Establishing the value of socially-created metadata to image indexing

There have been ample suggestions in the literature that terms added to documents from Flickr and Wikipedia can complement traditional methods of indexing and controlled vocabularies. At the same time, adding new metadata to existing metadata objects may not always add value to those objects. The potential added-value of using user-contributed (“social”) terms from Flickr and the English Wikipedia in image indexing is compared with using two expert-created controlled vocabularies—the Thesaurus for Graphic Materials and the Library of Congress Subject Headings—without those social terms. Experiments confirmed that the social terms did add value, relative to terms from the controlled vocabularies. The median rating for the usefulness of social terms was significantly higher than the baseline rating, but was lower than the ratings for the terms from the Thesaurus for Graphic Materials and the Library of Congress Subject Headings. Furthermore, complementing the controlled vocabulary terms with social terms more than doubled the average coverage of participants' terms for a photograph. The relationships between user demographics and users' perceptions of the value of terms were also investigated, as well as the relationships between user demographics and indexing quality, as measured by the number of terms participants assigned to a photograph. Participants with more tagging and indexing experience assigned a greater number of tags than did other participants.     

基于问题的策展思路探索与实践——以厦门科技馆“问问大海”海洋主题展为例

如何改变“自上而下”的传统模式,形成“以观众为中心”的展览设计机制,是当前许多科技馆感到困惑、正在探索的命题。厦门科技馆在“问问大海”展览的设计过程中,调研观众所关心的海洋问题,从“观众问题”中提炼展览主题、延伸展览内容、指导展览设计,并采用“基于展品的问题制学习”来设计观众的展览参观过程及教育活动,借助问题引导观众在参观学习过程中更好地探索知识、科学思考,发挥展览的科普价值。     

Visualizing the Rhetorical Presidency: Barack Obama in the Situation Room

On the night of May 1, 2011, almost 10 years after the 9/11 attacks, President Obama announced on live television that Osama bin Laden was dead. The next day, the Situation Room photograph was released, revealing a behind-the-scenes glimpse of how tense it was at the White House while the mission was underway. Building on previous scholarship about the rhetorical presidency and visual rhetoric, this essay analyzes how the photograph, combined with the context of Obama's speech the night of the raid, contributes to the increasingly visual aspect of the rhetorical presidency and creates an image of Obama as a strong commander in chief.     

基于儿童认知发展特点的展览策划实践与反思——以金沙遗址博物馆儿童展览为例

本文以金沙遗址博物馆两个儿童展览为例,运用儿童认知发展理论分析探讨展览策划实践的成功与失败之处,提出儿童展览的内容和形式应结合目标观众群所处认知发展特点来设计,并借助环境—行为影响和支架式引导促进儿童的主动参与和融入学习,从而真正实现儿童展览策划的最终目的。     

The impact of forms of strategic and non‐strategic voir dire questions on jury verdicts

This paper examined the effects of strategic voir dire questions on juror evaluations of trial participants. The influence of three types of voir dire questions was assessed on ratings of defendant guilt, defendant credibility, and defense attorney credibility. Using both a control group composed of non‐strategic questions and a control group with no voir dire questions, results indicated that the use of strategic voir dire questions influenced decisions and ratings of trial participants. In particular, questions asking jurors to disregard the defendant's unsavory past produced a main effect on perceptions of guilt. Among other effects additionally, the absence of any voir dire questions seemed to affect negatively perceptions of trial participants on the competence dimension. On both the ratings of defendant character and competence, an interaction emerged between the use of questions encouraging jurors to hold the prosecution to its burden of proof and questions urging jurors to overlook the defendant's unsavory background. Though use of the defendant background question enhanced credibility ratings when the burden of proof question was omitted, these effects were suppressed when both question types were used. In addition, a significant main effect revealed that competence was reduced when jurors were exposed to the question encouraging them to resist group pressure to convict. Furthermore, a three‐way interaction indicated that the highest ratings of defendant competence occurred when jurors were not asked any strategic questions except those urging them to overlook the defendant's unsavory background.     

博物馆学习视角下的展览环境效果评估——以展线与照明设计对观众注意力的影响研究为例

博物馆学习的研究成果表明,展览除了可以通过自身的内容来对观众施加影响之外,环境设计也同样会对观众的参观效果产生影响。因此,合理评估展览环境的效果、并针对性地发现环境设计中的不足之处,将有助于展览提升总体的教育效果和观众的参观体验。本文以2017—2018年间在山东博物馆所进行的一系列博物馆学习相关研究与展览评估实践为基础,从观众的注意力水平入手,计算展厅中各个区域的“吸引力”,进而实现对展览环境效果的评估。此外,在这一过程中发现,展厅环境中的“展线”与“照明”设计,对观众的学习效果有潜在影响,值得引起博物馆在环境设计时的关注。     

重大科技事件纪念日题材展览创作手记——以“东方红一号发射成功50周年科学家精神展”为例

“东方红一号”卫星发射成功,拉开了我国探索宇宙奥秘、和平利用太空的序幕。中国航天事业从无到有、从小到大,走出了一条具有鲜明中国特色的发展道路,孕育积淀了深厚博大的航天传统精神、“两弹一星”精神和载人航天精神。在重大科技事件、科学纪念日日益受到社会关注的当下,本文以“东方红一号发射成功50周年科学家精神展”为例,探讨在科技馆中弘扬科学家精神主题展览的策展机制、展览策划与布展创作。     

科学史 ——深化和表达科技馆展览主题的重要途径

我国科技馆在展示内容上往往以传播科学原理及结论为主,而忽略科学方法、科学思想和科学精神的深层次内涵,从而容易使展览虽然充斥着展品和知识,却难以支撑和诠释展览主题。如何挖掘展品的深层次内涵以更好地表达主题,进而提升科技馆的展教功能并深化科学教育效果？笔者认为引入和展示科学史内容是一种有效途径。科学史内容将科学与人文联系起来,增强了科技馆展览的故事性、思想性和人文性,对深化展览主题和创新展示内容起到重要作用。     

On the Road with Rock and Soul

This article reports on a study conducted for an exhibition team at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History (NMAH). As part of the planning process for a major exhibition, we studied visitors at a small preview exhibition, The Social Roots of Rock and Soul. Personal interviews, including a tape-recorded portion in front of the Rock and Soul display about the images and the themes, were conducted at four venues of the Smithsonian's 150th Anniversary traveling exhibition, America's Smithsonian (Los Angeles, Kansas City, St. Paul, and Houston). The most significant finding from visitor responses is strong regional differences. The study also showed that visitors responded to the images and storyline differently, depending on whether the material was presented through video or panels.     

The Making of “America on the Move” at the National Museum of American History

This case study examines the curatorial challenges of producing a very large exhibition at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History from 1999 to 2003. This is an insider's look at how a cross‐functional exhibition team worked to produce a compelling new exhibition. Among the issues addressed are: development of a theme; choice and use of artifacts; presentation organization and techniques; issues of truth, authenticity and accuracy in history exhibitions; and practical issues of exhibition team organization and contract management.     

科技馆内科技成就主题展览的策划与实践——以“礼赞共和国”展览为例

“礼赞共和国——庆祝新中国成立70周年科技成就科普展”是中国科技馆2019年精心策划打造的一个主题展览,是利用科技馆独特的科普展教形式和手段进行科技成就展示宣传的成功尝试。本文通梳理展览策展思路,剖析了该展览在选题、展览目标、内容规划、布展和展品设计等方面收获的经验,希望在“建设创新型国家和世界科技强国”国家战略背景下,为今后拓展科技馆展示科技成就的思路提供一些参考。     

Promoting Sustainability: Audience and Curatorial Perspectives on The Human Factor

Abstract Humanity faces a growing list of socio‐economic and environmental problems, which impel us all to foster more sustainable forms of development. This paper examines how museums might encourage the kind of awareness that can lead to sustainability, by assessing responses to The Human Factor, a permanent exhibition at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum, which raises questions about values, beliefs, and actions associated with the industrialized worldview. Responses to the exhibition were assessed through quantitative exit surveys and a novel technique involving heart rate monitors. Additional qualitative insights were gained from responses of participants in a high school Youth Forum on Sustainability that used the exhibition to catalyze discussion. Together, these studies suggest that provocative exhibitions can foster understanding and awareness among teenagers and adults through a combination of cognitive and emotional responses, and that a focus on sustainability can be challenging both for visitors and for museums as cultural institutions.     

Visitors' Role in an Exhibition Debate: Science in American Life

In the year after the exhibition Science in American Life opened at the National Museum of American History objections were raised by the exhibition's chief sponsor, the American Chemical Society, and by the American Physical Society. These critics argued that the exhibition gave the public a negative view of science. The Institutional Studies Office was asked to conduct a study to determine whether or not the exhibition was affecting visitors' views of science, and, if so, in what direction. Using an entrance/exit survey design, the study determined conclusively that the visiting public entered the exhibition with a very positive view of science and technology and that their views were reinforced and confirmed by the experience of Science in American Life, rather than changed in either a positive or negative direction.     

将博物馆展览策划做成一项文化创意活动 ——《博物馆展览策划:理念与实务》书评

展览是博物馆的核心工作之一,也是博物馆服务社会最普遍和最直接的途径。《博物馆展览策划:理念与实务》一书作者结合多年的博物馆理论研究和博物馆展览策划实践经验,直击当下我国博物馆展览策划的核心问题,对现代博物馆陈列展览策划所应遵循的理念、工作流程和工作规范进行了详细阐述,为当前及未来一段时期内我国博物馆的展览策划工作提出了极为具象的实践指南。     

Bringing Leonardo to Life: Introducing Students to the Codex Leicester

As natural history museums are becoming more state-of-the-art, integrating computer technology and other interactive components into their exhibits, challenges arise as to how best incorporate these elements into the learning that occurs in a traditional museum setting. In October of 1996, the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) hosted the exhibition Leonardo's Codex Leicester: A Masterpiece of Science, which included interactive computer stations as well as ten working models designed specifically for the exhibition. This article explores the museum's approach to making use of these interactives in planning and implementing a school program for this exhibition. The program was experimental in its format, given the short run of this exhibition, as well as limited planning time. The purpose of this article is to determine what a museum can do to offer quality programs that reach as many students as possible when working under time constraints.     

Stanley Kubrick in the Museum: Post‐cinematic Conditions,Limitations, and Possibilities

This paper contextualizes the Stanley Kubrick exhibition, a worldwide exhibition tour program dedicated to showcasing the complete oeuvre of the filmmaker Stanley Kubrick, within ‘post‐cinematic’ conditions. Since the mid‐1990s, the formal and experiential components of the cinema in the 20th century have increasingly become displaced from the traditional apparatus and site and ‘relocated’ within new technological and institutional platforms, and museums have become one of those new sites for content consumption. The paper discusses both the limitations and possibilities of the exhibition as it is considered to represent the migration of cinema into the art museum context as one salient phenomenon of post‐cinematic conditions. The Kubrick exhibition is explored to uncover the underlying tensions of the ‘exhibition of cinema’ as a key trend of major international museums, between the movie theater as black box and the art museum's exhibition space as white cube. It considers the difference between these two institutional platforms and their conceptions of objecthood, artifact and the temporal economy of the viewing experience. The author argues that this event succeeds in realizing the possibilities for revivifying three constants of cinema: film auteur, cinematic apparatus, and intermediality. The ambivalence demonstrates that while the museum's exhibition of cinema inevitably removes some of its ontological essences, it also preserves and revivifies others.     

角色体验在儿童科学乐园设计中的应用初探

本文分析角色体验在儿童展览教育运用的概况,儿童科学乐园引入角色体验的必要性,同时选取中国科学技术馆儿童科学乐园角色体验展区中的典型展品案例,阐述将角色体验运用到儿童科学乐园内容设计中的一些思考。认为角色体验展区应注重展品的科技内涵,启发儿童进行探究式学习;要能提升儿童的自我效能感,进一步激发儿童的创造力和想象力;选取有合作性质的角色,培养儿童交流意识,鼓励儿童通过沟通解决问题;要采用多种方式增加角色体验展品的亲子话题,促进家长与儿童良性互动。希望促进角色体验在儿童科技展览中得到进一步运用。     

Outside the Exhibit Case

Summary

In planning for a major traveling exhibit in UCLA's undergraduate library outreach was a priority. Programming and publicity targeted segments of the campus and community both as participants and as attendees. This collaboration came to fruition in an exciting array of programs that brought many people into the library and demonstrated the strengths of collections, resources and services to new audiences.

UCLA's College Library, the undergraduate library that recently returned to its historic and award-winning Powell Library Building, was a site for the ALA-Smithsonian traveling exhibition, “A More Perfect Union: Japanese Americans and the United States Constitution.” The Programs and Exhibits Committee of the Library surrounded the display of this material with several months' worth of diverse community and campus programming. Events involved staff, faculty, students, local K-12 teachers, members of the Los Angeles Japanese American Community, writers, film makers, even a movie star (this IS Los Angeles)! In addition to highlighting the strengths of UCLA's Library collections through traditional means, a variety of media and multimedia programs and events supplemented the exhibit.     

Environmental Issues in the Museum: Applying Public Perceptions in Exhibition Development

This paper describes an exhibition on radiation* and the environment. In the exhibition-development process, students' and lay people's conceptions on radiation issues as described in the literature were considered. How these conceptions and the theoretical frame of constructivism may guide exhibition development is discussed. Whether an exhibition of this kind can facilitate cognitive change and aid personal judgment in environmental matters is considered on the basis of data from 16-year-olds' use of the exhibition.     

儿童展览阐释的表达方式及其教育动机探析

本文首先归纳出儿童展览阐释的四种表达方式,即用于参与的体验设计、用于参与的探索设计、用于感知的符号设计和用于观察的视觉设计,尔后挖掘影响表达方式选取的儿童认知特征,并试图深入解读认知特征背后的教育动机,即0~3岁儿童重感官教育,3~6、7岁儿童重感性教育,6、7~11、12岁儿童重具象逻辑教育,11、12岁儿童重抽象逻辑教育,通过反逻辑过程推演出不同年龄段教育动机指导下适用的表达方式,以提升儿童展览的专业性与有效性。