Career development issues among Japanese work groups

Conclusion Like most of the industrialized nations of the world, Japan is undergoing changes in its occupational structure, in its societal values about work and achievement, and in the demographics of its work force. These changes have different types of impact on the career development of young workers, initial entry and reentry women, and older workers.As greater clarity is established on how these populations differ between and within groups, Japan's policy-makers have become aware that different types of intervention programs must be developed and implemented for each of these groups. However, there is not a sufficient number of counselors, who are trained to deal with the career development and transition to work issues presented by each of these groups, to respond to the growing needs for career counseling and career guidance across the nation. Clearly, a national agenda for serving a work force in Japan which is aging, diversifying, and entering and adjusting to an occupational environment which is itself in flux must include major attention to counselor preparation, research in career development across the life-span, and the development and testing of career development programs tailored to multiple individual and group needs.     

Developmental implications in youth counselling: Gender socialization

Psychological research has generally supported the contention that the development of gender appropriate behavior is encouraged by socialization processes. Commencing from birth, male and female children are reared and socialized differently. In recent years there has been a trend toward the acceptance of less stereotyped roles (androgyny) in order that children may adapt more easily to the demands of the environments in which they live. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relevant findings of this research and to extrapolate possible implications and ramifications for adolescent counselling.     

Narrative research: Political issues and implications

The conduct of narrative research gives rise to a range of political issues which include the validation of narrative knowledge, the relationships of power and authority among research participants, and the distinction between the public and private domains. In this article three issues will be examined: The politics of research in a “narrative” mode which challenges traditional research; issues of power that arise in collaborative research relationships; and the political implications of studying the private domain of life story and autobiography.     

Helping adolescents with shyness: Applying the Japanese Morita therapy in shyness counselling

Summary Adolescence, being a period of rapid change and development, is often associated with experiences of turmoil and anxiety. Shyness is common as the adolescent attempts to explore boundaries, gain self-knowledge, and form an identity. An approach successful in treating this type of nervous pre-occupation is Morita therapy. This article describes how Morita therapy, in the form of Morita counselling, was applied in treating 12 shy adolescents seen in 3 groups. Four brief counselling sessions were conducted. The aim of treatment was not to rid the adolescent of shyness but to have them experience accomplishment and be productive despite anxiety symptoms. The main concepts presented were: action can be taken despite experiencing anxiety, emotions cannot willfully be controlled but behaviour can be chosen, and shyness is a reflection of greater sensitivity to life and can serve in a positive way. Positive treatment effects were observed on reported cognitive and behavioural measures and verified by behavioural counts documented. In conclusion, the adolescents appeared to have gained a more positive outlook on their shyness and an awareness of personal control through choice of action. By providing a concrete mechanism for approaching the shyness difficulty, Morita counselling, even in a brief number of sessions, has the potential for making an impact on this age group helping to spare them the anguish of social withdrawal and isolation.     

Catching Transitive Thought through Q Methodology: implications for counselling education

Transitive thoughts are the feeling tones, rhythms and idiosyncrasies that are communicated in speech. They are important sources of information for counsellors and their clients. Q methodology is presented and discussed as applicable to counselling education in its ability to give meaning to transitive thought. Relevance to counsellor education is based on the assumption that it is important to assist counsellors in intentionally developing self‐knowledge as an essential part of their practice. Through explicitly structuring and analysing transitive thought, Q methodology makes it possible to discover its underlying patterns. Those patterns can be subsequently interpreted and given meaning through dialogue, thus leading to a more holistic understanding of thought. Q methodology is suggested as a useful systematic approach for counsellors to learn about themselves and to include the feeling part of thought in their practice.     

Perspectives on the design of human-computer interactions: issues and implications

Few question the importance of effective engagement in computer-supported learning. Yet, comparatively little attention has focused on extrapolating the implications of available research and theory for the design of interaction strategies. Traditionally, interaction strategies have emphasized functions of the interaction, specific strategies for interaction design, and methods for eliciting overt responses. While the functions and operations of design are important, the physical and cognitive aspects of interaction strategies need to be better integrated. In this paper, several perspectives on interaction strategies and computer technology are presented and critically analyzed, dimensions of interaction are examined, and a framework for the design of interaction strategies is presented.     

日本社会的环境教育及启示

日本从20世纪70年代就开始关注环境教育问题.如今,日本已在学校、企业、社会和媒体等多个层次、形成了完整的环境教育体系.分析日本环境教育的发展历程,探讨日本环境教育的构成和特点,对我国开展环境教育有一定的启示和借鉴意义.     

Indigenous counselling techniques among the Yoruba and Igala people of Nigeria

Guidance and counselling are now making a good beginning in Africa. This paper attempts to trace the historical foundations of Yoruba and Igala counselling in Africa and examines what makes for success in traditional therapy—the words, phrases and aphorisms used, the climate set and the personality of the professional. Furthermore, since recent studies show that the training and methods of indigenous practitioners are sound and that their philosophy and practice have much in common with Western approaches, the paper also attempts to introduce their skills for fusion with Western mental health.Paper presented at the International Round Table for the Advancement of Counselling, Thessaloniki (Greece), April 1980.     

Cerebral hemisphere asymmetry: Methods,issues, and implications

This is the seventh ERIC/ECTJ Annual Review Paper, preparation of which was supported by the ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) Clearing-house on Information Resources, Syracuse University. The material in this article was prepared pursuant to a contract with the National Institute of Education, U.S. Department of Education. Contractors undertaking such projects under government sponsorship are encouraged to express freely their judgment in professional and technical matters. Points of view or opinions do not necessarily represent the official view or opinion of the NIE. - Ed. The author’s own research discussed in this article was supported in part by research grants from the National Institute of Mental Health and from the National Science Foundation.     

Culture-specific counselling strategies for Japanese nationals in the United States of America

The article provides an understanding of unique characteristics of Japanese nationals in the United States of America (USA), their possible acculturation and assimilation levels, Japanese world view (assumptions, values and beliefs), and Japanese developmental psychological functions (Amae, On, Giri, Ninjo, and Ajase Complex). All these factors affect the determination of culturally sensitive techniques and approaches that would be best suited for each Japanese client. Information about assessment tools, and counselling and therapeutic strategies and techniques that may be effective is presented.     

Nigerians' concept of death and its implications for counselling in Nigeria

Motivated partly by the contents of most in memorians and obituaries announced on the pages of Nigeria's newspapers, a study was designed to investigate the attitude of some Nigerian students toward death and related matters. A questionnaire was designed and administered to final year education students in two federal universities and one state college of education. In all, 245 students took part in the study. The results suggest that the Nigerian students involved in the study believe in reincarnation, believe that the dead do see and influence the living, and that death is often caused by the work of evil people. Among the implications of these findings for counselling is the difficulty Nigerian counsellors and counsellees could experience in trying to relate meaningfully to each other as a result of Nigerians' inadequate conception of death and their unwillingness to place implicit trust in other people not perceived as a member of the society. The need for a reorientation in some aspects of indigenous cultural beliefs is advocated. This, it is suggested, could be encouraged through mass literacy programmes and through a carefully designed programme of counsellor training.     

我国私营企业存在的问题及对策

当前，我国私营企业迅速发展，在国民经济中正发挥着越来越重要的作用，但也存在着诸如先天发展不足，本身发展无力以及发展环境欠佳等问题。因此，私营企业必须在科学管理、机制创新、提高素质等方面采取相应的措施和对策。     

Stigma of school counselling among Israeli adolescents as a function of ethnicity,counselling orientation and contact frequency

The stigma of counselling frequently affects those groups who need it most. This has certainly been the case in junior high schools in Israel. The research focused on the attitudes toward counselling of 2296 Israeli adolescents. Data analysis showed that students of Asian-African origin (Oriental) who occupy a lower socio-economic stratum, feel more stigmatized by counselling than their European-American origin (Ashkenasic) counterparts, even though they appreciate it more. Both groups experienced less stigma when the counselling service was hybridized with normative functions. Moreover, expanding the frequency of contact with the counsellor was found to increase rather than eliminate vulnerability to stigma among the Oriental students, thus suggesting that varying the nature, and therefore the perception, of the service is a more productive approach.     

Gender issues in action research: implications for adult education

Gender equality is a widely recognized value. Still, on the practical level, it is not easy to achieve true gender equality. Gender has proved to be a complicated issue both for research and practice. Gender change projects trying to make changes in detected disadvantages have repeatedly run into a problem: it is difficult to put gender issues on the agenda and it is difficult to keep them there. With three case examples, this article addresses the question of why it is difficult to approach gender issues in change projects and what conditions make this less difficult. It deals with the potential of action research of making a contribution to gender issues and emphasizes that change projects need a concept of gender which includes the relevant aspects of social structure and social process. In conclusion, the article presents implications for adult education, especially the challenge of developing concepts of empowerment and agency to comply with the postmodern condition and the challenge of creating spaces for interpretation and action.     

Family Structure and Psychosocial Correlates among Urban African-American Adolescent Males

Substance use and delinquency, psychological well-being, and social support were compared across 5 family constellations among 254 urban African-American adolescent males. Single-mother, stepparent, both parents, mother with extended family, and extended family only households were studied. The only differences found were that youth living in single-mother households reported more parental support than other youth. Relationships with father and male role models were also studied and related to several psychosocial outcomes. The results challenge the assumptions that single African-American mothers are alone in providing support to their sons and that fathers' absence results in no significant relationship.     

过度劳动的成因分析及其理论思考

理性“经济人”行为导向下的效用最大化目标是过度劳动的主观原因;劳动力长期供大于求所造成的劳资双方不平等的劳动关系则构成了过度劳动的客观因素。如果说昔日计划经济时期的隐性失业是一种低效行为,那么今日的过度劳动却未必就是对它的良性更正。