论民事证人出庭的程序保障机制

证人出庭问题是当前民事证据制度改革的热点问题之一。我国民事证人的低出庭率，极大地削弱了这一传统证明方法应有的功能，应我对支配证人出庭的理念因素、证人传唤的程序因素、保护证人的因素、督促证人的强制因素四个方面所面临的困境，从理念到制度全方位地构建一套证人出庭的程序保障机制。     

证人宣誓的程序与实体价值分析

证人宣誓制度在西方诉讼制度中有着悠久的历史,现今世界各国的审判程序中几乎都有证人宣誓仪式。它通过要求宣誓主体在法庭上宣誓,一定程度上来约束其行为,从而保证诉讼结果的公正。我国学界对是否引进这一制度存在较大分歧。2001年我国部分法院在庭审中试行证人宣誓仪式,这一举措引起了法学界广泛的讨论。从程序价值和实体价值两个角度诠释我国宣誓制度具有重要意义。     

理性构建侦查对抗制的设想

在我国庭审对抗制的引入要求侦查程序引入对抗制。我国始终奉行的职权主义模式,几千年以外本位的法律文化背景直接或间接使犯罪嫌疑人和辩护人与国家侦查机关地位不平等,使侦查对抗无法进行。因此,要使侦查对抗真正展开,必须加强侦查相对人的权利,律师及时、有效地介入侦查程序,完善司法审查制度,有效地制约侦查权,使侦查对抗在平等的基础...     

试论我国刑事诉讼证人制度的完善

由于立法和司法上的原因，我国刑事诉讼中的证人制度建设严重滞后，证人不愿或拒绝出庭作证等现象十分普遍，为推动我国刑事诉讼制度改革的深入，就必须在分析我国刑事证人制度存在的缺陷基础上，提出具体的完善的对策，如改革证人作证制度，建立证人拒证制度，完善证人保护制度，建立证人经济补偿制度，建立证人宣誓制度，建立证人社会服务制度等。     

论完善证人出庭作证的司法保障机制

本文针对民事审判活动中所存在的证人出庭作证难的问题，分析了我国证人出庭作证制度及其运作的现状和成因，并提出了完善证人出庭作证的司法保障机制的设想。     

从美国审前程序看我国审前程序之改革

对于外国诉讼理论和制度的研究,我国学者长期以来采用的是比较的研究方法.他们通过对外国诉讼制度中存在优势的提炼,比较我国诉讼制度的现状和缺陷,提出了改革方案和建议.本文试通过体制分析的研究方法,对我国审前程序的改革在借鉴美国审前程序的基础上,提出自己的看法.     

证人出庭作证制度的价值探析

证人出庭作证制度国际司法传统和一项普遍原则,它有得推进审判方式的改革,有利于发现实体真实,有得维护程序正义,有得保障当事人充分行使诉讼权利。     

论我国民事诉讼审前程序改革中法官角色的变化

民事诉讼中的审前程序在司法中起着十分重要的作用。然而,由于现行法律法规关于法官在民事诉讼审前程序中地位的有关规定存在缺陷,使得审前程序的收集证据、整理争点、促进和解等价值功能不能得到很好的实现,因此,在司法改革的浪潮中聚焦法官在审前程序中的地位,通过采取预审和裁判相分离、合理分配诉讼各方主体的权利等措施,并突出法官在审前程序中促进当事人和解的作用,以实现民事诉讼审前程序所特有的价值。     

论中国刑事诉讼的程序错位

刑事诉讼程序从启动到结束,是一个连续的、前后互相影响的逻辑过程。以审判为中心,可以将刑事诉讼程序划分为审前程序和审判程序两大部分。审前程序是整个诉讼程序的基础,是审判程序的准备;而审判程序是整个诉讼程序的集中,是诉讼程序的中心。这两大程序之间存在着必然的逻辑联系,互相影响、互相制约。但是,我国现行的刑事诉讼程序中,审前程序和审判程序之间逻辑不吻合;在职权主义的审前程序之上建立的对抗制的审判程序无法达到目的的根本原因,在于审前程序与审判程序之间的错位。     

刍议污点证人豁免

国外的立法实践证明，污点证人豁免制度有其存在的土壤和重要的现实意义。在我国，污点证人豁免虽然在一定程度上已为社会所接受，但相关理论研究不够全面深入。对污点证人应有准确的认定，对其罪行豁免应有比较科学、合理的模式和程序，同时需要健全污点证人保护、惩罚等相应机制。     

论程序公正在司法公正中的作用

司法是司法机关运用法定的程序解决纠纷或争议的活动。司法公正是司法的固有之意,是依法治国对司法机关提出的要求,也是我国当前司法改革所追求的核心价值目标。司法公正包括实体公正和程序公正。程序公正不仅可以保障实体公正,实现其：工具价值,而且程序公正还有其自身独立的价值。即程序公正本身体现着社会民主、文明、人权保障和法治精神。司法能力和资源的有限性以及实体公正的个体评价性决定了程序公正在司法公正中的优先价值。由于程序公正对司法公正能否实现具有重要意义,冈而有关诉讼程序的改革就成为我国司法改革的重点利难点。     

共享知识在话语理解过程中的作用

共享知识作为语境的一部分,在话语理解中起着非常重要的作用。Sperber&Wilson的关联理论中谈到语境作用越强,关联性越大,说话人与受话人的话语活动更易于成功。同时,根据语境的动态性,共享知识也是处于动态之中,并不是固定的,而是随着话语的发展而不断丰富发展的,反之,共享知识的发展又推动了整个话语向前发展。本文主要结合关联理论来论述共享知识在话语理解过程中的作用及其动态性。     

The Role of Strategic Planning in Accessing False-Belief Understanding

Recently, Chandler and Hala found that actively involving 3-year-olds in planning a deception facilitated performance on false-belief questions. The methodology used, however, provided no basis for determining whether the good performance of these young subjects was the result of the deceptive intent of their planning efforts, or whether other sorts of planning would have been equally effective. The research reported here systematically varied both ( a ) subjects' responsibility for planning where to relocate an object and ( b ) whether the goal behind this relocation was a deceptive one. The present research demonstrated, first, when subjects simply watched the transfer take place, it made no difference whether the object was moved for deceptive or some more practical reason. In contrast, those subjects who had themselves strategically planned a deception were markedly better at answering questions about another's false beliefs than those who simply witnessed the transfer taking place. No comparable facilitating effect was found when subjects planned a transfer but without deceptive intent. We argue that strategic planning works to underscore the importance of the belief states of others and provide opportunities not afforded by "standard" unexpected change or transfer tasks for showcasing 3-year-olds' emerging understanding of the possibility of false belief.     

Understanding Resilience: The Role of Social Resources

Using the resilience literature as a theoretical framework, this article discusses research on the influence of social resources such as parent, teacher, and school support on the resilient outcomes of children and adolescents. Findings from several projects conducted at the Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed At Risk indicate that access to social resources such as caring parents who have high expectations for their children and are involved in their children's schooling, participation in extracurricular activities (e.g., after-school sports), and supportive relationships with teachers have positive benefits for students' academic performance. This article also reports results that show children's perceived exposure to violence has significant negative effects on their mathematics and reading performance on a standardized exam. The findings demonstrate the importance of social resources and highlight the need for effective programs of intervention.     

涉黑案件证人保护制度探究

自2018年开展扫黑除恶专项斗争以来,涉黑案件数量大量增加.涉黑案件中证人是否积极作证是影响案件进程和办案成效的重要因素.由于涉黑案件所具有的隐蔽性高、暴力性大和组织性强等区别于一般犯罪的特点,涉黑案件证人所面临的危险相较于一般证人会更大,因此所采取的保护措施也应有所差异.具体而言,结合我国当前立法司法实践,从涉黑案件证人保护类型应当予以区分,在加强对涉黑案件证人事前预防保护,注重涉黑案件证人人格保护,扩大涉黑案件证人保护范围,构建污点证人的特别保护机制,规范涉黑案件证人保护程序,防范公权力的内部侵害,形成完善的涉黑案件证人保护机制.     

Understanding Differences in Moral Judgments: The Role of Informational Assumptions

This study examined differences in moral judgments as they relate to informational assumptions. It was hypothesized that (1) differences in moral judgments are related to differences in informational assumptions, (2) moral judgments change if the information believed to be true changes, and (3) the relation between informational assumptions and moral judgments is not affected by age. 72 subjects (aged 11-9, 15-10, and 21-3) evaluated events concerning welfare, justice, and rights and reevaluated them in light of the opposite information. A significant relation was found between the evaluations and the informational assumptions, and 80% of the evaluations changed in response to informational changes. The relation between evaluations and informational assumptions was significant within each age group. These findings demonstrated that informational assumptions are a source of variation in moral judgments and underscored the need to distinguish between the 2 types of judgments when studying differences in moral reasoning.     

The Role of Abductive Logic in Understanding and Using Advanced Empathy

Abductive reasoning, which is the basis of hypothesis formation, holds promise for facilitating the development of advanced empathy in counselor trainees.     

儿童对教师角色的理解

对于教师角色的理解,已有不少文献论及,但是大多数是从成人的角度来理解的。很少有文献论及儿童对教师这一职业角色的理解。我们成人经常论及优秀教师的标准,教师应怎样做才能成为一个好老师,可是我们很少了解孩子的心里是怎样想的,孩子喜欢什么样的老师,不喜欢什么样的老师,以及在孩子心中教师是有着什么样的职能,扮演着什么样的角色?对儿童内心世界的忽略也正体现着我国教师本位的教育思想,因此,从儿童的眼里看世界,了解儿童对教师角色的理解对目前的素质教育和儿童