知识吸收能力影响内生型产业集群创新的实证——以苏州市乌鹊桥电脑产业集群为例

主要采用了系统学的思想,运用社会网络分析和统计学方法,分析了集群知识系统的内部结构,区分了集群知识系统中几种不同的认知角色。实证结果显示,虽然知识在空气中"均匀地扩散",但主要在一部分具有较强吸收能力的核心企业之间流动。在集群企业不同的认知角色中,技术的守门人对集群知识的获取、创造和扩散的作用最大,其他角色在认知上相对封闭。要提高集群的知识创新和学习能力,根本在于增强集群内企业的吸收能力。     

基于企业认知角色的产业集群研究

根据集群中各个企业的学习能力、接近集群边界外知识能力的不同和在产业集群技术知识扩散中的贡献大小,将集群中的各个企业分为领导者、跟随者、外部明星和孤立者四种不同的认知角色,并按集群中不同认知角色的数量将产业集群分为明星集群、问题集群、金牛集群和瘦狗集群;进而分析了产业集群的产业升级过程中集群类型的演进,为产业集群的产业升级在企业层面上的操作提供了新的思路。     

The role of intermediation and absorptive capacity in facilitating university-industry linkages—An empirical study of TAMA in Japan

This paper analyzes two elements necessary for building an efficient regional technology-transfer system between universities and firms, namely, an intermediary organization and regional firms that have a developed ‘absorptive capacity’, touching in particular upon the tacit knowledge aspects. Based on an empirical study of the TAMA cluster project (in the western part of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area), which is a model project of the ‘Industrial Cluster Plan’ in Japan, we examine the intermediation effect of the TAMA Association and the ‘absorptive capacity’ of various product-developing SMEs. These two elements are interrelated because the participation of the product-developing SMEs is a prerequisite for the effective functioning of an intermediary such as the TAMA Association. Our analysis also shows that university-industry linkages and inter-firm linkages lead to different outcomes.     

The innovative performance of firms in heterogeneous environments: The interplay between external knowledge and internal absorptive capacities

This paper investigates the link between firm-level innovative performance and innovation prone external environments where knowledgeable individuals tend to cluster. Organizational ambidexterity and absorptive capacities (potential and realized) make it possible for firms to leverage the availability of external knowledge and boost their innovation performance. The empirical analysis focuses on England and is based on a novel combination of Community Innovation Survey (CIS) firm-level data and patent data. The results show that only firms complementing potential and realized absorptive capacities are able to take advantage of favorable external environments by actively combining internal and external sources of knowledge.     

集群企业开放度对创新绩效的影响机制: 基于浙江三个集群的实证研究

在现有文献分析基础上,基于集群特征, 构建了以网络中心性和吸收能力作为调节变量、以知识获取作为中介变量的集群企业开放度对其创新绩效影响机制模型。选取浙江省3个产业集群中116家企业作为研究对象,采用回归分析等多种统计方法进行实证验证。结论表明：第一,知识获取在集群企业开放度对创新绩效的影响中起到中介作用,即集群企业开放度是通过影响知识获取进而影响创新绩效。第二,知识吸收能力在企业创新绩效形成过程的不同阶段中起到调节作用,其中潜在吸收能力有利于强化企业从创新开放度中获取知识,而现实吸收能力则在企业将获取的知识转化为创新绩效的过程中起到正向调节作用。第三,网络中心性越高,集群企业开放宽度对企业知识获取的正向效应越显著。研究结果有助于中国集群企业推进开放式创新的政策选择。     

Technological regimes and the variety of innovation behaviour: Creating integrated taxonomies of firms and sectors

This paper presents an integrated set of innovation taxonomies for firms and sectors. It discards the practice of representing industries by some average behaviour, instead characterising them by the distribution of diverse innovation modes at the firm level. The theoretical focus is on (i) Schumpeter's distinction between ‘creative’ and ‘adaptive response’, and (ii) differences regarding technological opportunities, appropriability conditions and the cumulativeness of knowledge. Applying statistical cluster analysis, the empirical identification is based on the micro-data of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) for 22 European countries. The final cluster validation highlights the simultaneous diversity and contingency of firm behaviour with distinct technological regimes exhibiting systematic differences in the distribution of heterogenous firms.     

中低技术产业集群中企业产学研合作行为研究

集群区域技术创新活动绩效与官、产、学三方互动配合的契合程度高度相关.本研究以三螺旋模型理论及吸收能力理论为基础,探讨中低技术集群中学研机构的作用,分析了企业产学研合作行为的影响因素.以90家梧州人工宝石产业集群企业为样本进行实证研究后得出结论:中低技术集群中产学研合作是一个包含了复杂联系机制的系统:并非所有的集群企业都可以有效地获取和利用学研机构的知识资源,其根源在于企业吸收能力制约着企业产学研合作的选择行为及创新效率.综合研究成果,探讨了中低技术集群企业深化产学研合作的努力方向及对政府集群政策的借鉴意义.     

网络开放、战略先行与集群企业吸收能力构建——基于浙江产业集群的实证研究

 面对全球价值链锁定问题,越来越多的学者开始强调吸收能力对集群企业升级的关键作用。按照能力来自于经验的逻辑,从外部网络和内部创新两个方面认为开放网络为集群企业提供了多元化的新知识,拉动集群企业的知识吸收经验;战略先行意味着集群企业积极地进行新市场、新产品的开发,有利于推动集群企业的知识吸收经验;并且网络开放所提供的多元化的新知识为企业带来的新的成长机会,从而强化了集群企业的战略先行,因而战略先行成为影响“网络开放－吸收能力”关系的中介变量。利用浙江省5个制造业产业集群中的196家集群企业的实地调查数据,证实了网络开放和战略先行对集群企业吸收能力构建的积极作用,以及战略先行对“网络开放－吸收能力”关系的中介效应。     

知识属性对产业集群企业技术学习策略的影响机制研究

本文深入考察了产业集群中知识属性对企业技术学习策略的影响机制。在实证研究中,本文运用大样本问卷调查数据和层次回归分析方法对理论假设进行检验。研究发现,知识属性对于产业集群企业的技术学习策略存在着显著的影响。具体而言,知识缄默性对产业集群企业深度优先的技术学习策略存在显著的正向影响;知识缄默性和知识异质性对集群企业广度优先的技术学习策略存在显著的负向影响;网络中心性对知识缄默性与产业集群企业技术学习策略之间的关系起着调节作用。     

The role of knowledge base homogeneity in learning from strategic alliances

Strategic alliances are important channels for interfirm learning, especially for small firms that are resource constrained. Of the several alliance attributes, technological distance between partners (measured as the distance between partners’ innovative outcomes) is shown to have a significant influence on the learning benefits from strategic alliances. Drawing upon the theory of recombination, our study argues that the influence of technological distance on learning is best understood by not only measuring the distance between innovative outcomes, but by also taking into consideration the knowledge elements underlying the innovative outcomes. We develop a concept of knowledge base homogeneity that captures the extent to which the innovative outcomes of partnering firms draw upon similar sets of knowledge elements. Using patent and alliance data from 201 small biotechnology firms during the period 1996–2010, we confirm that the technological distance has an inverted u-shaped relationship on interfirm learning. We further demonstrate that this u-shaped relationship is moderated by the knowledge base homogeneity between partners, such that benefits of technological distance are enhanced and the costs of technological distance are mitigated when the knowledge base homogeneity between alliance partners is high. The results have important implications for interfirm learning, especially in the context of small firms that are limited in their knowledge stocks.     

Knowledge spillovers through human mobility across national borders: Evidence from Zhongguancun Science Park in China

This paper investigates the impact of returnee entrepreneurs and their knowledge spillovers on innovation in high-tech firms in China. Using panel data for 1318 high-tech firms in Beijing Zhongguancun Science Park (ZSP) we find that returnee entrepreneurs create a significant spillover effect that promotes innovation in other local high-tech firms. The extent of this spillover effect is positively moderated by the non-returnee firm's absorptive capacity approximated by the skill level of employees. Multinational enterprises’ R&D activities positively affect the innovation intensity of non-returnee firms only when these local firms possess the sufficient level of absorptive capacity. Our findings have important implications for policy-makers and practitioners.     

文化视野内的小企业集群技术学习研究

文化上的根植性是小企业集群的一个鲜明特征 ,并内在地刻画了集群发展的轨迹。本文正以此为基点 ,探讨这种根植性对于小企业集群技术学习的影响。分析认为 ,文化根植通过以下三种途径正向作用于集群的协同技术学习 :(1)强化群内企业对联合学习的承诺 ;(2 )提高成员的相对技术吸收能力 ;(3)引导技术人才在群内流动。然而 ,文化根植也可能限制集群发现外部知识源而不利于其技术学习。为促进小企业集群的技术学习以提高其整体技术能力 ,应该在小企业集群中构建一种开放网络式的学习机制 ,既可充分发挥文化根植的协同作用 ,又可避免封闭性静态学习的误区     

企业集群知识转移影响因素实证研究

提出了企业集群知识转移的关键影响因素,即知识特性、相互信任、激励机制和吸收能力.借助于SPSS15.0和Amos 7.0,采用探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析的方法,探讨了上述因素对企业集群知识转移的影响程度和大小,结果表明,知识特性对企业集群知识转移有显著的负面影响,相互信任、激励机制和吸收能力均对企业集群知识转移有显著的正面影响.     

Developmental financial institutions as technology policy instruments: implications for innovation and entrepreneurship in emerging economies

Developmental financial institutions (DFIs) in emerging economies regularly assess new technology platforms to support their investments in new ventures, established firms, and technology institutions (TIs). Their financing decisions are guided by national priorities such as achieving technological self-reliance. By providing attractive financing options and related support, DFIs are well placed to consciously channel finance into designated priority technology areas. To better understand DFI roles, we conducted multiple interviews with participants affiliated with DFIs, firms and TIs in India. From data gathered from these interviews and secondary data on DFIs in emerging economies, we develop a preliminary framework to suggest that DFIs, when proactive in making technology assessments, form an important link between developing a firm’s absorptive capacity and building a nation’s innovative capacity. Also, DFI financing facilitates new venture creation in the context of underdeveloped capital markets prevalent in emerging economies. To illustrate these roles, we consider technology support programs of DFIs in India and their role in the information technology (IT) industry.     

产业集群中企业技术学习惯例的中介效应案例研究

通过四家产业集群企业的案例研究,本文考察了技术学习惯例在外部知识获取策略与企业创新绩效之间的中介作用机制。研究发现:技术学习惯例强度在深度优先的外部知识获取策略影响企业技术创新绩效的机制中起中介作用,技术学习惯例多样性在广度优先的外部知识获取策略影响企业技术创新绩效的机制中起中介作用。论文工作深化了对产业集群企业内部技术学习行为和创新过程的理解,拓展了组织惯例领域的实证研究。     

Shaping the national system of inter-industry knowledge exchange : Vertical integration, licensing and repeated knowledge transfer in the German plastics industry

We will claim in this paper that it was in particular the above-average propensity to share innovative information with customers and competitors which caused the exceptional international competitiveness of the West German plastics industry including chemical firms, plastics fabricators and machine makers. The system of knowledge exchange of this national cluster was shaped in two main steps. In the first half of the 20th century, cartellization and mergers were first tolerated and then even supported by the German government. It was in this period when German chemical firms formed the vertically integrated I.G. Farben concern which provided an optimal organisational framework to explore the new technological path of plastics. After the breaking up of I.G. Farben the firms of the West German chemical firms had to find new ways to maintain inter-industry technological co-operation in the second half of the 20th century. It turned out that they became aware of both contractual and non-contractual solutions of bundling standard good and information which were often placed somewhere between “market” and “hierarchy”. It seems to be no accident that all these different institutions did primarily encourage knowledge exchange between firms in geographical and cultural proximity. That is why the knowledge exchanging network of the plastics industry described in this paper has been in particular concentrated on German firms. Even so the question is still open whether this localisation is just a curiosity limited to a special industry cluster or part of a broader German system of knowledge exchange.     

The impacts of different R&D organizational structures on performance of firms: Perspective of absorptive capacity

To speed up strategic alliance in R&D activities, different forms of R&D organization structures can be summarized into different roles including the input-oriented, the output-oriented, and the matrix organization structure. The most common mode of strategic alliance consists of horizontal and vertical integrations. However, the study adopting absorptive capacity to examine the impacts of different R&D organization structures on the performance of firms at different alliance modes has never been discussed. Therefore, the paper employs absorptive capacity to mediate the relationships between different R&D organization structures and the performance of firms. Since the theory of transaction cost economics is inadequate for addressing how well the technological knowledge develops in the organization. A conceptual model to analyze the tension between product strategies and their strategy implementation is proposed to challenge the vacancy. Practical investigation shows that a matrix R&D organizational structure mainly transfers knowledge to input-oriented R&D organizational structures in horizontal integration, and mainly integrates capabilities from output-oriented organizational structures in vertical integration. The result implies that stronger institutional environments lead to a stronger link between product strategies and their performance in vertical integration. Oppositely, the link is strengthened if more favorable attitudes and weaker management controls are present in horizontal integrations.     

动态能力、双元学习与新产品开发绩效

基于动态能力和组织学习理论,本文以双元学习为调节变量,构建了技术能力、营销能力影响新产品开发绩效的理论模型,并提出相应假设。213家中国企业的实证结果表明,技术能力、营销能力与新产品开发绩效的关系因学习方式的不同而有所差异。而且,双元学习平衡对于技术能力和营销能力的效用具有相反的调节作用。     

创新氛围对创新绩效的影响——知识吸收能力的中介作用

  随着工业5.0来临,人工智能与大数据技术迅速发展,我国技术型企业将面临激烈的竞争环境与严峻的现实挑战。知识吸收能力反映了企业识别新知识、吸收新知识并将其应用于组织目标的过程,能提高组织创新性与灵活性,也使企业更具有竞争优势。通过文献综述与理论推导,提出创新氛围、知识吸收能力与创新绩效的关系假设。采用问卷调查法在技术型企业中收集数据,运用SPSS22.0软件进行统计分析,得到研究结论：创新氛围显著正向影响知识吸收能力与创新绩效;知识吸收能力显著正向影响创新绩效;知识吸收能力在创新氛围与创新绩效之间具有部分中介效应。研究成果为技术型企业提升员工知识储备、学习能力与创新绩效提供参考。     

The French defence industry in the knowledge management era: A historical overview and evidence from empirical data

In the defence industry the recent development of a ‘market for technology’, the creation of new European high-technology companies as well as transformations in government agencies have driven firms to reposition their technological and organizational skills. Our objective is to show that the transformations that have occurred in the past 10 years have not only redefined skills and the organization of production, but also have given a more strategic place to knowledge management (KM) practices. We provide a contextual and historical overview based on qualitative interviews, in order to better understand the relation between KM and innovative behaviour in this industry. We build an original industrial and technological database comprising various samples that provides quantitative information concerning KM and innovative practices. The results of the statistical analysis reveal the specificity of firms in this industry. Taking account of the size of these firms and their technological intensity, we show that the behaviour of defence industry firms in terms of KM practices, differs from that of other firms. This is evident from their technological performance, and innovation and patenting intensity. This structural tendency is explained as an innovative behaviour in the French national innovation system rather than merely a ‘trend’.