The theory of the electrical breakdown of gases at atmospheric pressures

After a brief summary and discussion of Townsend's theory of the electrical breakdown of gases in the light of certain recent criticisms, it is shown that these are compatible with his theory except for one serious discrepancy. This discrepancy lies in the fact that at the assumed fields at which breakdown occurs in air, at atmospheric pressure, and in inert gases at low pressures, the $\text{β}\text{P}$ of Townsend's theory cannot have the significance given it by Townsend, as the positive ions are incapable at these fields of acquiring the ionizing energy. Various solutions proposed are discussed and found inadequate. It seems necessary, in order to keep this otherwise successful theory, to doubt the validity of the assumption generally made for plane parallel electrodes, that the potential drop between the plates is uniform before the spark passes. If fields about ten times as great as those calculated from the uniform drop existed, the theory could be applied. It is shown that such fields are possible under the conditions of the spark potential experiments, due to space charges resulting from the difference of ionic and electronic velocities. The existence of such fields requires a finite spark lag interval of about 10^?4 seconds, as yet not definitely observed. Experiments should be undertaken in laboratories equipped for the purpose to look for both the spark lag and the non-uniform field.     

网络时代地区信息化的测度及信息化评估模型的建立

社会主义信息化随着信息技术发展和应用的深化在不同时代表现出不同的含义和特征，作为表征信息技术在社会应用及普及程度的宏观信息化测度得到了广泛应用，然而信息化测度模型的局限性限制了信息化意义的精确表达。本文分析了网络时代信息化的含义及信息化测度模型的特征，提出了适合网络时代信息化特征的指数测度模型。     

Measuring technological capabilities at the country level: A survey and a menu for choice

Several new measures of national technological capabilities have recently been developed. These attempts are a result of an often-implicit theoretical consensus about the nature of technology. The aim of this article is to compare their methodologies and results. The World Economic Forum (WEF), the UN Development Program (UNDP), the UN Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), and the RAND Corporation are the institutions that have provided the measures examined here. We compare these authoritative attempts with our own measure of technological capability, ArCo. The results provide a broadly comparable ranking of countries, although a few significant differences do emerge.     

测量方法对测量结果误差影响的分析

通过对测量误差产生的原因、测量方法的选取等研究,对测量方法对测量结果的影响进行了分析,指出了针对不同的测量条件和要求,采取不同的测量方法,以减小测量误差的必要性。     

Assimilation of business intelligence: The effect of external pressures and top leaders commitment during pandemic crisis

The business intelligence (BI) has been often touted as a game-changer especially during the pandemic crisis. Although most managers are familiar with BI and agree that, it should be operationalized across their organizations. The BI is not well assimilated throughout adopting organizations. Rooted in institutional and upper echelon theories, this study proposes a theoretical model aimed toward explaining BI assimilation. We surveyed 174 respondents occupying leadership positions from174 auto-components manufacturing firms in India to gather data. The findings suggest that normative and mimetic (but not coercive) factors significantly influence top leader’s commitment to the BI initiatives. We found that the commitment of the top leaders influences the assimilation of BI via acceptance and routinization. Our study is an attempt to address the previous research calls related to BI assimilation. The findings of the study inform the information management scholars via theory-based research on phenomena related to post-adoption BI diffusion during a pandemic crisis. Practitioners can utilize the results of our study to design their policies that help assimilate BI such that forecasted benefits can be fully realized during an uncertain time.     

Measuring the influence of mere exposure effect of TV commercial adverts on purchase behavior based on machine learning prediction models

Since its introduction, television has been the main channel of investment for advertisements in order to influence customers purchase behavior. Many have attributed the mere exposure effect as the source of influence in purchase intention and purchase decision; however, most of the studies of television advertisement effects are not only outdated, but their sample size is questionable and their environments do not reflect reality. With the advent of the internet, social media and new information technologies, many recent studies focus on the effects of online advertisement, meanwhile the investment in television advertisement still has not declined. In response to this, we applied machine learning algorithms SVM and XGBoost, as well as Logistic Regression, to construct a number of prediction models based on at-home advertisement exposure time and demographic data, examining the predictability of Actual Purchase and Purchase Intention behaviors of 3000 customers across 36 different products during the span of 3 months. If we were able to predict purchase behaviors with models based on exposure time more reliably than with models based on demographic data, the obvious strategy for businesses would be to increase the number of adverts. On the other hand, if models based on exposure time had unreliable predictability in contrast to models based on demographic data, doubts would surface about the effectiveness of the hard investment in television advertising. Based on our results, we found that models based on advert exposure time were consistently low in their predictability in comparison with models based on demographic data only, and with models based on both demographic data and exposure time data. We also found that there was not a statistically significant difference between these last two kinds of models. This suggests that advert exposure time has little to no effect in the short-term in increasing positive actual purchase behavior.     

企业市场知识能力体系的构建与测量

在回顾国内外市场知识能力研究的文献基础上,对市场知识能力的理论进行了分析.总结了市场知识能力的体系,认为市场知识能力应当由顾客知识能力、竞争对手知识能力以及集成知识能力三个维度所组成,并设计了相应的测量工具.通过对255家装备制造业企业的实证问卷调查,验证了测量量表的可靠性和有效性.