世界级大学的代价和好处

大学要想进入世界级的行列,是要花很大代价的。对获取世界级地位的过分强调,也许会败坏一所大学甚至是整个学术体制。各国在制定高教发展规划中,应采取一种客观而现实的策略,即集中力量建设一些跟本国或本地区的经济社会密切相关的“国家级”或“地区级”的学术机构,而不是一味地追逐“世界级”。     

The benefits and costs of web surfing

Although the Web audience is growing exponentially, little research has explored the benefits that the audience derives from their use of the Web. This study took a cost‐benefit approach to exploring the specific benefits and opportunity costs associated with World Wide Web use. We hypothesized that greater benefits coupled with fewer opportunity costs (e.g., computer and Internet access, computer expertise, connection speed, effort, and multimedia) would have an impact on the amount of time people spend on the Web and the value they attach to their Web use. We conducted a Web‐based survey of 250 students enrolled at two “wired” universities who were required to use the Web for coursework. The results revealed that Learning was the most salient benefit of the Web, followed by Pass Time and Entertainment. We found some support for the impact of opportunity costs on Web use. Stronger support was found for the impact of benefits and costs on Web surfing value. We also found that Entertainment and sports Web sites were the ones most likely to be linked to beneficial Web use. The discussion relates the results of the study to speculations about the future of the Web audience and the impact of reduced opportunity costs on Web use.     

Abstraction: Nature,costs, and benefits

It is argued that abstract cognitive processes entail the processing of relations, which differ from more primitive cognitive processes in being more accessible, more flexible, and less content-specific. A relation is a binding between a relation-symbol or predicate, and one or more arguments. Each argument corresponds to a slot which can be filled in a number of ways, so the relation is independent of specific arguments. The binding of arguments to a relation-symbol means that the relation can be an argument to other relations, and is therefore accessible to other cognitive processes based on relations. It can be shown that the building blocks of cognitive processes, such as propositions, and trees can be expressed as relations. Each argument constitutes a dimension in the space represented by the relation, and the number of arguments provides a metric for conceptual complexity. Neural net modelling shows why relational representations impose a processing load which is a function of the number of dimensions.     

An integrative review of the cognitive costs and benefits of note-taking

Students frequently engage in note-taking to improve the amount of information they remember from lectures. One beneficial effect of note-taking is known as the encoding effect, which refers to deeper processing of information as a consequence of taking notes. This review consists of two parts. In the first part, four lines of research on the encoding effect are summarized: 1) manipulation of the lecture material, 2) manipulation of the method of note-taking, 3) the importance of individual differences, and 4) the testing procedure used in the empirical studies. This review highlights the fragmented nature of the current literature. In the second part of this review five forms of cognitive load that are induced by note-taking are distinguished. Cognitive load theory is used to integrate the divergent results in the literature. Based on the review, it is concluded that cognitive load theory provides a useful framework for future theory development and experimental work.     

Economic costs and benefits of educating foreign students in the United States

In recent years some western European countries have adopted restrictive rationing/pricing policies to regulate the accelerated inflow of foreign students. There is no such policy in the U.S. If the current trends continue the population of foreign students in the U.S. may reach one million or so by 1990. In view of their large and rapidly expanding number, it is of some interest to study the economics of their education. An attempt is made here to estimate the economic costs and economic benefits to the U.S. of educating foreign students. It should be emphasized at the outset that the conceptual and data problems have made it impossible to estimate some economic costs and benefits, thereby constraining the comprehensiveness of the overall estimates.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 47th Annual Meeting, Midwest Economics Association, St. Louis, Missouri, April 1983.     

Cross-domain effects of achievement goals: social costs and benefits

European Journal of Psychology of Education - In this research, we examined cross-domain effects of achievement goals. In two experimental studies, we manipulated achievement goals and assessed...     

Baby boomers engagement as traditional university students: benefits and costs

This study draws from interviews of baby boomers (born between 1946 and 1965) enrolled in a traditional university programme. Interviews focussed on the mental, social and physical benefits of university education, exploring the aspirations of baby boomers as well as the social and academic barriers and costs they encountered. This qualitative phenomenological study investigated the perceptions, understandings and beliefs of 15 baby boomers from South-East Queensland who were returning to or commencing university level education. Informal semi-structured interviews were conducted and thematically analysed to provide a detailed account of the baby boomer students’ university experience. Using an adapted health action process approach, with the health goal being replaced by a learning goal, the results confirm that university study in later life can be beneficial to the individual as well as to the wider community. This research can inform policy-making by emphasising the importance of lifelong learning and healthy ageing for the baby boomer generation. The results highlight the value of higher education creating a supportive environment for baby boomer students which, in addition to educational achievements, can assist participants in maintaining good health and making informed health care decisions in the future.     

The economics of vocational and technical education: Do the benefits outweigh the costs?

This is an economic analysis of education that is specific to a particular profession or vocation, but not to a particular firm. It is therefore new in relation to Becker's analysis, which distinguished only between firm-specific training and general training without addressing this in-between case. The basic issue is the optimum degree of vocationalization of the curriculum. The evidence is that a properblance between vocational and general curricula is efficient. But there are growthrelated criteria for different rates of expansion for each. Criteria for the most efficient mixture of vocational schooling and on-the-job training are considered, as are the implications for policy and equity of overexpanding separately tracked schools.

---

Zusammenfassung Dieser Artikel ist eine Wirtschaftsanalyse von berufsspartenoder berufsspezifischer jedoch nicht firmenspezifischer Ausbildung. Mit der Analyse Beckers verglichen, die nur zwischen firmenspezifischer und allgemeiner Ausbildung unterscheidet, ohne diesen Zwischenbereich zu behandeln, ist sie daher neuartig. Hauptsächlich geht es dabei um den optimalen Grad an Berufsorientierung des Curriculums. Es hat sich gezeigt, daß die richtige Ausgewogenheit zwischen berufsorientierten und allgemeinen Curricula effizient ist. Es gibt jedoch wachstumsbezogene Kriterien für unterschiedliche Expansionsraten. Kriterien für die wirksamste Verflechtung von Berufsbildung und berufsbegleitender Ausbildung werden ebenso berücksichtigt wie die Auswirkungen auf Richtlinien und Gleichstellung bei der Überexpansion verschiedener Schulsparten.

---

Résumé L'article présent est une analyse économique de la formation spécifique à une profession ou à un métier particuliers, et non à une firme particulière. Elle diffère donc de celle de Becker qui distingue seulement la formation spécifique à une firme et l'enseignement général sans tenir compte de ce cas intermédiaire. La question fondamentale qui est posée est celle relative au degré optimal de professionnalisation des contenus de l'éducation. II apparait évident qu'un équilibre convenable entre l'enseignement professionnel et l'enseignement général est positif. Il existe cependant des critères de grandeur pour les différent taux d'expansion de chacun. Les critères du système le plus efficace combinant un enseignement professionnel et une formation en cours d'emploi sont analysés ainsi que les implications pour la politique et l'équité d'une expansion excessive d'écoles dispensant un enseignement spécialisé.

     

The Logic of Loans: students' perceptions of the costs and benefits of the student loan

Government policy towards financial support for students means that students increasingly have to bear the costs of their education, often through acquiring significant student debt. This policy is largely justified with reference to the private benefits (through enhanced life-time earnings) that university graduates can expect to enjoy. Using evidence from a qualitative study of 49 students, this paper analyses the extent to which students are engaged in a process of rational weighing-up of the costs and benefits of higher education as implied by the policy stance. It also explores their interpretation of their financial position and Government policy towards them. It argues that students are very poorly informed about both the costs and benefits of higher education, and that financial outcomes are not created in an essentially private and individual fashion, but instead are strongly mediated by cultural and familial resources.     

Identifying the costs and benefits of educational psychology: a preliminary exploration in two local authorities

This article provides an account of a small-scale pilot study of the cost and perceived benefits of the educational psychology services in two comparably small local authorities in England. This study is preparatory to a more detailed examination of the costs and likely benefits of state provision of educational psychology services in England. The work is contextualised by acknowledgement of the growing pressure on local authority services to trade and for schools to directly commission the services of educational psychologists. Provisional findings indicate significant differences between the impact of the two services that participated. The authors offer speculation on the effects for local authorities and schools, and ways in which the study might be developed to provide more satisfactory answers to the questions of “what is the value of educational psychology in practice” and “how best to deploy educational psychology services?”     

Effects of formal support on mothers' adaptation to the hospital-to-home transition of high-risk infants: the benefits and costs of helping

94 mothers were randomly assigned to a control group or to a group who received a formal support program designed to aid their adaptation to the transition from hospital to home care of high-risk infants. Mothers' predischarge need for support and the severity of infants' predischarge medical problems moderated program effects assessed 6 months after NICU discharge. Positive effects of the program on mothers' sense of competence, perceived control, and responsiveness were evident for mothers who had needed the most support. But at low levels of need for support, participation in the program had negative effects on these outcomes. A similar pattern was found for the effects of the program on mothers' positive mood as a function of the severity of infants' medical problems. Secondary findings suggest why some mothers may benefit from formal support after NICU discharge and others may experience at least temporary disruptions in their adaptation from such support.     

语码切换及代价的研究及进展

语码切换是双语者在两种或多种语言(或方言)之间转换的过程.在介绍语码切换的研究范式和理论模型,概述影响语码切换及代价的因素之基础上,提出对未来研究的设想,以为研究双语者的语用提供重要的途径.     

Analyzing administrative costs and structures

Administrative growth and administrative expenditures are major issues for institutions of higher education. This paper reports on a study of administrative costs and structures at lowa State University. Various indicators of administrative efficiency are examined, including those related to administrative structures, administrative costs, administrative salaries, and administrative intensity. For each of these aspects, the paper describes the methodology used, summarizes the findings, and provides comparisons to peer institutions when these are available. Conclusions and plans, for the ongoing examination of administrative costs and structures at lowa State University are presented. The final section discusses the adaptability of the methodologies used in this study to studies that could be conducted by other institutions of higher education. Presented at the 1993 AIR Forum, Chicago, May 1993.