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1.
A. S. Lobanov 《Scientific and Technical Information Processing》2009,36(5):275-280
The algorithms for forming and analyzing concept definitions are suggested and considered by concrete examples. Such key concepts
of management as “an organization” and “management of an organization” are formulated using the suggested algorithm. This
paper gives the detailed technology of thinking when formulating the definition of the concept of a “system for management
of an organization” from the standpoint of the resource approach. The analysis of the interconnection between concepts of
the system and process results in the conclusion that it is possible and necessary to consider the category of “space-time.” 相似文献
2.
From work to text to document 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
David Beard 《Archival Science》2008,8(3):217-226
The defining trope for the humanities in the last 30 years has been typified by the move from “work” to “text.” The signature text defining this move has been Roland Barthes seminal essay, “From Work to Text.” But the current move
in library, archival and information studies toward the “document” as the key term offers challenges for contemporary humanities research. In making our own movement from work to text to document, we can explicate fully the complexity of conducting archival humanistic research within disciplinary and institutional contexts
in the twenty-first century. This essay calls for a complex perspective, one that demands that we understand the raw materials
of scholarship are processed by disciplines, by institutions, and by the work of the scholar. When we understand our materials
as constrained by disciplines, we understand them as “works.” When we understand them as constrained by the institutions of
memory that preserve and grant access to them, we understand them as “documents.” And when we understand them as the ground
for our own interpretive activity, we understand them as “texts.” When we understand that humanistic scholarship requires
an awareness of all three perspectives simultaneously (an understanding demonstrated by case studies in historical studies
of the discipline of rhetoric), we will be ready for a richer historical scholarship as well as a richer collaboration between
humanists and archivists. 相似文献
3.
Hamedi M. Adnan 《Publishing Research Quarterly》2011,27(3):268-276
Photocopying of reading materials, especially from holdings in libraries is common practice among Malaysian university students.
It is unusual to find a student not making photocopies from books or journals. Photocopying machines are easily found in the
campus, especially in the libraries with full cooperation from the machine operators. This article will discuss the copyright
law in Malaysia with regard to photocopying practices, especially on the controversial term of “fair use” or “fair dealing”
as stated in the act. The second part relates to the main findings from a survey conducted in 2009 about photocopying among
university students, and the last part provide alternatives available to publishers on ways to control and to overcome this
problem. 相似文献
4.
T. V. Zakharchuk 《Scientific and Technical Information Processing》2011,38(1):20-26
The approaches to the concept of a “scientific school” in bibliography and peculiarities of the formation of scientific schools
in the bibliography science, connected with the humanities character of this science and principles of its formation as a
scientific discipline are considered. The main characteristics of bibliographic scientific schools are proposed and the problem
of their identification and creation of a definition is put forward. 相似文献
5.
A. D. Elyakov 《Scientific and Technical Information Processing》2010,37(1):60-73
In this paper, a survey and critique are presented of the existing concepts of an information society. The concept of a “modern
information society” is introduced. The main components of the information society concept are analyzed, i.e., information,
information technologies and the IT workforce (specialists). Changes are considered in the main spheres of human activities.
A broad definition of the modern information society is formulated. 相似文献
6.
A basic challenge of the Weinberg Report addressed the question of information overload. The Weinberg Panel was extremely
concerned with the proliferation of scientific literature and the specific issue of how to sift through reams of data to find
the “gems” of wisdom, or that which is truly new and useful. In the early 1960s when the report was being written, computers
were not part of the information access and retrieval infrastructure. Writing twenty-five years later, in 1988, Dr. Weinberg
recognized that the panel had not adequately taken into account the impact of the computer and the growth of the information
industry. Today we have a new world of microcomputers and networked information which is fundamentally shifting the paradigm
of scientific communication. We have new capabilities, including electronic publishing, visualization techniques, even virtual
reality. Without getting into a great debate about the definition of “grey literature,” the main characteristics have traditionally
been described as: rapid publication, wariable formats, no public peer review, and no commercial source of general availability.
With networked information and multi-media technology, the new world of grey literature is emerging with an interesting set
of new and revived challenges. This article looks at the most interesting characteristics, and based on them, presents the
thesis that in the 1990s we are facing a new generation of “grey literature”. 相似文献
7.
Rusciano Frank Louis; Fiske-Rusciano Roberta 《Int. Journal of Public Opinion Research》1990,2(4):305-322
This paper presents a content analysis of the manner in whichworld opinion is used in stories and editorialsof two nations' major newspapers. The authors studied the InternationalHerald Tribune and the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung for themonths of February, March, and April 1986 for articles whichcontained implicit or explicit references to world opinion.These refernces were studied using a pre-designed survey instrument,which analyzed several features of the term's usage. Topicsfor discussion included: (1) the various syonyms for world opinion;(2) the agenda for world opinion; (3) the timing of referenceto particular issues on the agenda; (4) the moral and pragmaticcomponents of world opinion; and (5) the link between worldopinion and the international isolation of nationsor individuals. The paper concludes by combining the resultsof the study into a preliminary definition of world opinion,based upon the common usage of this term. The definition comparesthe characteristics of world opinion and publicopinion, and discusses the possible ramifications ofunderstanding the concept in this manner. 相似文献
8.
Ian E. Wilson 《Archival Science》2012,12(2):235-244
The phrase “peace, order and good government,” common to the definition of federal powers in both the Australian and the Canadian
constitutions, has defined the relationship of the Crown and the citizen for more than five centuries. The archival record
is fundamental to that relationship, providing its authoritative legal basis, documenting its evolution and continuing as
a reminder of both our proudest achievements and our most dismal failures as a society. This paper reflects on the role of
archives in recent Canadian human rights issues, highlighting both the strengths and the weaknesses of the record, the perception
of archives as an agency of the state and the role of archives in helping society address highly contentious issues. 相似文献
9.
Silvia Breu 《Informatik - Forschung und Entwicklung》2005,3(4):162-172
Aspekt-orientierte Programmierung kann die Komplexit“at von Softwaresystemen reduzieren und damit deren Wartbarkeit und Erweiterbarkeit
verbessern. Dies wird durch die Kapselung von kompo“-nenten-“uber“-greifenden Elementen der Implementierung (sogenannten systemweiten
Belangen oder „‘crosscutting concerns”) in spezielle Module oder Aspekte erreicht. Aspekt-Mining versucht diese Elemente in existierenden Softwaresystemen zu identifizieren und so die Anpassung
an ein aspekt-orientiertes Design zu unterst“utzen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt Methoden und Ergebnisse mehrerer Fallstudien,
in denen das dynamische Analyse-Verfahren von [?, ?] untersucht wurde; sie umfa“st ausserdem auch die Beschreibung der Algorithmen.
Das Verfahren basiert auf der Analyse von Programmtraces, die in verschiedenen Programml“aufen erzeugt und dann in Ausf“uhrungsrelationen
abstrahiert werden. Diese so erhaltene Datenbasis wird auf wiederkehrende Muster untersucht. Die genaue Bedeutung von „‘wiederkehrenden
Mustern” wird dabei durch eine Reihe von Bedingungen an die Struktur der Ausf“uhrungsrelationen festgelegt. Dieses Verfahren
wurde in dem vollautomatischen Analysewerkzeug DynAMiT implementiert und auf Softwaresystemen von mehr als 80 kLoC evaluiert.
DynAMiT fand dabei sowohl systemweite Belange, die schon im System enthalten waren, als auch solche, die durch die Anwendung
von AspectJ systematisch hinzugef“ugt wurden. 相似文献
10.
Fred Kobrak 《Publishing Research Quarterly》1988,4(4):15-21
Fred Kobrak, who has spent much of his career marketing U.S. scholarly books abroad, puts his experience to use in viewing
the task of foreign publishers who wish to sell their products in the U.S. market. In so doing, he discusses changes in the
environment of scientific publishing and raises the interesting question of how one distinguishes between “domestic” and “foreign”
publishers. He suggests that “U.S.” publishers have much to learn from “foreign” competitors, and that competition can benefit
publishers, their authors, and their customers.
Fred Kobrak is a partner in Adrian Higham Associates, consultants, on the international publishing industry. He recently retired
from the presidency of Collier Macmillan International, New York, the international arm of Macmillan Publishing Company. Address
for correspondence 相似文献
11.
Conceptual Analysis: A Method for Understanding Information as Evidence, and Evidence as Information
Jonathan Furner 《Archival Science》2004,4(3-4):233-265
The utility of conceptual analysis for archival science is assessed by means of an exploratory evaluation in which the concept
of evidence is analyzed. Usage of the term “evidence” in the philosophies of science, law, and history is briefly reviewed;
candidates for necessary conditions of evidentiariness are identified and examined; and taxonomies are built of evidentiariness
and of archival inference. Correspondences are shown to exist between the concepts of evidentiariness and relevance, and between
the domains of archival science and social epistemology, thereby pointing in promising directions for further research. The
tentative conclusion is reached that conceptual analysis may profitably be used to improve understanding of archival concepts. 相似文献
12.
Brien Brothman 《Archival Science》2010,10(2):141-189
In 1924, Canadian Dominion Archivist Arthur Doughty (1860–1936) characterized archives as “the gift of one generation to another.”
This essay takes these words seriously. It sets aside the common habit of thinking of archival work in terms of “keeping”
and “preserving” and experiments with—re-imagines—archives as a form of gift giving. However, as a growing body of scholarship
across numerous disciplines is discovering, gift giving is a complex social act. Thus, construing archives as a form of gift
opens up new avenues of critical inquiry into archives’ unique temporal consciousness and its importance to accounts of the
establishment and unmaking of any social order. This article explores the nature of archival consciousness and its place in
social theory. 相似文献
13.
L. V. Kan Yu. M. Kuznetsova N. V. Chudova 《Scientific and Technical Information Processing》2011,38(6):420-427
The creation of expert systems (ESs) for psychodiagnostics is analyzed. “Developmental” ESs are proposed for the modeling
of professional activity. Some foundations for building such ESs are formulated. The prototype of the “Psychodiagnosis” ES
is described as an example. 相似文献
14.
Zusammenfassung. Dieser Artikel erarbeitet eine formale Bestimmung der Begriffe “elektronischer Vertrag”, seine “Ziele”, “Verpflichtungen”
und seine “verbindliche Aushandlungsphase”. Die hier erarbeiteten Begriffe dienen erstens der Spezifikation elektronischer
Vertr?ge und zweitens der Verifikation lokaler Implementationen von elektronischen Vertragskooperationen. Besonders behandelt
werden die lokale Darstellungen von Vertr?gen und ihre vermittelnde Kommunikation, mehrfache sowie sich überlappende Durchl?ufe
durch eine verbindliche Phase und die Rolle von Beweismitteln. Die Begriffe beruhen auf der Theorie der formalen Sprachen
bzw. der Automaten. Sie werden an einem einfachen Beispiel einer bilateralen Auftragskooperation demonstriert.
Eingegangen am 16. Dezember 1999 / Angenommen am 10. M?rz 2000 相似文献
15.
Dieser Artikel erarbeitet eine formale Bestimmung der Begriffe “elektronischer Vertrag”, seine “Ziele”, “Verpflichtungen” und seine “verbindliche Aushandlungsphase”. Die hier erarbeiteten Begriffe dienen erstens der Spezifikation elektronischer Vertr?ge und zweitens der Verifikation lokaler Implementationen von elektronischen Vertragskooperationen. Besonders behandelt werden die lokale Darstellungen von Vertr?gen und ihre vermittelnde Kommunikation, mehrfache sowie sich überlappende Durchl?ufe durch eine verbindliche Phase und die Rolle von Beweismitteln. Die Begriffe beruhen auf der Theorie der formalen Sprachen bzw. der Automaten. Sie werden an einem einfachen Beispiel einer bilateralen Auftragskooperation demonstriert. 相似文献
16.
This paper focuses on a fresh and fair way to determine a ranking of science journals according to the “number of citations-to
and articles published,” data used by SCI Journal Citation Reports of ISI to determine journal ranking by “impact factor.”
Impact is considered a latent variable defined by a set of items (citations and articles published). The theoretical background
is Item Response Theory, which suggests that, if we can understand how each item in a set of items operates with an object,
then we can estimate a measure for the object. The Rasch model is the most common formulation of that theory. This technique
is here applied to the citations and articles published of 62 medical journals (objects) to provide a Rasch measure for these
journals which is compared with the current “impact factor” computation. 相似文献
17.
Brien Brothman 《Archival Science》2002,2(3-4):311-342
In the last ten years, influential voices within and on the periphery of the record keeping community have succeeded in establishing
the preservation of “evidence” as the governing purpose of contemporary archival theory and methods development. Afterglow
offers a critique of the concept of evidence in archival discourse. Its main contention is that one can put records into evidence;
one cannot set out to put evidence into records. The argument rests on the following assertions: (1) current discussions of
evidence rest on a blindness to certain contradictions embedded in claims that record keeping principally involves evidence
keeping, or “evidence management”; (2) a politics of temporality, under which an interplay of disciplinary knowledge claims
and professional interest is discernible, helps to account for the contemporary rhetoric describing the relationship between
“record” and “evidence”, and (3) the late-twentieth century legal, political, and cultural climate, along with the technological
environment, explain the increasing prominence of “evidence” in these knowledge claims and professional ambitions. The essay
concludes with recommendations for addressing these issues.
Thanks go to Terry Cook, Visiting Professor in the Archival Studies Programme, Department of History, University of Manitoba,
and co-editor of this series of essays, for his close reading and detailed comments on this essay. Particularly invaluable
was his knowledge of historical and contemporary archival thinking on the notion of evidence. 相似文献
18.
Patrick Gallagher 《Publishing Research Quarterly》2007,23(2):137-140
Until 50 years ago the purpose of publishers in Australia was to act as distributors for overseas companies, mainly British.
From 1970 onwards a local publishing industry began to develop, taking advantage of the greatly increased investment by publishers
in distribution systems to service the “closed market.” In 1991 the “30-day rule” was introduced, leading to an increased
amount of local printing of overseas titles, and a growing number of rights purchases of overseas-published books. The pros
and cons of “separating out” Australian rights are addressed in this paper. 相似文献
19.
K. S. Losev V. M. Efremovich E. A. Kryuchkova V. K. Lyuboshchinskaya 《Scientific and Technical Information Processing》2009,36(4):209-218
The history of the creation and development of the VINITI RAS “Geography” reference journal from 1954 to 2008 is considered. The changes in retrofunds and dynamics of the distribution of the overall
quantity of documents in the reference journal/database have been followed in relation to the changes in the content contained
in the issues during the period of time under consideration. The document information flow of the “ Geography ” database during 1991–2008 was analyzed statistically. 相似文献
20.
Claire Badaracco 《Publishing Research Quarterly》1990,6(4):17-30
The Colophon, published from 1925 through 1935 for an audience of book collectors and connoisseurs, illuminates the debate
over the basis of a book's value: genuine quality or artificial scarcity. It also illustrates the distinction between genuine
news about the book industry and “publicity hypnosis”—today’s “hype.” The magazine’s authors, designers, typographers, printers,
and illustrators were among the finest of their day.
Claire Badaracco is an assistant professor at Marquette University, and is currently writing a series of articles about Anglo-American
book publishing, journalism, and publicity trades between 1920 and 1940 with the support of The British Academy, the National
Endowment, and the Bibliographical Society of America. Her work has been published inAmerican Literary Realism, Journalism Quarterly, Essays in Business and Economic History, and other journals. The Library of Congress, The Center for The Book, is publishing her monograph “The Lakeside Press Four
American Books Campaign 1926–1930.” 相似文献