高分辨率遥感影像线状地物提取方法研究

线状地物提取是遥感影像处理的主要研究内容之一。本文针对传统低层次单个像元纯光谱的信息提取方法的不足,构建了一种基于Canny边缘检测的面向对象提取方法。并针对面向对象遥感影像分割容易受到噪声和其他地物干扰导致提取精度不高的问题,运用Canny算子对遥感影像进行高斯滤波,降低噪声影响,采用高低双阈值法细化边缘有效检测出地物的边缘信息。最后结合面向对象的原理,通过基于规则的方法提取线状地物,得到包含线状地物信息的二值图像。精度检验结果表明,基于Canny边缘检测的面向对象方法提取线状地物的欠提取率平均为6.3%,比数学形态学方法提取线状地物的欠提取率下降了22.6%,可以有效提高线状地物提取的精度,对高分辨率遥感影像线状地物信息提取研究具有一定的参考价值。     

一种稳定阈值的湖泊水体信息提取方法

针对提取水体信息时阈值设定模糊问题,提出一种具有稳定阈值的在反射率为0时水体与其他地物分离度最好的自动水体信息提取方法。利用不同时间段的艾比湖、博斯腾湖、鄱阳湖、阿拉湖的Landsat 8卫星影像为数据源,通过分析水体与不同地物的反射率及主分量特征,构建一种新型水体指数——温度植被水体指数（Temperature Vegetation Water Index, TVWI）,利用监督分类得到的水体面积为参考值,分别与传统水体提取方法进行对比验证。结果表明：①利用TVWI分别对2013年与2016年的艾比湖进行水体信息提取,总体精度分别为98.51%、97.33%,博斯腾湖为99.66%,鄱阳湖为98.06%,阿拉湖为99.72%,总体精度较高;②在TVWI指数中,水体与非水体区域区分度较高,在水体边界处的非水体区域出现极高的噪音值,而水体区域值大于0;③通过普适性分析得知,TVWI对湖泊适应性较好,对不同类型的湖泊水体提取精度均较高。因此,利用TVWI进行高精度无模糊阈值设定的水体信息提取是可行的。     

基于决策树方法的干旱区盐渍地信息提取——以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例

以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例，探讨了干旱区盐生植被红柳覆盖的盐渍地信息的提取方法。利用TM卫星图像数据，分析了研究区主要地物的光谱特征及其波段间的相互运算，从而分析不同地物之间的可分性。研究表明：K-L-3（第三主成分）是提取重度盐渍地信息的最佳波段，TM1是区分红柳覆盖区（轻、中度）盐渍地信息的最佳波段，提取盐渍地信息时混分的水体信息可以通过MNDWI（改进归一化差异水体指数）设定一定的阈值予以剔除，混分的植被信息可以通过NDVI设定一定的阈值予以剔除。根据以上分析，建立决策树模型，在各节点设计不同的分类器，最后得到盐渍地信息的提取结果。然后进行精度评价，结果表明，该方法的总体提取效果较好，是干旱区监测盐渍地变化的有效手段。     

高分一号卫星影像水体信息提取方法比较研究

针对高分一号卫星影像中水体信息的提取,本文分别采用单波段阈值法、归一化差异水体指数法(NDWI)、支持向量机(SVM)法与最佳指数法(OIF)对天津市武清近郊的水体信息进行提取,并对提取结果进行细节比较与精度评价,分析4种提取方法的优势和不足。结果表明,运用不同的方法对高分一号卫星遥感影像中的水体进行提取,精度不尽相同。其中,OIF综合方法提取的水体信息最完整,精度可达95.62%;SVM法操作针对性强,提取精度为91.1%;归一化水体指数法精度最低,但结合阈值法提取水体后精度明显得到改善,精度可达到92.29%。此次试验为高分一号水体信息的提取提供了有效的参考依据。     

基于像素的土地利用现状信息提取方法研究

基于资源一号卫星CCD多光谱数据的土地覆被信息提取方法的技术研究中,分别采用ENVI软件进行基于像素的分类试验.实验表明资源一号卫星CCD多光谱数据能够较好反映土地覆被情况,以CBERS数据作信息源其提取结果能够满足1:100 000应用精度要求,可以用于开展1:100 000土地利用调查与监测.     

基于TM遥感优化模型的地表水体信息提取

利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)、归一化水体指数(NDWI)、修正归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)三种方法对中山市TM影像数据进行水体信息提取,并对三种方法进行了比较分析。结果表明NDWI指数对山体阴影区分并不明显;NDVI指数可以明显区分出山体与水库,但噪声较大,建筑物与水体区分不明显;MNDWI指数尽管为三者中最优,但仍有部分水体信息提取了山体阴影使提取结果不准确。考虑到每种指数方法优缺点,在现有指数模型基础上,经过多次实验研究提出了综合考虑三种指数信息的水体提取优化模型,该模型提取快速,准确率高于MNDWI指数模型,解决水体提取中难于消除阴影的难题,使得提取水体信息的范围与面积更加准确。     

基于改进SVM的新疆北部地区积雪面积反演研究——以天山山区中段为例

积雪面积是融雪径流模型中变量数据输入之一,准确的获取雪盖范围是进行流域尺度融雪水文过程研究的关键,在水资源管理及洪水预报中具有重要意义.本文以天山山区中段为例,利用MODIS数据,提出了结合混合光谱分解的积雪分量及灰度共生矩阵提取的纹理特征的SVM分类方法,对研究区积雪面积信息提取进行了研究.结果表明:通过利用混合光谱分解的积雪分量作为SVM的特征输入,总体分类精度比传统SVM分类结果有了一些提高.同时考虑结合基于灰度共生矩阵提取的纹理特征用于分类中,总体精度比传统SVM方法提高了1.081％,制图精度达到了99.01％.本文提出的分类方法能够适应特征组合之间的非线性关系,从而能提供更多的区域地物空间分布信息,能够调整无样本地表类型地区的积雪面积反演,对今后的融雪水文过程研究有重要意义.     

基于Landsat OLI影像的城市建筑面积提取

以呼和浩特市为研究区,以Landsat OLI影像为数据源,通过影像预处理对影像数据进行归一化建筑指数和主成分分析运算;采用监督分类中不同的分类方法对研究区进行土地利用分类,选择精度评价最高的最大似然算法提取了城市建筑用地信息。     

基于多元方法耦合的高强度人为扰动复合区土地利用信息提取

高强度人为扰动所带来的地表破碎化使得"同物异谱"和"异物同谱"现象特别严重,仅靠地物光谱特征统计提取土地利用信息存在明显缺陷与不足,探索符合特定区域的基于多元方法耦合的土地利用信息提取模型显得非常必要,可为复杂土地利用信息提取提供便捷通道.本文首先找出典型土地利用类型的光谱特征和归一化差异型指数变化规律,再运用交互式数据语言耦合光谱信息并建立决策函数,对1993年、2001年和2009年3期TM影像进行决策树分类,以自动提取三峡库区回水淹没与快速城市化重叠区这一高强度人为扰动复合区典型土地利用信息.结果表明:典型地类的波谱响应曲线和归一化差异型指数曲线分布形态符合于地表三大基本地类特征,以此验证了研究中所选取的三种指数的合理性和各地类样区选择的有效性;各地类在TM影像1、2、3波段上因光谱特征变化趋势无明显差异、相关性较强而不易于提取,3、4、5波段光谱特征因差异变化最大、所包含的土地利用信息最为丰富而更易于提取样区典型地类;三种指数及其差值组合指数的曲线分布形态及其值变化与研究区的实际地类变化较为吻合;多元方法耦合的决策树分类比监督分类方法在提取土地利用信息上具有更高的精度,在样区土地利用自动分类中是一种低成本、易实现和推广的有效方法,从1993年、2001年和2009年总体分类精度分别提高了18.46%、15.43%和24.18%.据此,基于多元方法耦合的决策树分类模型能为三峡库区人为扰动复合区土地利用信息提取提供一可操作途径,为整个三峡库区土地利用信息自动提取提供已有方法的整合思路.     

NOAA卫星角度信息在分类中的有效性研究

利用连续几天的NOAA卫星数据,经过数据预处理、Ambrals、Rahman模型反演、大气校正,将提取出的角度方向信息,以土地利用图为基础,使多角度遥感理论研究与卫星遥感的实际应用有机结合,评价其在地物识别、提取、分类中对精度提高、方法改善的有效性.研究结果表明,加入角度数据后,无论从类间可分性还是从分类精度上,都要比常规分类数据高,其分类精度提高了2%～7%.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Our Own Devices: Heterotopic Communication, Discourse, and Culture in the Information Society 1

The main premise of this article is that in information societies generally, and in virtual social contexts particularly, a distinctive style of interaction to facilitate the communication of difference, heterotopic communication , has emerged. It rests on two cultural foundations: an ideological belief in the positive, socially integrating power of communication, and a prevailing ethic of instrumental rationality, subjective individualism, and strategically practiced self-interest. The former is demonstrated by the use of simulation and spectacle as sources of information; exhibitionism/voyeurism as a communicative style; and the awareness of surveillance. The latter is seen in the competitive use of knowledge as a commodity; a surface globalism masking deep parochialism; lateral as well as vertical information inequity; and the use of public versus private as strategies for engagement rather than as spaces. Those who engage in heterotopic communication resort to their 'own devices' both in the sense of personal agendas, strategies, interests, and interpretations, and in the form of the telecommunication tools that help realize them. These personal and technological devices allow individuals with the right educational and technical resources to avoid exposure to disagreement, difference, or other information that does not serve their direct purposes or reflect their particular views of the world; yet they also help convey the appearance of openness, availability, and cooperation. This style of interaction is used strategically in combination with information and communication technologies to gain social or economic advantages, but it may encourage social separatism and parochialism, inhibit the negotiation of disputes, and emphasize competing interests.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese