Integration of programmable microfluidics and on-chip fluorescence detection for biosensing applications

We describe the integration of an actively controlled programmable microfluidic sample processor with on-chip optical fluorescence detection to create a single, hybrid sensor system. An array of lifting gate microvalves (automaton) is fabricated with soft lithography, which is reconfigurably joined to a liquid-core, anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) silicon chip fabricated with conventional microfabrication. In the automaton, various sample handling steps such as mixing, transporting, splitting, isolating, and storing are achieved rapidly and precisely to detect viral nucleic acid targets, while the optofluidic chip provides single particle detection sensitivity using integrated optics. Specifically, an assay for detection of viral nucleic acid targets is implemented. Labeled target nucleic acids are first captured and isolated on magnetic microbeads in the automaton, followed by optical detection of single beads on the ARROW chip. The combination of automated microfluidic sample preparation and highly sensitive optical detection opens possibilities for portable instruments for point-of-use analysis of minute, low concentration biological samples.     

专利池代际演化的过程、模式与启示

专利池作为一种“一站式”的专利授权制度安排,有效地解决了分割的专利市场的授权问题并对产业创新产生了重要影响。近年来,专利池呈现出明显的代际演化现象,在此过程中专利池业务模式不断升级、应用范围显著扩大,已有研究对这一问题却缺乏深入分析。通过对光碟和MPEG两个专利池的代际演化过程进行深入剖析和比较,探讨了专利池代际演化的过程、模式和发展趋势。研究发现随着内外部环境的变化,专利池的专利数量不断增加、成员类型日益多元、治理结构逐步完善,现代专利池正在向“池中池”和“多元专利池组合”等超级专利池模式演化。研究结论对知识产权管理理论和我国的产业创新实践都具有重要的贡献和启示。     

The policy implications of the globalisation of innovation

The paper develops a taxonomy of the globalisation of innovation based on three categories: (a) the international exploitation of technology produced on a national basis; (b) the global generation of innovations; (c) the global technological collaborations. The most evident changes implied by the increasing globalisation of innovation and technology are the tougher and increased competition and the greater collaboration between actors, both across and within national boundaries. The advantages, just as the costs, of these tendencies can be substantial, leading to a higher risk of `winners and losers'. The paper analyses the different impact that each category might have on the economic and innovative performance of countries and regions, with the aim of defining the implications for national policies. It is suggested that public policies play a different role in each of the three processes of the globalisation of innovation and that a single strategy does not exist, neither from a firm's nor from a government's perspective. The paper emphasis that none of the three categories in this taxonomy renders national policy obsolete. On the contrary, public policies are necessary on a far wider range than those currently implemented in the majority of countries.     

The economic impacts of academic spin-off companies, and their implications for public policy

The importance of academic research (“AR”) to economic growth is widely accepted but quantification of incremental impacts, and their attribution to any one country's expenditures, is difficult. Yet quantitative justification of government AR funding is highly desirable. We therefore attempt to quantify one impact which can be directly and causally attributed to one country's funding: spin-off companies. We focus on AR in the non-medical natural sciences and engineering (NSExm) in a whole country, Canada. ‘Applied’ disciplines are sometimes assumed to be the most commercializable, so we also separately investigate an especially ‘basic’ science, physics. Using a novel methodology, we estimate the lifetime impacts of companies spun-off directly from AR performed in 1960-1998, and compare the impacts with all government funding, direct and indirect, over the same period. This picks up virtually all funding and most company-formation since WWII, up to 1998. Such long-term studies are rare but essential, since we show that successful spin-offs grow (often exponentially) over several decades.With very conservative assumptions, and allowing for the time value of money, the impacts exceed government funding by a substantial margin. Physics actually fares 30-60% better than the combined NSExm; this reflects more successful companies, rather than greater numbers, and therefore does not seem inconsistent with earlier studies on company numbers. Firm lifetimes are long, with Canadian impacts truncated primarily by some foreign acquisitions.We argue that the spin-off impacts represent incremental contributions to GDP, much larger (even on a time-discounted basis) than the government funding and directly attributable to it; governments will also receive more in additional tax than they spent. The impacts therefore provide a quantitative justification for the public investment, allowing the much more important (but less quantifiable) long-term benefits to be regarded as a ‘free’ bonus. The very good showing of physics also suggests that reduced emphasis on basic work or on the basic disciplines could actually weaken the commercialization of AR.     

新疆托云火山群SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学及其动力学意义

新疆西南天山托云盆地是一个新生代火山构造盆地.盆地内火山岩主要为玄武质岩石,呈锥状岩席、熔岩被、塌陷破火山口、火山颈和岩脉产出,常见流动自碎角砾岩.锥状岩席含有大量深源岩石包体,具有原生岩浆的性质,其SHRIMP锆石U-Pb法定年结果为48.1±1.6Ma.塌陷破火山口附近熔岩层底部的锆石（样品A015D）给出比较集中的新太古宙和古元古代年龄,最老可达2.5Ga,可能代表了塔里木地块基底的卷入;而上部岩层的锆石（样品A015E）年龄则比较分散,几乎关贯穿整个古生代（寒武纪和泥盆纪除外）,是天山古造山带演化历史的记录.火山颈锆石（样品A-D016）的年龄时间跨度最大.包括古元古代,古生代泥盆纪和二叠纪以及中生代三叠纪.SHRIMP测年结果证实了托云火山群开始活动的时代为古近纪.与藏北新生代岩浆活动的起始时间大致相同,揭示了天山新生代板内造山过程与印度-亚洲大陆碰撞的内在联系.不同成因与形成时间的锆石共存,显示了西南天山岩石圈演化的复杂性,托云火山群的形成与岩石圈拆沉作用有关.     

西藏山南地区甲状腺疾病的实地考察报告--关于缺碘地区食用加碘食盐后甲状腺疾病的变化

自 2 0世纪 70年代以来 ,我国各地逐步食用加碘食盐后 ,西藏地区的缺碘状况也得到了改善。地方性甲状腺肿的发病率明显减少 ,但实际情况并不完全明确。因此 ,我们于 2 0 0 0年 ,2 0 0 1年在西藏山南地区进行了甲状腺触诊 ,B型超声检查、甲状腺功能及尿中碘的测定。根据实地考察测定结果 ,明确了山南地区甲状腺疾病的发病情况及补碘现状 ,为今后的防治工作提供参考依据。     

CDMA技术创新过程的特点及其政策启示

从民用扩频通信的兴起、CDMA技术标准的最初确立，到CDMA技术标准的不断演进，CDMA的技术创新过程表现出主体多元性、多进程性和阶段性的特点。主体多元性是指CDMA的技术创新涉及军方、大学、企业和中介机构等多元主体的相互作用；多进程性是指CDMA创新过程包含了从基础研究到商业应用、从军用技术到民用技术溢出的过程；阶段性则表明，CDMA的创新过程由军方、大学主导的根本性创新和企业主导的渐进性创新两个阶段组成。以演化框架分析CDMA的技术创新过程，其政策启示是：要以提高创新系统整体效能为政策基点。具体政策主要包括两个方面：构筑有利于多种主体间相互作用的制度安排和基础设施。     

新疆阿尔泰东部新生代玄武岩的地球化学特征与地质意义

新疆阿尔泰东部哈拉乔拉出露有新生代玄武岩，K—Ar法测得玄武岩的年龄在10～20Ma，地球化学分析结果表明哈拉乔拉玄武岩具有高TiO2含量、高钾富碱的特点，属于典型的橄榄玄粗岩系列；强烈富集不相容元素和轻稀土元素，显示出源区富集的特点。（^87Sr/^86Sr）．为0．704432～0．704538，（^143Nd／^144Nd）i为0．512641～0．512779，εNd（t）为0．29～1．03，其Sr-Nd同住素特征和地球化学特征都与洋岛玄武岩（OIB）相似。La／Nb（0．765～0．823）、Nb／U（35．02～52．01）等不相容元素的比值指示了源区中可能存在少量循环地壳物质。综合对比南天山托云等地区新生代玄武岩，中亚地区的地球化学性质相似的新生代火山岩分布零星，空间上与大型断裂相对应，不应是前人地幔柱成因的观点。本文结合中亚地区古生代地壳的演化特点，提出中亚地区的新生代类OIB型玄武岩来源于中亚地区已被改造的富集地幔。     

青海省布青山早古生代末期埃达克岩的发现及其构造意义

在青藏高原北部阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩带布青山段首次发现了埃达克岩,它们多呈不规则岩脉状侵入于布青山地区北部早古生代蛇绿混杂岩中.其岩性为花岗-英云闪长岩,主矿物有斜长石、石英、黑云母、角闪石、少量钾长石和辉石;副矿物有榍石、磷灰石、锆石和磁铁矿等.属钙碱系列,具典型（Ⅰ类、O型、HSA）埃达克岩的地球化学特征,表现为：高SiO：（63.65%～71.59%）,高Al2O3（14.81%～16.11%）,高Na2O（4.68%～5.33%）和Na2O/K2O（1.48～3.08,平均2.39）,高Sr（444.08×10^-6～560.41×10^-6）和Sr/Y（50.8～105.3）,HREE强烈亏损,低Yb（0.38×10^-6～0.74×10^-6）,高La/Yb（44.93～90.97）,弱负Eu异常（δEu=0.74～0.90）,富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）,亏损高场强元素（HFSE）,Ba、Pb正异常而Nb、P负异常.获得布青山埃达克岩的锆石TIMS U-Pb年龄为402±24Ma.布青山埃达克岩熔体来自俯冲的昆祁秦洋壳（含海洋沉积物）在石榴石角闪岩相条件下部分熔融,主要残留相为石榴石（±角闪石）.布青山埃达克岩的发现指示早古生代末期洋壳（昆祁秦多岛洋的一部分）俯冲作用的存在,俯冲方向朝北（现在方位）,此前,俯冲带发生长时间的向洋迁移,早古生代末期俯冲带已后退到阿尼玛卿蛇绿混杂岩带以南;暗示典型埃达克岩也可以形成于洋壳俯冲晚期;提示阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩带可能有与典型埃达克岩有关的Au、Ag、Cu、Mo等热液和斑岩矿床.     

The thermal conductivity of the Earth's core and implications for its thermal and compositional evolution

The thermal conductivity of iron alloys is a key to understanding the mechanism of convection in the Earth's liquid core and its thermal history.The Earth's mag...     

甘肃北山柳园地区花岗岩类的年代学、地球化学特征及构造意义

北山柳园地区分布大量的花岗岩类岩石,岩石类型有花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩和斑状花岗岩.锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年分析结果为花岗闪长岩的侵位年代为423±8 Ma辉铜山以东(HT-)钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩的侵位分别为436±9 Ma和397±7 Ma.该区花岗质岩石都具有大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素相对富集,K、Ni、Ta、P和Ti负异常的特征,属于准铝质到过铝质的高K花岗岩.花岗闪长岩无Sr和Eu负异常的特征,εNd(t)=-2.5～-0.8,其岩浆源于岩石圈地幔或是软流圈与岩石圈地幔相混合的岩浆熔融,并受到了含有火山弧组分的年轻地壳的混染.钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩具有Sr和Eu负异常的特征,εNd(t)值分别为+1.4、-4.0～-2.0和-2.7～-0.3.HT-钾长花岗岩岩浆主要源于由于岩石圈地幔岩浆作用而导致上覆年轻地壳物质的部分熔融;花牛山附近(HN-)钾长花岗岩岩浆主要源于软流圈地幔部分熔融,可能受到了部分年轻地壳物质的混染;二长花岗岩岩浆主要源于年轻地壳的部分熔融.柳园地区4类花岗岩类岩石都是后碰撞构造背景下的岩浆产物,岩浆形成可能与俯冲板片断离有关.     

The effects of transport by pneumatic tube system on blood cell count,erythrocyte sedimentation and coagulation tests

Introduction:

Today, the pneumatic tube transport system (PTS) is used frequently because of its advantages related to timing and speed. However, the impact of various types of PTS on blood components is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of PTS on the quality of routine blood cell counts, erythrocyte sedimentation, and certain blood coagulation tests.

Materials and methods:

Paired blood samples were obtained from each of 45 human volunteers and evaluated by blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation, and several coagulation tests, including prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Blood samples were divided into 2 groups: Samples from group 1 were transported to the laboratory via the PTS, and samples from group 2 were transported to the laboratory manually. Both groups were evaluated immediately by the tests listed above.

Results:

The blood sample test results from groups 1 and 2 were evaluated and compared. No statistically significant differences were observed (P = 0.069–0.977).

Conclusion:

The PTS yielded no observable effects on blood cell counts, erythrocyte sedimentation, or PT and aPTT test results. We concluded that the PTS can be used to transport blood samples and yield reliable results for blood cell counts, erythrocyte sedimentation, and several coagulation tests.     

Water in the upper mantle and deep crust of eastern China: concentration,distribution and implications

Understanding the concentration and distribution of water in the Earth''s mantle plays a substantial role in studying its chemical, physical and dynamic processes. After a decade of research, a comprehensive dataset of water content in upper-mantle samples has been built for eastern China, which is now the only place with water-content data from such diverse types of natural samples, and provides an integrated picture of the water content and its distribution in the upper mantle at a continental scale. The main findings include the following: (i) the temporal heterogeneity of the water content in the lithospheric mantle from early Cretaceous (∼120 Ma) to Cenozoic (<40 Ma) was tightly connected with the stability of the North China Craton (from its destruction to its consolidation); (ii) the heterogeneous water content in the Cenozoic lithospheric mantle beneath different blocks of eastern China was not only inherited from tectonic settings from which they came, but was also affected later by geological processes they experienced; (iii) the distinct water content between the lowermost crust and lithospheric mantle of eastern China and its induced rheological contrast at the base of the crust indicate that the continental crust–mantle boundary could behave either in a coupled or decoupled manner beneath different areas and/or at different stages; (iv) the alkali basalts of eastern China demonstrate a heterogeneous distribution of water content in the mantle; local and regional comparisons of the water content between the lithospheric mantle and basalts'' source indicate that the Cenozoic alkali basalts in eastern China were not sourced from the lithospheric mantle. Instead, the inferred high water contents in the mantle sources suggest that the Cenozoic eastern China basalts were likely sourced from the mantle transition zone (MTZ); and (v) both oceanic and continental crusts may carry a certain amount of water back into the deep mantle of eastern China by plate subduction. Such recycled crustal materials have not only created a local water-rich zone, but have also introduced crustal geochemical signatures into the mantle, both accounting for crustal geochemical imprints in the intra-plate magmatic rocks of eastern China.     

从合作角度看中欧科技计划的区别及其启示

科技计划是一国或地区提高创新绩效的重要措施.在欧盟,三大科技计划都明确要求科技项目的参与者必须来自不同的成员国.这种强制规定极大促进了欧盟成员国之间的科技合作,加速了"欧洲研究区"的建设步伐.欧盟作为世界上科技最发达的地区之一,其科技计划中有关科技合作的理念和条款能给我国以诸多启示,有助于我国探索建设创新型国家的新路.     

国外国家公园景观评价与保护利用研究进展及对中国的启示

国家公园作为兼具完整性、原真性和景观美学的地域综合体,景观价值的有效发挥是实现其全民共享和公益性的重要载体。建立景观多维价值评价及其保护利用的综合研究方法,对国家公园景观功能的发挥具有重要意义。本文通过对国外国家公园景观评价和保护利用领域的文献分析,进一步结合自然保护地景观利用的相关成果,从评价方法、开发利用、管理保护等方面对近30年来国家公园景观研究进行综合评述。研究发现：①国外国家公园研究视角由单一的景观美学,转向多功能景观利用与保护的耦合协同,围绕“识别-评价-保护-利用”的思路向外延展;②国外国家公园景观评价相关研究主要围绕景观评价方法和可操作性框架展开,探索不同尺度的多类型景观价值科学评价理论与方法,评价维度日趋完善;③国家公园景观的保护和利用主要考虑与游憩活动、土地利用变化、社区发展及景观保护之间的关系,通过景观利用的经济社会价值衔接来促进可持续发展。针对中国国家公园景观资源利用,本文构建了“景观识别-景观评价-景观保护与利用”的景观综合评价利用框架,希冀为中国国家公园景观评价与保护利用提供借鉴与启示。     

高铁时代公路客运企业市场竞争力提升策略研究

本文结合我国高速铁路快速化发展趋势,分析公路客运与高速铁路客运的优劣势比较,提出了高速铁路时代提升公路客运企业市场竞争力的策略选择。     

The skill bias effect of technological and organisational change: Evidence and policy implications

Previous studies have suggested that technological change is the main cause of the recent increase in demand for highly skilled workers in developed countries. However, a more recent strand of literature has also introduced the “Skill Biased Organisational Change” hypothesis, according to which the increasing diffusion of new organisational practices within firms plays a role in the increasing demand for skilled workers. We estimate a SUR model for a sample of 400 Italian manufacturing firms, showing that upskilling is more a function of reorganisational strategy than a consequence of technological change alone. Moreover, some evidence of superadditive effects emerges, which is consistent with the notion that technology and organisation jointly affect the demand for labour.