中国巫术观念的远古源头

原始中国人的巫术观念大致可以从以下六个方面加以考察：石和玉崇拜现象及其巫术意义;葬式的巫术意义;自发的巫术与职业的巫师;巫师专用的“法器”;动物之于巫术控制的意义;占卜活动。通过对这些观念的考察．我们可以发现它们实际就是以后中国宗教信仰中巫术观念的基本形态。数十年来的出土遗存已经为了解原始中国人的巫术观念提供了丰富的资料,至少距今7000—8000年左右,原始中国先民已经使用占卜方式来预知或了解自己的命运,并且在距今4000年左右已经散布到黄河流域的不同地区。它作为一种范式或模本,已经规定了中国日后类似活动的基本样式和走向。     

三星堆边璋图像与古蜀记事

三星堆二号坑出土的边璋,正反两面有四幅相同的五层图像,图像上部第一、二层表明巫师施法动机。迫使山水之神低头,消灾弭祸;下部第四、五层表明对自然神施法须用的装束、体态和全套法器。可见边璋相当于巫师的文书档案。巫文化中手势具有重要作用。图像中巨手压抑大山,意在对山神既崇又压,软硬兼施;下图代替巨手的牙璋插在山坡处,也发挥压的功能,并非祭祀之意。而象牙的巫术功能,是企图使洪水淹没区干涸。牙璋和象牙,分别是弓鱼族巫师镇山和镇水的法器。三星堆有圈手铜人,金沙遗址、宝鸡茹家庄也有。根据这一手势特征及其他线索推测,殷商中晚期三星堆蜀人开始往成都迁移,以金沙为都城;在西周时被封为渔伯,向渭河南岸迁徙。     

秦简《日书》涉禹出行巫术考论

秦简《日书》涉禹出行巫术的产生,首先是由于禹在长期的行旅生涯中,立下了赫赫的功绩,确立了崇高的威望,故而先秦巫师在作法之时,意欲通过模仿禹的行为以获得禹所拥有的无上权威;其次禹既是一个伟大的君主,也是一个在巫术发展史上曾经起到过举足轻重作用的大巫,故巫师施展法术之时,视禹之巫术为正宗并效法之;第三,相信鬼神巫术、在先秦社会影响极大的显学墨家对禹倍加推崇,所以涉禹巫术自然也就会得到他们的信奉并宣扬。总之,由于以上三种原因,使禹的一些行为遂为先秦巫师所采纳,作为其解决与出行相关的问题时的重要巫术加以利用。此后随着时代的发展,巫师们又将这种巫术的法力扩大到几乎所有领域并流传开来。     

也谈中国的“巫”

巫就是人们凭借着虚构的幻想而产生的超自然力量或神鬼之力或靠着巫师的一些特异功能和本领,总之,是通过超过平常人的神奇之力对客体加以影响和控制而达到一定的心理价值和社会价值的活动和法术。巫起源于蒙昧时代晚期和母系氏族公社早期产生的万物有灵,到了阶级社会,巫师专门化,巫术也为奴隶主贵族及巫师集团所垄断,战国及其以后,巫师失去了政治地位,巫术活动流落民间。时至今日,社会上仍有人相信巫师,巫之所以至今流传是因为它是人类学、民俗学的重要组成部分,是民族文化、民族精神的滥觞和开端,也是因为它体现了人性及其复杂的心理活动,对人的精神上、心理上仍有一定的预期作用、排忧解难作用和慰藉作用。     

足球场上的“巫师大战”

在第17届世界杯足球赛上,传出了一条令人啼笑皆非的消息:在某些球队中,巫术大行其道,有的甚至带着巫师出征,他们对巫师言听计从,连球迷们也对巫术深信不疑,以至塞内加尔队每进一球,球迷们会兴奋地举起巫师的巨幅照片欢呼雀跃。塞内加尔队与法国队开战前夕,塞国总统曾在电视台预言1:0小胜。当实战结果应验了总统的预言时,球迷们纷纷传说,总统身边一定有一位未卜先知的“超级巫师”。     

工匠建房巫术仪式中的象征及阈限

我国工匠建房时要举行一系列的巫术仪式,这些内容驳杂的巫术仪式由象征符号和象征行为构成。由于工匠大多具有兼职巫师的社会属性,并且新房建造过程是一个暂时独立于日常生活的相对神圣的时期,所以工匠建房巫术仪式又具有阈限的特征。本文将讨论象征对于工匠建房巫术仪式的意义、传统文化迫力对于工匠建房巫术仪式中象征体系得以形成的支撑作用,最后通过对田野个案的解析来论述工匠建房巫术仪式中的阈限。     

水族铜鼓文化属性的考察与研究

流传于水族地区的铜鼓属滇系铜鼓中的晚期鼓。水族铜鼓在祭祀活动中作为礼（神）器，在巫师活动中作为法器，在节庆舞蹈中作为乐器。铜鼓是水家人权利和财富的象征，每逢过端、过卯，跳铜鼓舞成了水族青年男女必不可少的娱乐活动。     

大禹的巫师身份考

大禹诸种身份中有一个容易被忽略的身份——巫师。大禹作为巫师是原始宗教环境下的必然可能;大禹神巫合一为诸侯对他的绝对服从和信赖提供了基础;禹步作为巫师必行的巫术提供了实证依据;在信仰团体内部拥有一套严格的规范和惩戒制度。     

论《三国演义》人物的巫术形象

一般认为,《三国演义》中不少人物均是神机妙算、足智多谋的智者.然而,亦有不少人认为他们只是一般巫师术士,称不上是智慧的化身.事实上,许多《三国演义》人物皆有巫师的影子,尽管他们缺少了与神相通、驱邪治病的能力,但仍能通过观天象测吉凶、观人相测前途,可见他们之熟谙巫术.虽然神化色彩不及远古巫术般浓烈,但在《三国演义》里仍可体现一种神秘无形的互渗关系,其中占星、通天便最能代表人物之巫术形象.通过分析《三国演义》数个代表人物之巫术形象,可让学界了解到《三国演义》中较少人讨论的人物巫术形象,以及其文学功能和对后世的影响.     

商朝“娱乐圈”掌舵人——伊尹

商时巫术横行.巫人被包装成上天的使者,受到贵族和不明真相的"草根"群众的崇拜.其实不是包装,那时候科学水平就那么高,大家都信这套.巫师有很高的社会地位,负责管理医学界、科技界、娱乐圈和其本职行业所在的巫师界.这里隆重推出《尚书》记载的头牌大巫师伊尹.这个当时娱乐圈的掌舵人,做到了商朝宰相.     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

胡主席在印度,我却在中国

Today, Sunday morning, I sit thinking and typing at my computer. My thoughts are in my homeland, India and my body is in China. The body is here and mind there for a good reason. Mr. Hu is president and I am resident and both are in each other's countries (what a difference the absence of one small letter makes!). Mr. Hu will return in a few days and I will stay on longer.