非酒精性脂肪肝中医研究概况

通过分析中医药治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝的相关文献,总结了非酒精性脂肪肝的病因病机,并从辨证分型论治、单味中药、中成药及中医外治等方面论述非酒精性脂肪肝的中医药研究情况,为中医药治疗非酒精性脂肪肝提供一定的资料和依据。     

Monitoring oxidative stress in patients with non-alcoholic and alcoholic liver diseases

Ethanol-induced liver injury may be linked, at least partly, to an oxidative stress resulting from increased free radical production and/or decreased antioxidant defence. Distinguishing alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease has important implications. This study looked at the possible changes between alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases by examining the presence of oxidative damage, as monitored by several parameters relating to oxidative stress. Lipid peroxides concentration, superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione S-transferase activity increased, where as glutathione content, glutathione peroxidase activity and glutathione reductase activity decreased among the tested subjects in comparison to normal healthy group. Determination of these parameters may be valuable in the evaluation of liver disease. However, oxidative stress related enzymes and non-enzymes can not be utilized as a marker for alcoholic liver diseases, as these parameters responded in the same way after liver is damaged irrespective of their cause. Their level may help in determining the degree of liver damage. Degree of oxidative injury was similar in patients with non-alcoholic liver disease and in moderate drinkers; while significantly higher in heavy drinkers. The differences between the groups might be based on the type of liver pathological condition rather than its etiology (i.e. alcohol and non alcohol related causes).     

酒精对嗜酒与非嗜酒食蟹猴肝功能的影响

目的:评价酒精对嗜酒与非嗜酒食蟹猴肝功能的影响是否存在差异。方法:按1.5g乙醇/kg灌胃,分别于灌胃0,1.5,4,8和12h采血,血清用全自动生化分析仪分析。结果:嗜酒组和非嗜酒组食蟹猴血清ALT升高明显(P0.05或P0.01),但嗜酒组ALT恢复时间比非嗜酒组明显缩短(P0.01);酒精对嗜酒组食蟹猴TBIL和GGT无明显影响(P0.05),而非嗜酒组GGT在8h开始出现明显升高(P0.05);酒精能升高非嗜酒组TG(P0.01),降低HDL(P0.05),而对嗜酒组则无影响(P0.05)。结论:酒精对嗜酒组食蟹猴的肝功能影响弱于非嗜酒组。     

Clinicopathological spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among patients in Kerala

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its more aggressive form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis are entities that are becoming more and more interesting to the medical community in general. A total of 93 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients (64 male and 29 female) within the age range between 28 to 63 years were studied. All of them showed elevated alanine aminotransferase level (104.07 ± 56.04). Aspartate aminotransferase level (58.13 ± 31.96) was elevated more than its normal level in 82% cases and AST to ALT ratio was found 0.59 ± 0.26. Predisposing factors were diabetes mellitus (37%), obesity (13%) and hyperlipidemia (41%). In addition, 32% of the subjects were overweight.18% of the patients had elevated serum bilirubin. Our findings recommend a lower cutoff value than suggested by the World Health Organization for overweight and obesity among this racial-ethnic group.     

Protective role of onion against acute alcoholic fatty liver

Rats were fasted for 8 hours and then fed 3 ml of 25% (v/v) ethanol per 100g body weight and subsequently sacrificed 18 hours later. The levels of triacylglycerols and total cholesterol were significantly raised in serum and liver of alcohol fed rats. However, when rats were fed on aqucous extract of onions (300 mg per 100g body weight) with 25% ethanol, no rise in serum and liver lipids was observed. Alcohol fed to the fats with or without onion extract had no effect on serum, AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase levels. The increase in serum urea in ethanol-fed rats was not altered in rats fed a mixture of alcohol and onion extracts. Values of liver MDA was lower in rats fed ethanol with or without onion extract compared to controls. Onion extract seemed to show a hypolipidemic effect in alcohol fed rats.     

Effect of low-dose omega-3 fatty acids substitution on blood pressure, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia in Indians with essential hypertension: A pilot study

The present study comprised 100 patients of essential hypertension who were screened for fasting hyperinsulinemia, which was detected in 77% cases. Twenty such hyperinsulinemic cases were subjected to 4 weeks of dietary control phase followed by 6 weeks of omega-3 fatty acids substitution [either 0.6 g/d (group 1) or 1.2 g/d (group 2)]. The mean basal fasting plasma insulin levels were significantly higher (p<0.001) in patients of hypertension when compared to normal controls (126.51±80.36 and 19.35±12.61 μU/ml respectively). At the end of 4 weeks of diet control only, no significant change was observed in any parameter. After substitution of omega-3 fatty acid, a significant reduction of fasting plasma insulin levels in both group 1 (29%) and group 2 (22.8%) was observed (p<0.001). Significant reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (16.4% and 25% respectively), serum cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein was also noted in both groups (p<0.001), while high density lipoprotein increased by ∼8 mg% in both groups. Thus omega-3 fatty acid substituion in low dose along-with curtailment of dietary omega-6 fatty acid may be used as an adjunctive measure in the management of essential hypertension.     

X-linked adreno leukodistrophy: Profiles of very long chain fatty acids in plasma and fibroblasts in eigth Serbian patients

X-linked adrenoleukodistrophy is a severe neurodegenerative disorder with impaired very long chain fatty acid metabolism. The disease associated ABCD1 gene encodes a peroxisomal membrane protein which belongs to the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporters. We investigated eight male X-ALD patients diagnosed among 142 suspected patients referred for investigation. Plasma levels of very long chain fatty acids were measured at our laboratory using capillary gas chromatography. Eight cases of childhood X-ALD were diagnosed. This is the first published series of Serbian patients with X-ALD. In addition, diagnosis identifies carriers, which could be benefit for genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis.     

Lipid peroxide levels and antioxidant status in alcoholic liver disease

The present study was conducted to evaluate some of the components of antioxidant defense system and oxidative damage in 20 male patients of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The results were compared with 20 healthy male smokers and 20 healthy male non-smokers volunteers. Patients were subjected to detailed clinical examination and laboratory investigations. Blood samples were collected for estimating reduced glutathione (GSH), total thiols (T-SH) malondialdehyde (MDA), transaminases (AST, ALT), glutathione-S-transferease (GST) and gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT). Serum aspartate amino transferase (AST)/alanine amino transferase (ALT) ratio was significantly (p<0.01) reduced in ALD patients as compared to the controls. However, the core of utility of MDA and GST was found to be significantly (p<0.01) increased in ALD patients compared to controls. There was a significant negative correlation of MDA with both GSH and TSH. Plasma GGT levels were significantly (p<0.01) increased in alcoholics and the enzyme showed a significant positive correlation with MDA. These results give enough evidence of increased oxidative stress and compromised antioxidant defense system in patients with ALD.     

Effect of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on blood glucose, lipid profile and cytokines in humans: A pilot study

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on blood glucose, lipid profile and cytokines in humans. Twenty adult healthy subjects were supplemented with 1g/day fish oil concentrate capsules for 2 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and again after 2 week intervention. Fish oil supplementation significantly lowered fasting serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, very low density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein (P < 0.01). Also high density lipoprotein increased significantly compared with baseline value (P < 0.01). Fish oil did not significantly altere the fasting blood glucose concentration but significantly reduced the serum cytokines (P < 0.001). This study demonstrated that eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation altered serum lipids, lipoprotein and cytokine concentrations in normal human subjects even at the small dose of 660 mg of EPA plus DHA per day. It appears that EPA plus DHA can be a safe and perhaps beneficial supplement to inflammatory diseases.     

Microfluidic study of the chemotactic response of Escherichia coli to amino acids,signaling molecules and secondary metabolites

Quorum sensing and chemotaxis both affect bacterial behavior on the population level. Chemotaxis shapes the spatial distribution of cells, while quorum sensing realizes a cell-density dependent gene regulation. An interesting question is if these mechanisms interact on some level: Does quorum sensing, a density dependent process, affect cell density itself via chemotaxis? Since quorum sensing often spans across species, such a feedback mechanism may also exist between multiple species. We constructed a microfluidic platform to study these questions. A flow-free, stable linear chemical gradient is formed in our device within a few minutes that makes it suitable for sensitive testing of chemoeffectors: we showed that the amino acid lysine is a weak chemoattractant for Escherichia coli, while arginine is neutral. We studied the effect of quorum sensing signal molecules of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on E. coli chemotaxis. Our results show that N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-homoserine lactone (oxo-C12-HSL) and N-(butryl)-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) are attractants. Furthermore, we tested the chemoeffector potential of pyocyanin and pyoverdine, secondary metabolites under a quorum sensing control. Pyocyanin is proved to be a weak attractant while pyoverdine are repellent. We demonstrated the usability of the device in co-culturing experiments, where we showed that various factors released by P. aeruginosa affect the dynamic spatial rearrangement of a neighboring E. coli population, while surface adhesion of the cells is also modulated.     

Effect of latent iron deficiency on gaba and glutamate neuroreceptors in rat brain

Eight weeks of latent iron deficiency in weaned female rats of Sprague Dawley strain maintained on experimental low-iron diet (18–20 mg/Kg) did not significantly change the gross body weight and tissue weights of brain and liver. Packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin concentration remained unaltered. However, non-heme iron content in liver and brain decreased significantly (P<0.001). The activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) in brain decreased by 15%, 11.4% and 25.7% respectively. However, this decrease was not statistically significant. Binding of³H Muscimol at pH 7.5 and 1 mg protein/assay increased by 143% (P<0.001) in synaptic vesicular membranes from iron-deficient rats as compared to the controls.³H glutamate binding to the synaptic vesicles was also carried out under similar condition. However, the L-glutamate binding was reduced by 63% in the vesicular membranes of iron deficient animals. These studies in dicate that iron plays an important functional role in both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors.     

Effect of labour and surgical stress on serum free fatty acids

Serum free fatty acids (FFA) in 100 parturient (50 primiparous and 50 multiparous volunteers) and 50 female patient (30 patients 20–30 years age group and 20 patients 31–50 yrs age group) volunteers undergoing elective major abdominal surgery were monitored during different stages of delivery and surgery respectively. FFA increased in both primiparous and multiparous from full term (46 mg%) to second stage of labour (60 mg%) and gradually decreased to 38 mg% on the third day postpartum. The intergroup comparison between primiparous and multiparous was significant. Surgical stress also increased FFA from the day of admission (21 mg%) to the preoperative stage (35 mg%). The intergroup comparison between 20–30 yrs age group and 31–50 yrs age group did not show any significant change.     

Short-chain fatty acids production by Bifidobacterium species in the presence of salep

BackgroundSalep is obtained by grinding dried orchid tubers and used as a valuable ingredient in the food industry. Because of the glucomannan content of salep, it is thought to have prebiotic potential. However, there is little information in studies concerning the fermentation characteristics and potential prebiotic properties of salep. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of salep on bifidobacterial growth by measuring the highest optical density (OD), calculating the specific growth rates, and determining the production of lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids (acetic, propionic, and butyric acid) as a result of bacterial fermentation.ResultThe OD and pH values obtained in this study showed that salep was utilized as a source of assimilable carbon and energy by the Bifidobacterium species (BS). All Bifidobacterium strains produced lactic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acid, indicating that salep is readily fermented by these bacteria. Salep at 1% (w/v) showed a similar effect on bifidobacterial growth as that promoted by 1% (w/v) glucose used as a traditional carbon source.ConclusionsBifidobacterium species can develop in media containing salep as well as in glucose and exhibit the potential to be used as new sources of prebiotics.How to cite: Usta-Gorgun B, Yilmaz-Ersan L. Short-chain fatty acid production by the Bifidobacterium species in the presence of salep. Electron J Biotechnol 2020;47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.06.004.     

刺五加提取物对断奶仔猪氨基酸消化吸收的影响

试验选用体重相近的21日龄断奶的三元杂交仔猪60头，按完全区组设计分为3个处理，处理1饲喂添加0.10%刺五加提取物日粮，处理2饲喂添加0.02％硫酸粘杆菌素日粮，处理3饲喂基础日粮. 分别于添加后第7、14和28 d每个处理随机取5头试猪，前腔静脉采血，测定血清游离氨基酸含量；采血后的试猪经麻醉处死，取回肠末端食糜测定其中的氨基酸含量. 结果表明，随着饲喂时间的延长，刺五加提取物显著提高仔猪血清中游离氨基酸的含量，降低回肠食糜中氨基酸的含量. 提示刺五加提取物可促进断奶仔猪对蛋白质的消化，增加小肠对氨基酸的吸收，有助于仔猪的生长.     

HPLC method for amino acids profile in biological fluids and inborn metabolic disorders of aminoacidopathies

Quantification of total and individual amino acids in biological fluids such as plasma, urine and cerebrospinal fluid has an important diagnostic implication in laboratory medicine. The present paper describes protocols for the assay of total amino acids by modified method based on dinitrophenyl and HPLC profile involving pre-column derivatization with o-pthalaldehyde (OPA) derivatization, respectively. The method, based on the alkylation of-SH groups prior to OPA derivatization of amino acids followed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, provide a comprehensive profile of more than twenty amino acids (including-SH group containing) in a single run lasting about 45 minutes. The present study, apart from establishing the normal profile of amino acids in plasma of Indian sub population, also presents HPLC profile for some of the rare amino acidopathies.     

日粮淀粉组成对仔猪对氨基酸消化的影响

以体重相近的三元杂交仔猪为动物模型, 考察仔猪(分为3个处理组)采食由不同比例的支链淀粉(AMP)与直链淀粉(AMO)组成的日粮后日粮中氨基酸(AA)的表观回肠末端(AID)和表观粪便(AFD)消化率的变化.结果表明,日粮中AMP和AMO的比例显著影响仔猪对AA的消化吸收,提高日粮中AMP的含量有助于提高日粮AA的AID值,从而提高仔猪对日粮AA的利用率.     

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with impairment of kidney function in nondiabetes population

Background

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with the increased burden of kidney. However, there is still no large population study to explore the potential relationship between NAFLD and mild kidney function damage (MKFD) after adjusted for confounding factors. This study is to test the hypothesis that NAFLD is associated with MKFD under controlling the effects of confounding factors.

Materials and methods:

Levels of serum fasting glucose, creatinine, cholesterol, triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were analyzed from 1412 Chinese Han adults. Questionnaire and physical examination were performed to explore the potential association of NAFLD with kidney function.

Results:

NAFLD was associated with impairment of kidney function. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratio illustrated that, compared to subjects with normal liver, NAFLD subjects had a significantly higher risk of MKFD with or without adjusted for blood glucose and other covariates (P = 0.041). Further results from multi-interaction analysis demonstrated that the underlying mechanisms linked NAFLD with impaired kidney function may be that they share common risk factors and similar pathological processes.

Conclusions:

The most striking finding of this study is that NAFLD is negatively associated with kidney function, in nondiabetic population. NAFLD and MKFD may share similar risk factors and/or pathological processes.     

hs-CRP and oxidative stress in young CAD patients: A pilot study

Premature coronary artery disease (CAD) is common in India. We, therefore, studied oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and high sensitivity-C reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in young CAD patients. Present study consisted of male CAD patients below 40 years and age and sex matched healthy controls (n=30 each). Fasting blood samples were analyzed for serum lipid profile, malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzymes and hs-CRP levels. Dyslipidemia was observed in 90% of the young CAD patients, of which 72.2% showed increased serum triglycerides and decreased HDL-cholesterol. LDL-cholesterol levels were high in 77.8%. Serum malondialdehyde and hs-CRP levels were increased significantly (p<0.0001) as compared to controls. hs-CRP levels were in high risk range in all the young patients. However, glutathione peroxidase activity was reduced significantly (p<0.05). Our data suggests that elevated hs-CRP levels along with dyslipidemia and oxidative stress adds to the predictive value of premature CAD in young Indians.     

Antioxidant status and peroxidative stress in mother and newborn —A pilot study

Serum antioxidant status and peroxidative stress was estimated in 30 pregnant women, their newborn infants and 25 non-pregnant women. Serum Ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, retinol & β-carotene levels were found to be significantly reduced and peroxidative stress was significantly higher in mothers as compared to matched non-pregnant women. Newborn had significantly higher levels of ascorbic acid as compared to their mother but had significantly lower levels of lipid soluble vitamins. The peroxidative stress in newborn was found to be significantly less as compared to their mothers. A positive correlation of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol levels between mother and newborn reflects that their status in mother does influence the newborn status.