Blood Lead Level (BLL) in the Adult Population of Jodhpur: A Pilot Study

Lead interferes with a variety of body processes and is toxic to many organs and tissues including the heart, bones, intestines, kidneys, and reproductive and nervous systems. Routes of exposure to lead include contaminated air, water, soil, food, and consumer products. The possibility of lead exposure in humans is therefore of great significance from health point of view. Occupational exposure is a common known cause of lead poisoning in adults but current status of adults exposed otherwise is not known. School teachers representing wide local population were selected and asked to furnish information regarding possible lead exposure. Blood lead level (BLL) was estimated using anodic stripping voltammetry. The mean BLL was 6.89 ± 9.5 μg/dl (<3.5–>65 μg/dl) in representative adult population. Out of the total 16 % were found to be having BLL >10 μg/dl which has significantly decreased from leaded gasoline era. Those with increased BLL (>10 μg/dl) were found to have common determinants like usage of old metallic pipes for plumbing, water consumption without any purification system, usage of cosmetics and Ayurvedic/herbal medicines.     

Three Cases of Lead Toxicity Associated with Consumption of Ayurvedic Medicines

Ayurveda is a traditional form of medicine used by majority of the Indians. Here we report three cases of lead toxicity, following intake of Ayurvedic medicines. Three patients presented with blood lead levels (BLLs) of 122.4, 115 and 42.8 μg/dl respectively at the time of hospitalization. The first case was chelated with D- penicillamine, the second with calcium disodium ethylene diamino tetra acetate (EDTA) and the third with environmental intervention and education. Associated Ayurvedic products were collected from patients and analyzed for metallic concentration. Cessation of Ayurvedic medication along with chelation, nutritional intervention and education, reduced the BLL to 27.4 μg/dl in the first case after 1 year, 21.1 μg/dl after 9 months in the second and 18.2 μg/dl after 6 months in the third case.     

Impact of Chronic Lead Exposure on Selected Biological Markers

Lead poisoning remains a major problem in India due to the lack of awareness of its ill effects among the clinical community. Blood lead, δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) concentrations are widely used as biomarkers for lead toxicity The present study was designed to determine the impact of chronic lead exposure on selected biological markers. A total of 250 subjects, of both sexes, ranging in age from 20 to 70 years, were recruited. On the basis of BLLs, the subjects were categorized into four groups: Group A (BLL: 0–10 μg/dl), Group B (BLL: 10–20 μg/dl). Group C (BLL: 20–30 μg/dl) and Group D (BLL: 30–40 μg/dl) having BLLs of 3.60 ± 2.71 μg/dl, 15.21 ± 2.65 μg/dl, 26.82 ± 2.53 μg/dl and 36.38 ± 2.83 μg/dl, respectively. Significant changes in biological markers due to elevated BLLs were noted. The relation of BLL and biological markers to demographic characteristics such as sex, habits, diet and substances abuse (smoking effect) were also studied in the present investigation. Males, urban population, non-vegetarians, and smokers had higher blood lead levels. δ-ALAD activity was found to be significantly lower with increased BLL (P < 0.001), while the ZPP level was significantly higher with increased BLL (P < 0.001). Further, BLL showed a negative correlation with δ-ALAD (r = −0.425, P < 0.001, N = 250) and a positive correlations with ZPP (r = 0.669, P < 0.001, N = 250). Chronic lead exposure affects the prooxidant-antioxidant equilibrium leading to cellular oxidative stress.     

模拟胃酸环境下城市灰尘中铅的生物可给性

用二种方法（无机酸和酶混合模拟液及双酸模拟液）模拟研究了胃酸环境下杭州市城市灰尘中铅的生物可给性。研究结果表明,无机酸和酶混合模拟液的溶出量高于双酸模拟液的溶出量．灰尘中铅的生物可给性与胃酸的酸度和灰尘中铅的化学形态有关。灰尘中铅的溶出量随pH的下降而增加,当pH在3．5以上时,溶出量较低;当pH在2．5以下时,铅溶出量随pH的下降而显著增加。不同pH条件下,溶出的铅来自不同的化学形态,交换态和碳酸盐结合态优先溶出,在较低的pH条件下,有机结合态和氧化物结合态铅也可被部分溶出,表明具高比例的交换态和酸可溶态铅的灰尘有较大的潜在毒性。胃酸中磷酸盐的存在可降低铅的溶解,但当pH在2以下时,磷酸盐的作用不明显。在正常饮食的胃酸环境中（pH4～5）,灰尘中Pb的溶出比例不高。     

Evaluation of Low Blood Lead Levels and Its Association with Oxidative Stress in Pregnant Anemic Women: A Comparative Prospective Study

To correlate blood lead levels (BLLs) and oxidative stress parameters in pregnant anemic women. A total of 175 pregnant women were found suitable and included for this study. Following WHO criteria, 50 each were identified as non-anemic, mild anemic and moderate anemic and 25 were severe anemic. The age of all study subjects ranged from 24–41 years. At admission, BLLs and oxidative stress parameters were estimated as per standard protocols and subjected with ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis and cluster analysis. Results showed significantly (p < 0.01) high BLLs, zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), lipid peroxide (LPO) levels while low delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD), iron (Fe), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red blood cell (RBC) count, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in all groups of anemic pregnant women as compared with non anemic pregnant women. In all groups of pregnant women, BLLs showed significant (p < 0.01) and direct association with ZPP, GSSG and LPO while inverse relation with δ-ALAD, Fe, Se, Zn, Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RBC, GSH, SOD, CAT and TAC. Study concluded that low BLLs perturb oxidant-antioxidant balance and negatively affected hematological parameters which may eventually Pb to Fe deficiency anemia during pregnancy.     

铅山县土地节约集约利用评价研究

土地资源是不可再生资源,是国民经济和社会发展的重要基础,大力推进节约集约用地是严格保护土地资源与保障发展的最佳结合和最优选择。以铅山县为例,分析铅山县建设用地现状及土地节约集约利用存在的主要问题,通过建立建设用地节约集约利用评价指标体系和评价模型,对现状建设用地集约度进行评价,并在之基础上提出了建设用地节约集约利用的规划指标控制标准,针对铅山县实际提出了节约集约用地的对策和建议。     

汞、铅、硒形态分析方法研究的最新进展

本文通过对109篇文献的总结,对汞,铅,硒的形态分析方法研究的最新研究进展做了评述,介绍了各种分离和测定方法的发展概况,如GC,HPLC,AAS,GC-ICP,GC-AAS等。文中对GC-AAS联用中色谱的分离条件以及原子吸收的最佳操作条件作了较详细的总结。对水,大气和生物样品的采集,储存及其前处理也进行了讨论。     

血铅事件的发生机制、社会危害与应对策略——基于苏北N村铅中毒事件的分析

2008年苏北N村的铅中毒事件表明,此类事件的爆发与我国目前环境法治的不健全、企业的傲慢姿态、地方政府不恰当的事故处理方式有很大关系.血铅事件不仅严重损害了农村社区居民的身心健康,而且诱发了社会冲突与社会风险,影响了地方政府的政治合法性.血铅事件的规避需要政企集团改变事故处理方式、改革现行环境风险评价体制、完善环境影响评价制度并加强执行力度、建立重大项目的社会风险评价机制和环境健康风险评价标准、完善环境纠纷处理机制和公民环境参与机制等.     

我国人口发展水平的综合测评

本文利用统计分析的方法,对中国从20世纪50年代初至90年代末,人口发展过程中的主要影响因素进行了统计测评与分析,在此基础上提出了若干对策建议。     

Assessement of Blood Lead and Cadmium Levels in Occupationally Exposed Workers of Jodhpur,Rajasthan

In spite of the established knowledge regarding their toxicities, occupational exposure to heavy metals like lead and cadmium still continues because of their wide distribution in environment. Due to lack of awareness, most of the workers usually eat, smoke, drink at their workplace which may aggravate the metal exposure. The present study was planned to assess the blood levels of lead and cadmium in occupationally exposed workers of Jodhpur (India). A total of 110 individuals working in different industrial set ups (furniture, metal handicraft, welders) of Jodhpur district (exposed group), aged between 20 and 60 years and 97 apparently healthy people (controls) with no history of occupational heavy metal exposure aged between 25 and 60 were recruited. Details of personal habits and demographics were recorded by means of self-developed questionnaire. 5 ml of whole blood was drawn from every individual. Metal levels were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was done using GraphPad Prism Software. Results showed that Blood Lead Level and Blood Cadmium Level (CdB) were significantly higher in the exposed group as compared to the non-exposed group. Significant age and gender-based differences were found in terms of blood cadmium levels but no such difference was observed in case of blood lead. The study also revealed that higher blood levels of these metals in workers are influenced by their occupational practices, lack of protection against workplace environment pollutants, thus increasing their susceptibility to metal toxicity.     

Blood zinc protoporphyrin, serum total protein, and total cholesterol levels in automobile workshop workers in relation to lead toxicity: Our experience

Blood zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), serum total protein (TP), and total cholesterol (TC) levels in automobile workshop workers in relation to lead toxicity were analysed. In the present study, automobile workshop workers (healthy male workers at an age between 28 and 35 from four major automobile workshops in Kottayam, Kerala State, India) and the control (male healthy adults at an age between 28 and 35 residing at Aymanam, a distant village at Kottayam District, Kerala having reduced or no chance of lead exposure) displayed significant difference in blood lead (BPb) and blood ZZP (BZPP) level. The mean value of BPb in automobile workshop workers was 15.76±0.33 μg/dl, while in the control it was 8.20±0.15 μg/dl. In automobile workshop workers, the mean value of BZPP was 34.2±0.62 μg/dl. The control group exhibited a mean of 11.5±0.22 μg/dl. Automobile workshop workers exhibited significant increase in BZPP was corresponding to the increase in BPb level. The total protein levels estimated in automobile workshop workers showed significant decrease compared to control individuals, but was within the reference range of healthy individuals. The mean value of TP level in automobile workshop workers and control was 6.9±0.13 g/dl and 7.71±0.18 g/dl, respectively. There was no significant difference in blood haemoglobin (BHb) level among the automobile workshop workers and control. The serum TC level in automobile workshop workers showed significant decrease compared to the control individuals, but was with in the reference range of healthy individuals. The mean level of serum TC in automobile workshop workers was 162.00±3.44 mg/dl and the same in control was 172.86±4.32 mg/dl. The present study affirms occupational lead toxicity in automobile workshop workers and its effect on serum protein and cholesterol levels.     

Chronic Exposure to Lead: A Cause of Oxidative Stress and Altered Liver Function in Plastic Industry Workers in Kolkata,India

It is well known that chronic exposure of lead leads to adverse health effects. Workers for plastic industry are generally exposed to high concentration of lead as fume, dust, and additive that protect PVC. This study was done on them to find out the detrimental effects of chronic lead exposure on hepatic and hematological toxicity. Blood and 24 h urine sample was collected from 47 plastic industry workers and matched against 42 controls for various parameters. The study group shows significant increase in blood (p < 0.0001) and urinary level of lead (p < 0.0001). Hemoglobin levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.0001), and the liver enzymes like ALP, ALT, AST and y-GT were significantly increased (p < 0.0001) in all cases exposed for >10 years. Serum lipid peroxide by quantitative assay of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was also found increased in the study group (p < 0.0001). The observations point towards the acute health risk faced by plastic industry workers, in whom chronic exposure to lead increases the absorption and accumulation, over a period of time, of this highly toxic element in their body. This increases oxidative stress, causes metabolic damage to RBC and cell membranes, and also suggests necrosis of liver cell, hepatocellular injury and presence of space occupying lesions. Considering the data immediate health and hygiene monitoring and proper rehabilitation for the suffering population seem to be of paramount need in plastic industry to minimize occupational hazards.     

领先用户研究:概念,测量与影响因素

研究领先用户,可以了解未来市场发展趋势和捕捉用户需求变化,开发更具市场潜力的新产品或服务等,并增加企业新产品或服务的竞争优势。但相关研究尚未成熟,且国内研究十分缺乏。基于相关外文数据库对领先用户理论研究的重要成果进行了梳理,深入分析了领先用户的概念、量表与测量和影响因素等。研究发现：（1）领先用户是指在特定领域处于重要市场前沿地位（领先市场趋势）,并期望从满足需求的解方案中获得高收益（高期望收益）的用户;（2）量表包括领先市场趋势和高期望收益两个基本维度;（3）影响因素由领域相关变量、领域独立变量和动机构成。最后,对未来研究方向进行了展望,以期为国内学者进一步研究领先用户及企业与领先用户合作进行新产品开发提供参考。     

Biochemical Effects of Lead Exposure on Battery Manufacture Workers with Reference to Blood Pressure, Calcium Metabolism and Bone Mineral Density

Lead is one of the most widely scattered toxic metals in the environment and used by mankind for over 9,000 years. Lead in the environment may be derived from natural or anthropogenic sources. In humans, lead can cause a wide range of biological effects depending upon the level and duration of exposure. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of lead exposure on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D and examine the overall effect of all these parameters on the bone mineral density of battery manufacture workers. For this study ninety battery manufacture workers were selected and divided in three groups depending upon duration of lead exposure. Group I—workers with duration of lead exposure 1–5 years, Group II—workers with duration of lead exposure 6–10 years and Group III—workers with duration of lead exposure more than 10 years. Each group consisted of thirty workers. Thirty age matched healthy control subjects were taken for comparison. Demographic, occupational and clinical data were collected by using questionnaire and interview. The venous blood samples were collected from the study groups and normal healthy control group. At the time of blood collection random urine samples were collected in amber coloured bottles. The biochemical parameters were estimated by using standard assay procedures. Statistical analysis of the data was done using independent student‘t’ test for parametric variables. Values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). P values of 0.05 or less were considered to be statistically significant. The blood lead levels and urinary lead levels of all workers were significantly increased (P < 0.001) in proportion to the duration of lead exposure as compared to controls. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly raised (P < 0.001) in all three study groups of battery manufacture workers as compared to controls. Serum Calcium, Ionized calcium, phosphorus were significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in all the three study groups. Serum vitamin D levels were lowered (P < 0.01) and serum PTH was increased (P < 0.01) in workers as compared to controls. The results of this study clearly indicate that the absorption of lead is more in these workers which adversely affects blood pressure, disturbs calcium and phosphorus metabolism which further impairs mineralization of bone resulting in decreased bone mineral density observed in these workers. Lead toxicity is still persistent in battery manufacture workers though they are using sophisticated techniques in these industries. There is a need to protect the workers from the health hazards of occupational lead exposure.     

韩国成为CDMA领先市场的关键因素分析

在前人研究的基础上对领先市场概念进行重新界定,对韩国CDMA产业的发展历程和影响韩国成为CDMA领先市场的关键因素进行了详细分析,并就韩国CDMA产业成功经验带给我们的启发意义进行了探讨。     

碳纳米管修饰碳糊电极测定水中痕量铅

提出了一种用多壁碳纳米管修饰碳糊电极,以差分脉冲伏安法测定水中痕量铅离子的方法。在优化的条件下,铅的脉冲峰电流与其浓度在2.0×10-9~8.0×10-7mol/L呈良好的线性关系,检测限为8.0×10-11mol/L。平行测定1.0×10-6mol/L的Pb2+,其标准偏差为0.372%(n=4)。用此法测定了水样中铅的含量,加标回收率为98.6%~103.6%。     

沈阳市城乡结合部土壤铅的空间分异特征分析

研究了沈阳市城乡结合部土壤中铅的空间分布特征。结果表明,沈阳市城乡结合部耕作层土壤铅含量范围值为 72.0 63- 381.5 0 2mg/kg,已经普遍受到较严重的铅污染。铅大部分存在于表层土壤,由于深翻土地,耕地 1m深以内的土层均受到较为严重的铅污染。不同作物类型的土壤铅含量不同,污染顺序为菜地 >水稻田 >玉米田 >葡萄园。     

Activated Carbon Fabric Mask Reduces Lead Absorption and Improves the Heme Biosynthesis and Hematological Parameters of Battery Manufacturing Workers

Activated carbon fabrics (ACF) mask prevents the absorption of lead and reduce its adverse effects of human health. Aim of this study to know the blood lead level and its effects on heme biosynthesis and hematological parameters after using 2 months activated carbon fabric mask of battery manufacturing workers (BMW). Blood lead level, heme biosynthesis and hematological parameters were measured by using standard method. Blood lead level (P < 0.001, − 13.5%) was significantly decreased, activated δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (P < 0.001, 11.97%) and non-activated δ- aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (P < 0.001, 23.17%) enzyme activity were significantly increased, however, the ratio of activated to Non-activated δ- ALAD (P < 0.001, − 10.13%) was significantly decreased, urinary excretion of δ- aminolevulinic acid (P < 0.001, − 10.49%) and porphobilinogen (P < 0.001, − 7.38%) were significantly decreased after using 2 months ACF mask as compared to before using mask of BMW. Hematological parameters i.e Hb (P < 0.05, 13.42%), PCV (P < 0.05, 7.23%), MCV (P < 0.05, 1.9%) were significantly increased and total WBC count (P < 0.05, − 5.18%) was significantly decreased after using 2 months ACF mask as compared to before using mask of BMW. Two months using ACF mask reduces the blood lead level and improves the δ-ALDH activity and hematological parameters, decreases the urinary excretion of δ-ALA, PBG of battery manufacturing workers. Therefore, the regular using of ACF mask is beneficial to prevent the lead absorption and its adverse effects on human health.     

全国一级学科整体水平评估及思考

本文对我国首次一级学科整体水平评估的目的、范围、对象、指标体系、评估技术与方法等进行了详细的说明与讨论,对评估的结果进行了分析,并对今后如何开展一级学科整体水平评估进行了探讨。     

Garlic Oil and Vitamin E Prevent the Adverse Effects of Lead Acetate and Ethanol Separately as well as in Combination in the Drinking Water of Rats

Daily feeding of drinking water containing lead acetate (160 mg/l) or 10% alcohol by volume or a combination of both to rats for a month produced certain deleterious effects through oxidative stress. Both heavy metal lead and alcohol are capable of doing such damages. The deleterious alterations observed were in the parameters of blood, serum and tissues, viz; Hb, Pb, proteins, lipids, lipid per oxidation, Vitamins C and E levels and enzyme activities of AST, ALT, and catalase. Simultaneous feeding of either of the two antioxidants garlic oil (GO) and vitamin E at equal doses of 100 mg/kg/day, to the rats counteracted the deleterious effects of the above two chemicals significantly. The maximum damage was brought about by feeding of drinking water containing both lead acetate and alcohol. The protective effects of GO and Vitamin E were not significantly different. The mechanism of actions of the Vitamin E and GO is probably due to their efficiency as detoxifying agents and antioxidants, to scavenging free radicals as well as an independent action of GO on the removal of lead salt as lead sulfide.