实践的错位现象或问题时有发生,急需引起关注,提出有效解决方案,保障中国生态修复实践的可持续发展。【方法】据此,本文通过梳理生态修复研究基础理论,在明确生态修复内涵目标基础上,对生态修复实践错位现象的内涵进行界定,并提出生态修复中实践错位问题的识别依据,划分生态修复中实践错位问题的主要类型,揭示实践错位的原因,并提出纠正生态修复中实践错位问题的建议举措。【结果】研究发现：中国生态修复中存在的实践错位问题,主要类型包括违背生态修复基础理论、偏离生态修复目标内涵和不合理规划实施生态修复项目3种。生态修复中实践错位问题的主要成因包括生态修复理念认识存在偏差、客观规律把握不足、理论与实践相结合不足、落实操作层面不足等方面。【结论】未来,应该从树立正确的生态文明思想,遵循生态系统客观规律,把握好理论与实际相结合,规范实施生态修复工程4个方面应对生态修复中出现的实践错位现象,采取多元化的策略推进中国国土空间生态修复工作。