国内外反球场观众暴力的立法

采用文献资料和访谈，探讨国内外反球场观众暴力立法的有关问题，结果表明：为了遏制球场观众的暴力行为，意大利、英国等国家纷纷出台相应的专门性法律，并在防范和控制足球观众暴力上取得了较好的效果；面对近年来我国球场上经常发生的球迷闹事事件，依法治理是根本，目前应该借鉴国外反球场观众暴力立法的经验．加快我国反球场观众暴力立法的进程。     

Tissue mass ratios and the reporting of distal lower extremity injuries in varsity athletes at a Canadian University

Abstract

The purpose of this preliminary investigation was to determine the relative role of the distal lower extremity tissue masses of varsity athletes in predicting distal lower extremity injury sustained during a competitive season. One hundred male and female varsity athletes (basketball, volleyball, soccer, cross country) completed a questionnaire on general health, physiological, and psychosocial variables, during each sport's respective training camp. A series of anthropometric measurements were used as inputs to distal lower extremity tissue mass prediction equations to calculate lean mass, fat mass, bone mineral content and wobbling mass (lean mass + fat mass) and tissue mass ratios. Athletes were monitored throughout their respective seasons and were instructed to report any distal lower extremity injuries to a certified athletic therapist who was responsible for assessing and confirming the reports. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine which variables significantly predicted distal lower extremity injury. Mean leg fat mass:bone mass (OR = 1.6, CI = 1.0 – 2.5), and competition surface (rubber OR = 8.5, CI = 1.5 – 47.7; artificial turf OR = 4.0, CI = 0.77 – 22.9) were identified as significant predictors of injury. Overall, tibia bone injuries were significantly associated with the ratio of fat mass:bone mineral content and the surface on which the athletes compete.