融合教育理念下的特殊教育财政:历史、现状及未来

我国已经形成以“随班就读和附设特教班为主体,以特殊教育学校为骨干”的中国特色的融合教育,但是却并没有形成支持融合教育发展的财政保障机制.在介绍我国特殊教育财政实践的基本情况后,基于国外案例的分析,构建了一个简单的特殊教育财政分析框架,并在这一分析框架下重新审视了我国当前的特殊教育拨款机制与融合教育理念之间的矛盾.实践中,瞄准特殊教育学校的任务拨款机制促使一大批特殊教育学校的新建和办学条件的改善,但是缺乏对类别、强度的考量,造成了特殊教育学校在招收高成本特殊需要儿童时的回避倾向,部分特殊需要儿童因种种理由被拒绝在特殊教育学校之外.建立基于学生特殊需要类别和强度而非安显方式、以需求为导向的拨款机制,对于落实融合教育理念有着重要意义.     

论社会融合教育在特殊教育学校的普及

目前,中国的特殊教育大部分是将需要特殊教育的学生单独建校,这种“隔离式管理”的优点是便于对有需要特殊教育的学生进行有针对性的教育,其不足是不利于实现“让特殊儿童能较好地适应社会生活”的教育目标,并给一部分特殊儿童今后回归社会带来困难.就我国教育现状来说,近期我们的特殊教育还不可能完全采用例如西方国家那样的把“所有的学生应该归属于普通班的学生”的教育理念.但我国的特殊教育学校,在不断完善办学条件的基础上,应进一步重视与探讨学生的社会融合教育问题.只有做好特殊学生的社会融合教育,特殊教育才能展现出其真实的价值.     

全纳教育视角下的国内特殊教育信息化发展研究述评

全纳教育以教育覆盖所有适龄学生为共识,以全民教育和提供公平教育的权利为目的,以促进国民终身教育体系构建为宗旨。从全纳教育的视角来探讨我国特殊教育信息化发展,信息技术在教学中的快速发展为特殊教育提供了多元的方式和应用场景,同时也奠定了一定的技术基础,因此信息技术与特殊教育的融合是必然的趋势。以CNKI期刊文献为来源,以全纳教育理念为指导,积极从特殊教育学生无障碍学习环境构建、学习感知特征、特殊教育师生信息化素养、特殊教育信息化教学设计以及特殊教育信息化应用等方面梳理特殊教育信息化研究领域及其变化,努力发现该领域研究的不足,并在此基础上提出特殊教育信息化发展的应对策略。     

深化特殊教育综合改革 推进融合教育实践探索——福建省特殊教育改革试点校和融合教育试点校遴选培育工作文件解读

福建省历来高度重视特殊教育事业,一直积极通过改革实验破解发展的一系列难题。2021年在总结以往改革试点经验的基础上,福建省教育厅基于新时代特殊教育发展的新形势、新需求,针对问题,全盘考虑,系统提出了深化特殊教育综合改革、推进融合教育实践探索的试点工作方案,发布了《关于开展特殊教育改革试点校和融合教育试点校遴选培育工作的通知》,推动新时代全省特殊教育工作实现内涵发展。     

融合创新 助力区域特殊教育优质均衡发展

大连市甘井子区自2015年被教育部确定为国家特殊教育改革实验区以来,以建设高质量特殊教育体系为目标,探索区域融合教育可持续发展新模式,从机制建设、课程建设、服务优化、内涵发展等几个层面,整合多方资源,促进区域特殊教育优质均衡发展。     

特殊教育指导中心推进普特融合教育发展的探索

融合教育强调,特殊教育需要通过整体的、系统化的变革来应对特殊儿童多样化的需求.特殊教育指导中心以此为契机,积极探索,勇于实践,加强学习,把握融合教育核心要义;合理布局,推进资源中心建设;加强培训,提升教师专业素养;加强协作,打造生态融合环境;建设课程,提供适合的教育,实现区域内特殊教育全过程、专业化管理,推进普特融合教...     

信息化教育时代与特殊教育课程改革关系初探

信息社会的到来、信息化教育的发展使教育具有了许多新的特点。本文从信息化教育的新特点出发,探讨信息化教育与特殊教育课程改革的关系,并针对现实中存在的问题提出一些尝试性对策与建议。     

预设与生成：省域推进融合教育的实践——江苏省特殊教育政策解读（五）

作为一种公共政策系统,江苏特殊教育抓住国家发展特殊教育的历史性机遇,把握国家层面的宏观制度、地方层面的中观制度、实践层面的微观制度,促进共同愿景、开放系统、生态网络的构建,推动预设与生成的动态平衡,实现价值理念的生长、管理制度的延展,推动省域特殊教育整体向前发展。     

从特殊教育向融合教育发展的影响因素及政策建议

特殊教育就是运用特殊手段和方法对特殊群体进行教育,强调“特殊性”,是在传统观念影响下对特殊群体进行教育的一种称谓。而融合教育强调的是“一般性”,主张特殊需求儿童与普通儿童的教育相融相合,使所有儿童能够在同一环境、同一起点接受同样的教育、得到同样的对待。新世纪以来,我国学者对于融合教育的研究主要集中于对融合教育国外发展经验的学习借鉴和融合教育发展建议和策略,但仔细审视近年来融合教育的发展,可以发现影响特殊教育向融合教育发展的关键因素在于观念层面从“他们”到“我们”的转变,价值层面从“补偿性”到“权利性”的转变,实践层面从自觉到自为的转变等三个方面。因而,在未来发展中,应从以政策引领实践、打造优质教师队伍、发展数字化教育模式和营造融合教育良好氛围等方面推进特殊教育向融合教育发展。     

区域特殊教育智慧平台的功能设计与思考

在“办好特殊教育”的时代背景下,以新一代信息技术为支撑,以应用为导向,建设一个功能齐全的区域特殊教育智慧平台,必须强化顶层设计,规划好应用场景,使平台建设与区域特殊教育发展水平相适应,并有力促进特殊教育高质量发展。     

Towards truly inclusive science education: a case study of successful curriculum innovation in a special school

The paper provides a first person account of participant evaluation research of curriculum innovation in a school serving students with profound learning difficulties. It describes how the aspirations of the school leadership team to introduce science, combined with advisory support, overcame the initial anxiety of teaching staff about teaching an unfamiliar subject. The staff position was transformed and they gave a very positive evaluation of their experiences of teaching science, due to the impact of the subject on their students. The introduction of a distinct and inclusive model of science into the curriculum was ultimately found to have significant benefits for both students and staff.     

Leadership in inclusive education: a professional development agenda for special education

Leadership roles in special education have changed dramatically over recent years. Stephen Powers, Stephen Rayner and Helen Gunter, all of whom are lecturers and researchers in the School of Education at the University of Birmingham, conducted a questionnaire survey of the perceived professional development needs of heads, deputies and senior staff working in specialist contexts. The results reveal a significant concern with organisationally focused issues; support for school- and LEA-based courses and higher education provision; but a perceived lack of Government-funded training addressing the needs of those in leadership roles in special education. The authors conclude this article with a call for interested readers to become involved in further research in this important area.     

Stimulating tensions in special education teachers' figured world: an approach toward inclusive education

I examine special educators’ professional identity emergence and tensions within a researcher-facilitated teacher learning community. I introduced tools to evoke and challenge inequities in educational systems and via which participants examined and planned general education instruction for students with dis/abilities. Initially, professional identity, or figured world, emerged as performance of pathologising and relatedly, remediating students. Over time, participants expressed tensions as they engaged tools to examine structural limitations and design more universally accessible instruction; figured worlds shifted to critical sense-making about their positioning by general education colleagues and school structural barriers, and procedural identity performance tied to investigating student assets. Findings suggest potential for purposefully designed artefacts to mediate special educators’ development as (more) inclusive educators.     

Towards inclusive education: the case of Finland

The article examines the Finnish system of basic education and the means it employs to support good learning and healthy growth and development for all students. The excellent learning outcomes of the Finnish comprehensive school indicate that it is possible to develop a system with both quality teaching and learning, and equity and equality for students. Throughout the article, special needs education is seen as an important, but not dominant, aspect of Finland’s inclusive policies. The article concludes with five theses central to a working model of inclusive education.     

Wicked problems in special and inclusive education

This special paper provides a critical overview of wicked problems in special and inclusive education. Practically, this paper provides a strategic framework for future special issues in the Journal of Special Educational Needs. Critical attention is also given to the concept of a wicked problem when applied to research in special and inclusive education: the suggestion is made this focus can stimulate innovations necessary for educational change and begin the process through which key problems in the field are addressed. A final observation made is that tangible change is unlikely to occur in special and inclusive education without addressing the underpinning beliefs and behavioural motivations which sustain today's wicked problems. Systematic transformation is therefore unlikely to be sustained without disruptive attention to the psychological, cultural and political aspects of ‘the way things are’.     

The inclusive practice project in Scotland: Teacher education for inclusive education

While differences in national contexts are associated with variations in how teachers are trained and school systems are organised, the conceptual and philosophical problems of equity and inclusion in schooling are shared concerns. This paper describes how the structure and content of an initial teacher education programme for primary and secondary teachers has been revised to ensure that social and educational inclusion is addressed within the core programme. A rationale is presented for the development of ‘inclusive practice’, followed by a discussion of the reforms and an outline of the effects that are expected in the classroom practices of teachers in schools.     

Local special education administrators’ understanding of inclusive education in China

China's inclusive education initiative began in mid-1980s under the name of “Learning in Regular Classrooms”. The purpose of this research is to examine how Chinese Local Special Education Administrators understand the ideology of inclusive education and LRC model by using a qualitative investigation. The results indicate that the Chinese inclusion is driven by pragmatic needs to enroll more children with disabilities who were denied education into schools, and LRC has been practiced in a different social and cultural context from inclusive education initiative in the West. The authors conclude that China should make generalised changes in the whole education system and society to bring greater opportunities to those with disabilities.     

Modelling inclusive special needs education: insights from Dutch secondary schools

Inclusive special needs education is prominent on the international education agenda. Research on the characteristics of inclusive education for students with special needs and schools providing this is scarce, however. Our aim in the present study was therefore to further theory-building with regard to inclusive special needs education. On the basis of the relevant literature, we identified three core aspects of inclusivity: the learning environment, the guidance provided by teachers and the general care structure. With the help of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses conducted on data obtained from school professionals in 79 secondary schools in the Netherlands, we were able to identify 12 underlying characteristics for a conceptual framework to further research on the inclusive nature of schools and education. Multilevel structural equation modelling of the judgments of school professionals at the level of the school also showed that the inclusive special needs education in at least secondary schools can be characterised by two main factors: (1) learning environment and (2) guidance and care. The analyses showed considerable agreement on the important aspects of inclusivity for schools and thus how differences between schools can be explained. The results further showed the work of the care coordinator – which includes cooperation with external partners and teachers with mentoring roles – to be the clearest indicator of the extent of the inclusive special needs education within schools. This finding is interpreted as suggesting that the recommended teaching practices and student care for adequate included special needs education have not yet been integrated into teachers’ thinking and acting. Follow-up research drawing upon the developed framework is therefore called for to not only more generally validate the framework but also determine if the situation in school has changed, now that the policy and practices for inclusive education have become more familiar.