农村留守儿童心理健康教育的影响因素分析与对策

留守儿童是当前社会发展中的弱势群体,普遍存在心理问题,心理健康水平比较低,留守儿童之所以会存在心理健康方面的问题,是由多方面的因素导致.本文先分析当前农村留守儿童心理健康教育现状,接着分析影响留守儿童心理健康状况的因素,并提出相应的对策,以此更好的促进农村留守儿童身心健康发展.     

牡丹江农村留守儿童心理健康状况的调查研究

为了更好地了解牡丹江农村留守儿童的心理健康现状及其影响因素,抽样调查了265名中小学生,其中留守儿童81人,对照组184人。结果显示:在学习焦虑,对人焦虑、孤独、过敏、身体症状、冲动及心理健康总分上留守儿童的分数显著高于非留守儿童;在主观支持、对支持的利用度以及社会支持总分上留守儿童显著低于非留守儿童。因此,农村留守儿童的心理健康问题应引起广泛的重视,而提高其社会支持水平是提高其心理健康水平的一个重要手段。     

潮汕地区农村留守儿童焦虑现状研究

目的:了解潮汕地区农村留守儿童焦虑现状及其影响因素。方法:采用问卷法随机抽取潮州、汕头、揭阳三市农村地区的五年级和初一年级学生进行调查。结果:(1)潮汕地区农村留守儿童和非留守儿童在状态焦虑和特质焦虑水平上没有显著差异,但仅母亲在外打工组留守儿童的状态焦虑得分显著高于非留守儿童;(2)初一年级留守儿童在特质焦虑维度得分...     

The profile and progress of neglected and abused children in long-term foster care

ObjectivesThis study compared the profile of neglected and abused children in the Australian foster care system as well as differences between maltreatment types in relation to parental contact, reunification and psychosocial progress in care.MethodThe case files of 235 children entering foster care were examined and their social workers were administered standardised questionnaires at the point of intake. All measures were repeated for those remaining in care 1 year and then again 2 years later.ResultsNeglected children were younger than non-neglected children, more likely to have a physical or mental disability, more likely to experience multiple forms of maltreatment and less likely to pose conduct problems for carers. Neglected children were more likely than non-neglected children to experience a decline in parental contact over time, and were less likely to be reunified with their families of origin. There was minimal difference between neglected and non-neglected in their psychosocial progress while in care. Aboriginal children were more likely to be reunified than non-Aboriginal children when neglect was attributable to transient factors (parental incapacity) but the reverse was true for non-neglected children.ConclusionsThe fact that neglected children more often require a second form of maltreatment before being removed from home suggests that children's services workers are less inclined to remove children for neglect than for other forms of maltreatment. As a consequence, those neglected children who are in care tend to come from more dysfunctional families than non-neglected children do, as evidenced by the relatively poorer parental contact and reunification results of neglected children.Practice implicationsNeglected children differ systematically from non-neglected children and suffer relative disadvantage in relation to multiple forms of maltreatment, parental contact, and reunification. The fact that declines in parental contact among neglected children in care occurred only when indirect contact was provided suggests that, wherever possible, care plans should include face-to-face visits and overnight stays rather than being restricted to less direct forms of contact. The difference in the success of reunification according to type of neglect (chronic or transient) also suggests that parental intervention programs need to focus their efforts on chronic factors rather than transient parental factors.     

城市流动儿童的被忽视与学校适应的关系

采取问卷调查法,对803名城市流动儿童和837名城市儿童的被忽视和学校适应进行了调查,结果发现：城市流动儿童的安全忽视、躯体忽视显著地高于城市儿童,总体更易被忽视;除交流忽视外,男生被忽视及其维度均大于女生,情感忽视存在明显的学校性质差异,被忽视及其各维度存在父母文化差异;城市流动儿童的被忽视与学校适应及各维度间都存在较为显著的负相关,情感忽视、安全忽视和躯体忽视对学校适应有非常显著的负向预测作用。     

Children neglected: Where cumulative risk theory fails

Neglected children, by far the majority of children maltreated, experience an environment most deficient in cognitive stimulation and language exchange. When physical abuse co-occurs with neglect, there is more stimulation through negative parent–child interaction, which may lead to better cognitive outcomes, contrary to Cumulative Risk Theory. The purpose of the current study was to assess whether children only neglected perform worse on cognitive tasks than children neglected and physically abused. Utilizing LONGSCAN archived data, 271 children only neglected and 101 children neglected and physically abused in the first four years of life were compared. The two groups were assessed at age 6 on the WPPSI-R vocabulary and block design subtests, correlates of cognitive intelligence. Regression analyses were performed, controlling for additional predictors of poor cognitive outcome, including socioeconomic variables and caregiver depression. Children only neglected scored significantly worse than children neglected and abused on the WPPSI-R vocabulary subtest (p = 0.03). The groups did not differ on the block design subtest (p = 0.4). This study shows that for neglected children, additional abuse may not additively accumulate risk when considering intelligence outcomes. Children experiencing only neglect may need to be referred for services that address cognitive development, with emphasis on the linguistic environment, in order to best support the developmental challenges of neglected children     

Child abuse and neglect and intimate partner violence victimization and perpetration: A prospective investigation

This paper describes the extent to which abused and neglected children report intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and perpetration when followed up into middle adulthood. Using data from a prospective cohort design study, children (ages 0–11) with documented histories of physical and sexual abuse and/or neglect (n = 497) were matched with children without such histories (n = 395) and assessed in adulthood (M_age = 39.5). Prevalence, number, and variety of four types of IPV (psychological abuse, physical violence, sexual violence, and injury) were measured. Over 80% of both groups – childhood abuse and neglect (CAN) and controls – reported some form of IPV victimization during the past year (most commonly psychological abuse) and about 75% of both groups reported perpetration of IPV toward their partner. Controlling for age, sex, and race, overall CAN [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.60, 95% CI [1.03, 2.49]], physical abuse (AOR = 2.52, 95% CI [1.17, 5.40]), and neglect (AOR = 1.64, 95% CI [1.04, 2.59]) predicted increased risk for being victimized by a partner via physical injury. CAN and neglect also predicted being victimized by a greater number and variety of IPV acts. CAN and control groups did not differ in reports of perpetration of IPV, although neglect predicted greater likelihood of perpetrating physical injury to a partner, compared to controls. Abused/neglected females were more likely to report being injured by their partner, whereas maltreated males did not. This study found that child maltreatment increases risk for the most serious form of IPV involving physical injury. Increased attention should be paid to IPV (victimization and perpetration) in individuals with histories of neglect.     

毛南族地区小学生心理健康调查及对策分析

为了解毛南族地区小学生心理健康状况,采用"心理健康诊断测验"(MHT)对广西环江毛南族自治县521名农村小学生进行问卷调查。结果显示,毛南族地区小学生心理健康问题阳性检出率为1.9%,8个分量表中至少有一项呈阳性的检出率为73.7%;男生的孤独倾向显著高于女生(P<0.05),女生的恐怖倾向显著高于男生(P<0.001);不同年级小学生的心理健康状况呈显著差异(P<0.05);单亲、留守、寄宿小学生的心理健康问题显著高于双亲、非留守、非寄宿小学生(P<0.05)。     

Predictors of hyperactive–impulsive–inattention and conduct problems: A comparative follow‐back investigation

Disruptive behavior patterns are particularly challenging for parents, teachers, and peers as these behaviors often interfere with classroom instruction, frequently lead to academic underachievement, and are associated with social skills acquisition and performance deficits. Children who exhibit a combination of hyperactivity–impulsivity–inattention and conduct problems (HIA + CP) have been shown to be at greater risk for negative social, behavioral, and legal outcomes than children with HIA‐only or CP‐only behavior patterns. This investigation explored the degree to which academic, social, and behavioral characteristics in Grade 4 could differentiate sixth‐grade students with HIA + CP (n = 61), HIA‐only (n = 29), and CP‐only (n = 14). Results showed that the HIA‐only group had higher academic achievement in Grade 4 as measured by teacher judgments and standardized tests than the HIA + CP and CP‐only groups. By Grade 6, the HIA‐only and HIA + CP groups showed lower academic competence than the CP‐only group suggesting that by sixth grade, children having HIA alone or in combination with conduct problems are at greater risk for academic failure. Additionally, HIA + CP and CP‐only groups had poorer social skills than the HIA‐only group. Consistent with past research, students in the three risk groups showed no difficulties in either academic or social self‐concept. Early screening and identification methods using a multiple‐gating model were recommended as a means of proactive approaches to intervention design and prevention. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 721–736, 2005.     

“Migrating” or Being “Left Behind”: The Education Dilemma of Rural Children in Mainland China

Abstract

Rural children belong to an educationally disadvantaged group whether they migrate or remain in their villages. Using a specially designed questionnaire, this paper surveyed more than 2,500 migrant and left-behind children in the Xixiangtang District of Nanning in Mainland China on issues relating to education and mental state. Through comparisons of migrant and nonmigrant children and those who had and had not been left behind, this study found that migrant children are unable to enter public schools due to incomplete documents, and also experience problems with a safe commute to and from school, after-school care, etc.; left-behind children are more likely to experience problems with emotional deprivation, dull after-school life, susceptibility to disease, and poor habits. With respect to mental state, some of the survey questions showed no significant differences, whereas others displayed significant divergences. It can be seen that both migrant and left-behind children experience problems with educational difficulties, poor discipline, and poor mental adaptability, and are in a clearly disadvantaged position. This paper recommends that the government, schools, society, and families jointly cooperate to strengthen emotional guidance for migrant children and left-behind children and ensure that no child is abandoned, allowing migrant children to grow and learn healthily in their respective environments.     

Using neuropsychological profiles to classify neglected children with or without physical abuse

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is twofold: First, to investigate whether cognitive functions can contribute to differentiating neglected children with or without physical abuse compared to comparison participants; second, to demonstrate the detrimental impact of children being victimized by a combination of different types of maltreatment. METHODOLOGY: Seventy-nine children aged 6-12 years and currently receiving Child Protection Services because of one of two types of maltreatment (neglect with physical abuse, n=56; neglect without physical abuse, n=28) were compared with a control group of 53 children matched for age, gender, and annual family income. The neuropsychological assessment focused on motor performance, attention, memory and learning, visual-motor integration, language, frontal/executive functions, and intelligence. RESULTS: Discriminant analysis identified auditory attention and response set, and visual-motor integration (Function 1), and problem solving, abstraction, and planning (Function 2) as the two sets of variables that most distinguished the groups. Discriminant analysis predicted group membership in 80% of the cases. Children who were neglected with physical abuse showed cognitive deficits in auditory attention and response set, and visual-motor integration (Function 1) and problem solving, abstraction, and planning (Function 2). Children who were neglected without physical abuse differed from the control group in that they obtained lower scores in auditory attention and response set, and visual-motor integration (Function 1). Surprisingly, these same children demonstrated a greater capacity for problem solving, abstraction, and planning (Function 2) than the physically abused neglected and control children. CONCLUSION: The present study underscores the relevance of neuropsychology to maltreatment research. The results support the heterogeneity of cognitive deficits in children based on different types of maltreatment and the fact that neglect with physical abuse is more harmful than neglect alone.     

农村留守儿童教育问题研究报告

通过调查法和资料分析法对留守儿童教育问题的现状、归因和出路进行研究。由于农村剩余劳动力大规模转移受城乡分割的管理体制制约、部份农村家长重养轻教和学校教育单一,农村留守儿童出现数量多、家庭教育缺失、学校教育受阻和身心健康堪忧等社会难题,可能会影响社会和谐和国家可持续发展,必须引起政府的高度重视和社会的广泛关注。解决问题的关键在于政府要认真履职,家长要主动担责,学校要积极跟进,社会要广泛响应。要通过推进学校标准化建设、“共享蓝天”和“绿色通道”三大工程,推广校园关爱行动、“代理家长制”和社会爱心行动三大成功经验,构建经费、制度和监护三大保障体系,争取能够从根本上保障农村留守儿童公平的受教育权。     

留守儿童学习适应性发展特点的研究

探讨留守儿童学习适应性的特点。方法:采用测量法,测查264名留守儿童学习适应性。结果:①留守儿童学习适应性总体情况较差(χ2=52.428,P<0.001),其中在学习环境上的适应问题最为严重;②留守儿童学习适应性的年级差异不显著,性别差异显著;③不同留守时间和留守状态的儿童在学习适应性上差异不显著。结论:留守儿童总体学习适应不良。     

农村留守儿童心理健康状况的调查研究

本文采用MHT量表对安徽省农村117名儿童进行调查,以考察留守和年级对儿童心理健康的影响,结果发现：（1）3分标准与8分检出标准差异显著,表明双基线健康检出标准有很好的实际作用,低分标准可用于预防筛查,高分标准可用作临床诊断的参考;（2）农村留守儿童的对人焦虑、冲动倾向、孤独感及恐怖倾向检出率明显高于非留守儿童,表明留守儿童心理健康问题较非留守儿童严峻;（3）非留守儿童孤独感显著高于留守儿童;（4）在学习焦虑、对人焦虑、恐怖倾向和身体症状上年级差异显著,并且7年级得分最高,总体呈N趋势变化,表明7年级心理问题最严重;（5）除冲动倾向外,学习焦虑等各因素女生得分均显著高于男生,表明女生心理健康问题相对更明显。     

Coerced and forced sexual initiation and its association with negative health outcomes among youth: Results from the Nigeria,Uganda, and Zambia Violence Against Children Surveys

IntroductionCoerced and forced sexual initiation (FSI) can have detrimental effects on children and youth. Understanding health outcomes that are associated with experiences of FSI is important for developing appropriate strategies for prevention and treatment of FSI and its consequences.MethodsThe Violence Against Children Surveys were conducted in Nigeria, Uganda, and Zambia in 2014 and 2015. We examined the prevalence of FSI and its consequences (sexual high-risk behaviors, violence experiences, mental health outcomes, and sexually transmitted infections (STI)) associated with FSI among youth aged 13–24 years in three countries in sub-Saharan Africa.ResultsOver one in ten youth aged 13–24 years who had ever had sex experienced FSI in Nigeria, Uganda, and Zambia. In multivariable logistic regression, FSI was significantly associated with infrequent condom use (OR = 1.4, 95%CI = 1.1–2.1), recent experiences of sexual violence (OR = 1.6, 95%CI: 1.1–2.3), physical violence (OR = 2.2, 95%CI: 1.6–3.0), and emotional violence (OR = 2.0, 95%CI: 1.3–2.9), moderate/serious mental distress (OR = 1.5, 95%CI: 1.1–2.0), hurting oneself (OR = 2.0, 95%CI: 1.3–3.1), and thoughts of suicide (OR = 1.5, 95%CI: 1.1–2.3), after controlling for demographic characteristics. FSI was not statistically associated with engaging in transactional sex, having multiple sex partners, or having a STI.ConclusionFSI is associated with infrequent condom use, recent experiences of violence and mental health outcomes among youth in sub-Saharan Africa, which may increase the risk for HIV and other consequences. Developing strategies for prevention is important for reducing the prevalence of FSI and its effects on children and youth.     

Mediating effects of teacher and peer relationships between parental abuse/neglect and emotional/behavioral problems

The current study examined the mediating effects of the teacher and peer relationships between parental abuse/neglect and a child’s emotional/behavioral problems. A total of 2070 student surveys from the panel of the Korean Child Youth Panel Study (KCYPS) were analyzed by path analysis. The key findings of this study are outlined below. Firstly, parental physical and emotional abuse and neglect had significant effects on children’s problems. The direct effect of parental abuse on emotional/behavioral problems was higher than the direct effect of parental neglect on emotional/behavioral problems. Secondly, the teacher relationship partially mediated the effects of the parental abuse/neglect on emotional/behavioral problems. Thirdly, the peer relationship also partially mediated the effects of parental abuse/neglect on children’s emotional/behavioral problems. The indirect effect of parental neglect via teacher relationships and peer relationships was stronger than the indirect effect of parental abuse. This study is significant in that it identified that parental abuse/neglect was mediated by the teacher and peer relationship, thereby suggesting an implication for effective intervention with children who have suffered abuse and neglect. In terms of the teacher and peer relationship, understanding the influence of parental abuse and neglect on children’s problems was discussed, and the limitations and recommendations for future study were suggested.     

The effects of child maltreatment on language development

The separate effects of child neglect, abuse, and their interaction upon language development as measured by the Preschool Language Scale were examined in four groups of children (n = 79) in a quasi-experimental design. There were three groups of maltreated subjects, all drawn from a treatment center: an abused only group (n = 13), a neglected only group (n = 7), and an abused and neglected group (n = 31); a non-maltreated group (n = 28) was drawn from a day care center. Abuse, neglect, and their interaction were used to predict both auditory comprehension and verbal ability as separate criteria in two stepwise multiple regression equations, where the variance attributable to gender and mother's status on Aid to Dependent Children had been removed. Child neglect was found to predict significantly both auditory comprehension and verbal ability. Neither child abuse nor the interaction between abuse and neglect significantly predicted either dependent variable. These findings suggest that child neglect may be the critical type of maltreatment associated with language delay.     

Dissociation in maltreated versus nonmaltreated preschool-aged children.

OBJECTIVE: Dissociation is linked to the experience of child maltreatment for adults and for school-aged children. The goals of the current paper were: First, to extend existing research and examine the link between child maltreatment and preschool-aged children; and second, to examine which subgroups of maltreated preschoolers are most likely to evidence dissociation. METHOD: A well-validated measure of dissociation in children, The Child Dissociative Checklist (CDC; Putnam, Helmers, & Trickett, 1993), was utilized in a sample of low SES maltreated and nonmaltreated preschoolers (N = 198). A measure of internalizing and externalizing symptoms was also utilized. The maltreated children were assessed for sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect, and also for severity, chronicity, and multiple subtypes of maltreatment. RESULTS: The sexually abused, physically abused, and neglected groups each demonstrated more dissociation than did the nonmaltreated group. Dissociation in the clinical (psychopathological) range was associated with physical abuse. Moreover, maltreatment severity, chronicity, multiple subtypes, and internalizing and externalizing symptomatology were each related to dissociation. CONCLUSIONS: Child maltreatment is a factor in dissociation in preschool-aged children as it is in older children and in adults. Sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect, severity, and chronicity are all implicated. Developmentally sensitive interventions that look beyond comorbidity with behavioral symptoms for dissociative preschool-aged children are needed.     

Association between psychosocial stressors with emotional and behavioral problems among children of low-income addicted families living in Brazil

BackgroundChildren exposed to substance use in their families are vulnerable to multiple risk factors in their development and at increased risk for emotional and behavioral problems. The aims of the study were as follows 1) estimate the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems among children aged 6–11 years old, living with addicted family members in a low-income urban community of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil; 2) evaluate the children’s exposure to family psychosocial stressors and substance use; and 3) investigate the factors related to the increased risk of emotional and behavioral problems and substance use.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 101 children aged 6–11 years old (M = 9.16 years, SD = 1.61). The instruments used were a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Psychosocial Stress Factors (PSF).ResultsHigh prevalence of problems was found for this sample: the CBCL showed 26.7% of clinical scores for Internalizing Problems, 40.6% for Externalizing Problems, and 40.6% for Total Problems. Exposure to family psychosocial stressors was also high, including severe disease (33%), physical aggression (28.9%), death (27.8%), psychiatric hospitalization (16.7%), suicide attempts (15.5%), and suicide (9.3%). Exposure to these family stressors was associated with an increase of two to four times in the prevalence of internalizing and externalizing problems.ConclusionsChildren exposed to substance abusers have more mental health problems than general population, even when compared to peers living in similar low-income areas. This is a group that should be target of a selective preventive intervention.     

Hospitalisations for maternal assault are associated with increased risk of child protection involvement

BackgroundPrevious research shows a co-occurrence between children's exposure to violence and child maltreatment.ObjectiveThis study examined the risk of maltreatment allegations in children whose mothers had been hospitalised due to an assault.Participants and settingThe study used a retrospective cohort of children born in Western Australia between 1990–2009 (N = 524,534) using de-identified linked-administrative data.MethodsMultivariate Cox regression determined the adjusted and unadjusted hazard ratios for child maltreatment allegation in children with a mother hospitalised for assault. Models were adjusted for a range of sociodemographic characteristics.ResultsOne in five children had a maltreatment allegation following their mother's hospitalisation for assault. This increased to two in five children when the mother was assaulted in the prenatal period. Aboriginal children accounted for 57.6% of all allegations despite representing only 7.8% of the population.Children whose mother had a hospitalisation for assault were nine-times (HR = 9.20, 95%CI: 8.98–9.43) more likely to have a subsequent maltreatment allegation than children whose mother did not have a hospitalisation for assault. Following adjustment for confounding factors, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children had an almost two-fold increased risk of maltreatment allegation (HR = 1.56, 95%CI: 1.43–1.70; HR = 1.93 95%CI:1.80–2.07).ConclusionsOur study shows that child maltreatment allegation is common in children following a maternal hospitalisation for assault. Targeted early intervention is required for families with young children, and pregnant women experiencing violence. Importantly service staff need awareness of the impact of violence on families and the appropriate services to refer families to.