心理弹性概念研究综述

心理弹性研究兴起于20世纪初,目前已成为心理健康领域的重要研究课题,其研究主要集中于心理弹性作用机制、心理弹性的测量、干预等方面。但是,由于心理弹性本身的复杂性,学界至今未能对此概念达成一致。本文对以往的心理弹性概念研究进行综述,并对心理弹性概念研究前景提出展望。     

心理弹性概念研究综述

心理弹性研究兴起于20世纪初,目前巴成为心理健康领域的重要研究课题,其研究主要集中于心理弹性作用机制、心理弹性的测量、干预等方面.但是,由于心理弹性本身的复杂性,学界至今未能对此概念达成一致.本文对以往的心理弹性概念研究进行综述,并对心理弹性概念研究前景提出展望.     

心理弹性研究回顾与展望

遭遇困境仍然发展良好的个体被认为是具有心理弹性的。心理弹性研究经历了保护因素的确认、弹性形成机制的探索和心理弹性干预三个阶段。心理弹性研究主要有以变量为中心和以被试为中心两种范式。操作性定义难以确定、研究对象和研究主题分散是心理弹性研究面临的主要问题,也是今后研究取得进展的生长点。     

心理弹性研究对心理健康教育的启示

"心理弹性"是在弹性力学基础上提出的心理学概念,近二三十年来该领域的研究已成为西方心理学界研究的热点。文章首先阐述了心理弹性概念、促进心理弹性形成的保护性因素、作用机制以及与积极心理学的契合等问题,然后探讨了心理弹性研究对当前心理健康教育的启示。     

教师压力研究的新视角：心理弹性理论

心理弹性是儿童适应性发展中的重要研究课题,它是指个体在面临严重压力或逆境时,其心理功能没有受到损伤性影响,相反表现出良好发展的现象。教师作为儿童的重要示范者,对其心理弹性的研究却仍处于起步阶段。文章利用文献搜索,回顾了心理弹性理论的研究现状以及在教师心理弹性领域的延伸,包括弹性教师的特征、心理弹性对教学行为的影响以及教师心理弹性发展的影响因素,并且在研究结论的基础上从教师本身、师范教育、校园文化建设方面对促进教师心理弹性发展提出了建议。     

心理弹性及其作用机制的研究述评

心理弹性目前已成为心理学的一个重要研究领域,并日益为,心理学界所关注.已有研究分别从不同角度给予心理弹性不同的定义,虽没有形成统一的概念,但在进行研究时,都认可两个基本的操作性定义要素:个体遭遇逆境和个体成功应对.有关心理弹性的研究目前大多停留在第一阶段,即对心理弹性变量的探讨;对心理弹性内在机制的探讨是心理弹性研究的第二阶段,这将成为今后研究的重点.本研究在综合国外大量文献的基础上重点探讨了心理弹性作用机制的理论模型,并提出注重生态学原则、进行细化研究、拓展纵向研究、加强认知研究和实施干预研究,将可能成为心理弹性作用机制的研究趋势.     

幼儿教师职业压力与职业倦怠的关系：心理弹性的调节作用

文章采用问卷调查法,基于JD-R模型理论,探究了幼儿教师职业压力与职业倦怠的关系,以及心理弹性在影响机制中的调节作用。结果发现,幼儿教师职业压力与职业倦怠呈显著正相关,幼儿教师心理弹性与职业压力、职业倦怠均呈显著负相关;幼儿教师职业压力能显著正向预测职业倦怠;心理弹性在幼儿教师职业压力与职业倦怠之间起负向调节作用,即幼儿教师心理弹性水平越高,职业压力对职业倦怠的影响逐渐减小。     

探析心理弹性研究及其教育启示

“心理弹性”是在弹性力学基础上提出的心理学命题,该研究已成为西方心理学界研究的热点,心理弹性认为个体与环境之间是相互作用的动态过程。本文首先对心理弹性进行了界定,进而探析了心理弹性的内在结构,最后论及心理弹性研究对教育的启示。     

心理弹性研究述评

心理弹性是在积极心理学背景下提出的概念,是能力与发展过程的统一体。通过对目前心理弹性研究内容的综述,文章提出在今后的研究中,应注重研究普通人群的心理弹性,注重心理弹性的普遍性;其次个体的心理弹性在不同发展阶段具有不同的特点,在研究中应注重心理弹性阶段性与情境性的特点;最后个体的心理弹性的发展是多因素相互作用的过程,在不同的发展阶段,个体的内部、外部保护性因素之间的交互作用有待进一步探讨和研究。     

心理弹性研究的基本共识及其对青少年发展的启示

在关于逆境、危机对青少年发展的影响的研究中,心理弹性的概念及其相关理论越来越多地被提及。以往心理弹性研究的成果表明,心理弹性研究达成了以下基本共识:心理弹性不是少数儿童的专利,心理弹性的影响因素众多且相互之间的关系复杂,需要从个体的角度转变为从系统的角度研究儿童心理弹性的发展。这些研究共识对青少年发展的启示是:积极主动地应对所有青少年发展中的风险,加强青少年发展的各种促进因素的开发以及将青少年心理弹性的干预延伸至家庭。     

Designing resilience research: Using multiple methods to investigate risk exposure,promotive and protective processes,and contextually relevant outcomes for children and youth

BackgroundInconsistent, poorly designed research on resilience in the human sciences has contributed to epistemological and ontological ambiguity which has fuelled claims that resilience as a concept is poorly theorized.ObjectiveBuilding on research with abused and neglected children around the world, the objective of this paper is to show that studies of resilience must account for: (a) risk exposure (of relevance in different contexts); (b) promotive and protective processes (internal and external resources associated with resilience across systems); and (c) desired outcomes (as privileged by stakeholders in different cultures and contexts).MethodBy identifying common aspects of resilience research from a purposeful selection of studies (ones with weak and strong methodologies), this paper identifies three dimensions of well-designed studies of childhood resilience.ResultsAttention to all three dimensions enhances both the empirical validity (in the quantitative research paradigm) and phenomenological trustworthiness (in qualitative research) of resilience research with children and families. Challenges researching resilience can also be resolved by designing studies that account for all three dimensions. These challenges include the lack of systemic thinking to account for contextual factors and other external threats to child wellbeing, and the excessive generalization of findings.ConclusionThis three-part model for resilience research reflects the very best practices among resilience researchers and has the potential to address the definitional and methodological ambiguity that plague studies of resilience.     

Academic risk and resilience for children and young people in Asia

Abstract

In studies of academic resilience, researchers seek to identify factors that protect against adverse effects caused by risk and stress, and which ultimately assist students to be academically successful. However, because relatively few studies are conducted in Asian settings, Western-based research may have limited application for policy and prevention in the Asian context. It is therefore important to expand the context and culture in which resilience research takes place. This paper highlights academic resilience factors among Asian students that are located in the multiple levels of the social ecology (including individual, peers, family and school). This is consistent with results from the Western context. However, it also reports on some differences in academic resilience factors that are found both within Asian countries and between Asian and Western countries. From these results, we might thus conclude that alongside pan-human factors, Asian students’ academic success can also be considered in part due to uniquely Asian attributes. This reaffirms the importance of considering culture and national context in studies of academic resilience. Taken as a whole, this collection of papers showcases multiple approaches to building academic resilience and empowering students and their educators and caregivers across the Asian region.     

Promoting resilience in schools: a view from occupational health psychology

This paper considers teacher resilience from the viewpoint of a discipline concerned with the interactions between work design, management style and employee health and well-being: occupational health psychology. It will be suggested that there are strong parallels between interventions designed to promote resilience and those designed to reduce work-related stress. The imperative for the latter type of intervention arises from a significant evidence base, summarised in many research studies and reviews of the scientific literature. In making this argument, this paper draws upon four sources of information: (i) the experience of employers outside the education sector in resilience building, (ii) the influence of work design and line manager behaviour on employee well-being, (iii) current British government advice to employers about reducing stress and (iv) an illustrative case study. It is argued that although robust evidence as to the effectiveness of resilience interventions in the education sector is still lacking, experience from other sectors suggest that schools might nurture resilience by improving work design and by providing appropriate training for employees and their line managers.     

Measuring academic resilience in quantitative research: A systematic review of the literature

Academic resilience research has the potential to improve the learning outcomes of students at risk of school failure, yet there is no standard approach to its measurement. This review aimed to provide an overview of the ways in which academic resilience has been measured and analysed within quantitative research over the last 20 years. Our findings extended upon those in existing reviews by focussing on how academic resilience has been operationalised as a specific construct. A systematic search of the literature returned 127 studies that drew conclusions about academic resilience based on quantitative data. Three distinct approaches to the measurement of academic resilience were identified using thematic analysis techniques: the definition-driven, process-driven, and latent construct approaches. Each of these approaches align with different types of analyses which, in turn, shape the inferences that researchers can make about academic resilience. The implications of these variations in measurement are discussed. At the macro-level, the utilisation of resilient characteristics and the omission of risk indicators within existing measures may undermine the validity of studies investigating the construct of academic resilience. At the micro-level, the purpose of the study, usability, and inclusivity of the measurement approach influence how researchers choose to operationalise academic resilience. This review emphasises the importance of considering the methodological decisions that researchers make and contributes to the ongoing refinement of academic resilience as a specific construct in resilience research.     

RESEARCH INTO THE CONCEPT OF RESILIENCE AS A BASIS FOR THE CURRICULUM FOR CHILDREN WITH EBD

This paper reviews a corpus of research on educational resilience as developed by researchers in the USA. It is noted that at the present time the longstanding debate as to the relative importance of therapeutic and curricular aims in the education of children with EBD has been thrown into sharp relief by the Ofsted inspection regime that concentrates on curricular imperatives. It is argued that the concept of educational resilience provides a basis for a pedagogy that will attend to thereapeutic needs within any given curricular framework.

Research which supports the proposed focus on aspects of the educational process known to promote resilience at the individual and at the school level is then reviewed to provide ample examples of interventions that could be adopted in a curriculum aimed at promoting resilience.     

Education of unaccompanied refugee minors in high-income countries: Risk and resilience factors

Record numbers of unaccompanied refugee minors continue to arrive in high-income countries seeking asylum and protection. Despite receiving educational support, unaccompanied refugee minors continue to be vulnerable to negative educational experiences and outcomes. The review investigates what resilience factors enable unaccompanied refugee minors in high-income countries to have positive educational experiences and outcomes. It aims to inform the literature on risk and resilience factors and the development of future interventions. Eighteen articles met the eligibility criteria for the review. Twenty-six factors were identified as risk and resilience factors related to five socio-ecological levels: child, microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. The findings revealed significant heterogeneity. Microsystemic and mesosystemic factors were found to play the most important role in educational resilience. Meanwhile, young mothers, minors who experienced immigration detention, and minors whose immigration statuses are unknown or pending are sub-groups of unaccompanied refugee minors who are particularly vulnerable to risk. Findings are discussed with implications for future research, policy, and practice. Future studies need to elaborate whether their findings are particular to the condition of being unaccompanied or being refugee.     

压弹:关于个体逆境适应机制的新探索

压弹是近二三十年来西方心理学研究的重要领域，它是指个体在面临逆境时维持积极适应的过程。国外关于压弹研究经历了一个逐步发展的过程，最初以压弹影响因素的鉴定为主，近年来转向对压弹过程的动态性研究。压弹研究对于个体发展中的积极因素和过程的关注及其对心理危机预防和干预的启示意义都值得国内心理学界的充分关注。     

Fostering Resilience: A Necessary Skill for Teacher Retention

The goal of this qualitative 2-year study was to examine the resilience building process in four novice secondary science teachers and its link to teacher retention. To achieve the research goal, a resilience framework was established. Three factors were instrumental in creating the framework. The first focused on stressors and protective factors in the lives of novice secondary science teachers and provided direction and goals for the research. Second, a case study was developed for each of the four teachers participating in the research in order to emphasize the detailed analysis of factors linked to resilience. Finally, cross-case analysis was employed to identify similarities and differences and provide insight into issues concerning the resilience process. Results of this study suggest that the interaction between stressors and protective factors acts as a primary force in the resilience process and stimulate responses to help counteract negative effects of resulting stress. Therefore, it can be reasoned that resilience can be fostered in novice teachers as a means to encourage teacher retention.     

中国经济韧性的现实表征、动态演化与决定因素

经济韧性是经济体抵御冲击扰动、自我恢复和调节重组的重要机能,中国经济在2020年应对新冠肺炎疫情冲击并快速恢复过程中展现出强劲韧性。文章在系统梳理经济韧性的概念内涵和分析工具的基础上,运用核心变量法考察中国经济韧性在各种危机下的现实表现并追踪其动态演进路径,借助构建的经济韧性表现整合模型加以阐释,为客观呈现和把握中国经济发展及韧性培育过程提供了重要依据。同时,深入探究包括内质禀赋、制度安排、政策工具、历史文化等在内的多重因素对经济韧性的影响和决定作用,有助于进一步巩固夯实中国经济系统的韧性能力,推动经济发展高质量转型升级。     

心理健康、领悟社会支持和复原力关系研究

旨在研究复原力在大学生心理健康与领悟社会支持间的中介效应。随机抽取600名大学生为研究对象,以一般健康问卷、领悟社会支持量表以及大学生复原力量表为研究工具,采用SPSS16.0进行分析。结果表明,大学生心理健康与领悟社会支持存在显著负相关;复原力与领悟社会支持存在显著正相关;大学生心理健康与复原力存在显著负相关;复原力在大学生心理健康与领悟社会支持间存在部分中介效应。