英国社区学院办学模式及启示——以利物浦社区学院为例

我国目前对美国、加拿大、日本等国社区教育模式的研究较多,而对英国社区教育的研究较少。英国利物浦社区学院是一所公立的城市社区教育学院,实行董事会领导下的学校自主办学模式,其最富特色的是具有比较完整的社区教育体系,一是办学使命为满足当地经济和社会多方面需求;二是形成合理的教学机构布局：在城市中心区建立多个学习中心,并另设置12个社区辅导中心;三是课程以职业类和学术类为主,设置多层次教学课程：为成人提供职业进修,为青少年提供高等教育衔接,为弱势群体提供补偿教育;四是执行一套比较完善的学分转换与资格认证制度;五是有效运行社区教育教学质量监督机制,以其高质量的教学管理获得Ofsted最高等级评价。     

Walking the leadership tightrope: building community cohesiveness and social capital in schools in highly disadvantaged urban communities

School leaders in highly disadvantaged urban communities across the globe walk a tightrope, caught between the needs of communities and the requirements of national policies. This article aims to enrich our understanding of the potential of school–community relationships. It examines the policy discourse on urban schools and the practice of community leadership. The policy context is one of UK and international concerns about divisions in society and the rise of political extremism: concerns which, in the UK, have led to a policy focus on community cohesion. The article offers a conceptual framework—a theory of action—as a possible road map for school leaders to manage through this complex and evolving arena of policy and practice. The template— developed through earlier work on urban schools—is underpinned by a focus on trust (as the lubricant to link communities together) and social capital (as a way of harnessing the ‘social energy’ of communities for positive good). The template is tested against the leadership of two school principals in challenging contexts in London and Greater Manchester. The author concludes that there is potential for schools to create space for the voices of the marginalised and disenfranchised to be heard. This analysis will resonate with school leaders serving disadvantaged communities in many international contexts and signals a new departure for leadership.     

Confronting the urban in urban school refor

The ways in which urban schools respond to and are affected by the urban environment are explored through a case study analysis of Lowell Middle School, located in the West Oakland section of Oakland, California. The connection between the social environment and urban schools is generally ignored in most school reform initiatives. The unwillingness of policymakers to confront the environmental aspects of the problems facing urban schools is due to the often unstated belief that nothing can actually be done to address the plight of urban areas. In many of these communities, the urban public school is one of few social institutions that provide a degree of stability and social support to the individuals and families that are served. As the only public agency charged with serving all young people regardless of their status, the urban school has the potential to play a leading role in the revitalization of urban areas. This possibility is explored within the context of ongoing efforts at Lowell Middle School to promote educational reform by bridging the gap between the school and the community.     

新型城镇化面临的城乡社会危机及其规划策略

当前我国快速城镇化斜率陡悬,压缩了城乡问题释放和缓解的时间,从而快速积聚城乡社会危机。现阶段我国城乡社会危机的焦点分布在特大城市和农村地区两端。我国新型城镇化的总体策略,既要把握好全局的平衡发展,又要着重针对特大城市和广大农村地区两端潜在的社会危机,制定相应的对策。缓解特大城市社会危机的规划策略重点包括:大力推进城市基本公共设施和服务均等化,确保低收入家庭的住房供给"托底",保障老龄化社会为老服务的基本条件,并通过城市社区规划寻求特大城市的社会管理改革与创新;广大农村地区社会危机的规划策略重点包括:注重乡村产业经济"造血机能"的培育,大力推进乡村社会自治,鼓励地方文化保护并加强地方传统特色文化传承,通过促进农村社区规划来探索乡村社会管理改革与创新。     

Working in the culture of high unemployment: The impact of unemployment on urban educators

This study focuses on the ripple effect of high community unemployment on a group of community educators, the home school counselors. This group plays a crucial role as liaison between the elementary school child, the parents, and community agencies offering services for needy children. The impact of remaining employed in an environment of high unemployment is discussed relative to changes in the general health status of the home school counselors, changes in their job responsibilities, and perceptions of their effectiveness in fulfilling those responsibilities. A presentation of the results of this study was made to the home school counselors, enhancing their awareness of the potential effects of increased workloads and increased concerns about job security.     

The Promise of University-Assisted Community Schools to Transform American Schooling: A Report From the Field, 1985–2012

This article explores the university-assisted community school approach as it has been developed at the University of Pennsylvania with its school and community partners in West Philadelphia since 1985, as well as adapted nationally. The approach is grounded in John Dewey's theory that the neighborhood school can function as the core neighborhood institution that provides comprehensive services, galvanizes other community institutions and groups, and helps solve the myriad problems schools and community confront in a rapidly changing world. Building on Dewey's ideas, the authors argue that all colleges and universities should make solving the problem of the American schooling system a very high institutional priority; their contributions to its solution should count heavily both in assessing their institutional performance (by themselves and others) and be a critical factor when responding to their requests for renewed or increased resources and financial support. Providing concrete examples from over 20 years of work in West Philadelphia, as well as from initiatives across the country, this article explores the potential of developing university-assisted community schools as an effective approach for school reform, pre-Kindergarten through higher education.     

Rural young people’s work/study priorities and aspirations: The influence of family social capital

The transition from school to secure work has become more difficult as young people bear the brunt of the restructuring of the Australian labour market. Young people raised in a rural community are over-represented in the most disadvantaged labour market group- those who have not participated in post-school training and who have experienced long periods of unemployment. Rural labour markets feature lower paid, less secure jobs than their urban counterparts. Education is a proven way of accessing the ‘better’ jobs offered by national labour markets. Why then do young people from disadvantaged rural areas not take up education and training opportunities to the same extent as their urban counterparts? The research discussed in this paper investigated ways in which family and school/community social capital influence young people’s work/study values and priorities with regard to post-school pathways. Family networks and information that are limited and concentrated in rural areas tend to be associated with a desire to find a job before completing school, preferably located near to home. Incomplete understanding and lack of trust of educational institutions and labour markets in urban centres based on local experience may be transmitted through advice of family and friends and influence young people toward current work rather than the longer term goal of post-compulsory education. The implications for regional and national programs of educational and community development are discussed.     

Improving Opportunities for Bridging Social Capital: The Story of a Full-Service Community School Initiative at an Alternative High School

Abstract

This article describes the collective efforts educators and multiple community partners are taking to transform one alternative urban high school into a full-service community school. The article presents preliminary findings on the opportunities for bridging social capital that the full-service initiative has created and the impacts such opportunities have for students in urban alternative settings with multiple risk factors stacked against them.     

Suggestions for the delivery of psychological services in secondary schools

The present paper describes the past, current, and suggested future practices in the delivery of school psychological services at the high school level. Because high schools differ from elementary and middle schools (i.e., organizational structure, student characteristics and needs, etc.), school psychologists need to use different approaches in the delivery of services at the secondary level. It is proposed that school psychologists must become integrated into the total social system of the high school to be most effective. Methods for accomplishing this objective, including collaboration with other school personnel and utilization of community resources, are discussed.     

School consolidation vs. decentralization: Trends,issues, and questions

The author examines two opposing administrative/policy trends that have simultaneously influenced the size and shape of American school districts. First,consolidation of school districts has dramatically reduced the number of districts from 130,000 in 1930 to 15,500 in 1990. State officials have viewed this as cost-effective approach and a way of reducing overlapping services and expenses. Local school and community people have seen this trend as a means of undercutting their local identity and pride. Second,decentralization has usually taken place in an urban school setting and involves reducing the size of the school district by dividing it into smaller units. This trend reached its peak in 1980, when 91% of the school districts with 100,000 or more students (n=22) reported some form of decentralization. By the 1990s, both school trends had slowed down; nevertheless, 20 questions are delineated for school administrators and school board members to consider in the event they wish to consolidate or decentralize.     

Meeting kids at the school gate: The literacy and numeracy practices of a remote indigenous community

This paper reports on a qualitative study which generated detailed case study information about the transition experiences of seven Indigenous students as they moved from Year 7 in their community school to Year 8 in their new urban high school context (Rennie, Wallace, Falk & Wignell 2004). In particular the study aimed to document the literacy and numeracy practices valued in the home community, community school and urban high school and highlight any continuities and discontinuities between the various contexts. Data were collected using observations, document analyses and interviews. Students in the study participated in a number of different activities ‘outside of school’ in their home communities including hunting, art, ceremony, cooking, sport and play. There was evidence of literate and numerate practices embedded throughout these activities. The data also showed there were distinct differences in the kinds of knowledge valued in each context investigated. Cultural knowledge was valued in the home community whereas curriculum knowledge was valued in the school community. The students also built other bodies of knowledge through their participation in community activities. These were reflected in the school curriculum and included scientific knowledge, art knowledge, sport and recreational knowledge and work and domestic knowledge. This paper discusses the community literate and numerate practices, and highlights the continuities and discontinuities with the literate and numerate practices that are valued and privileged in the school curriculum.     

重庆城乡统筹进程中地方高校图书馆农业信息服务策略思考

文章论述地方高校图书馆开展农业信息服务的意义,分析重庆地区农业信息服务存在的问题,提出地方高校图书馆开展农业信息服务应坚持的基本原则以及开展农业信息服务的路径,以期对拓展地方高校图书馆社会化服务功能、深化校地合作产生一定指导．     

The transfer of local authority school support services to external social enterprises

This paper explores an emerging and largely unresearched sector of the school education market, the transfer of local authority support services to external social enterprises. It locates these new social enterprises as a consequence of government strategies to reduce public spending, shrink local government and create competitive markets in public service provision. Non-profit social enterprises create and occupy a sector of a differentiated market in school support services which is not sufficiently commercially attractive to for-profit companies. The government discourse of these social enterprises as employee-led mutuals is contradicted by their user-led ownership and governance regimes. The analysis offered by this paper is substantiated by a case study, based on interviews and policy documents, of the transfer of the Birmingham local authority's Music and Health Education Services to a social enterprise independent from the city council.     

Choosing schools: explorations in post-primary school choice in an urban Irish working class community

This paper examines post-primary school choice processes in the urban Irish working-class community of Portown. Here, there is an awareness of hegemonic neoliberal ideals and how school choice becomes a significantly classed space characterised by market ideologies and structural inequality. This critical ethnography explored the world through participant observation, semi-structured interviews over a 3-year period. The data examined here are drawn specifically from investigations into school choice processes. It deploys identity theories as thinking tools to examine the classed nature of engagement with school choice markets. The findings delineate three distinct groups of choosers in this school community: passive transitioners, active choosers and second-schoolers. The findings of the study reveal the entwined and co-constructed nature of identity and social class as well as examining the role played by school choices and differential access to economic, cultural and social resources in these processes.     

Public knowledge: public education: Northland Secondary College versus the State

Large‐scale cuts to the education budget were a primary focus for the newly elected State Liberal party in Victoria, Australia in 1992. Northland Secondary College, a Melbourne urban school of 474 students, had been selected for closure. Northland had long defined itself as a ‘community school’, with a strong commitment to and success in meeting the needs of Aboriginal (Koori) students. This local community reacted strongly to news of closure, and for a period of two years resisted the full weight of the State through a series of course procedures, and public defiance. During this period, Northland maintained a Rebel School conducted by volunteer teachers. The school and local community sought to expand the concept of accountability as defined by the State. They directly challenged the increasing trend towards centralizing, and what they perceived as the homogenization of the curriculum. At the heart of core concerns to the school community was a deep commitment to maintain and participate in decisions defining important educational knowledge. It was a staunch defence of local needs. The present corporate model of administrative governance directing State schooling proved inadequate in dealing with the plurality and hybridity of this modern community, and, in particular, one inhabited with urban Aboriginal cultures.     

城市社区体育服务体系发展动力系统研究

城市社区体育服务体系发展动力系统是指驱动社区体育服务发展和演化的力量机构系统,具有比较稳定的构成方式和作用规则.城市社区体育服务体系发展动力系统的要素包括经济保障力、政治调控力和文化推动力.经济保障力是城市社区体育服务体系发展的前提,为社区体育服务体系的发展创造条件.政治调控力整合社会资源,控制社区体育服务发展的方向,在社区体育服务体系中起着调控的作用.文化推动力以树立科学的体育价值观规范城市社区体育服务体系的发展方向.三个动力之间必须协调作用,处理好相互之间的关系,形成良性互动,才能使社区体育服务体系发展的速度更快、速率更高、效益更大.     

Community Colleges: Rethinking STD Prevention for the Nontraditional College Campus

ABSTRACT

As increased attention and proposed funding are being directed toward community colleges, it is important to consider the sexual and reproductive health care needs of this growing population. Existing data suggest there are significant sexual health needs among this population and often insufficient provision of services. Some community college students are more likely than students at 4-year colleges to test positive for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Given resource constraints, creative solutions are required. These may include campus-wide policies addressing STD/HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) prevention, referral systems to connect students to care in the community, and partnerships with local health departments, Federally Qualified Health Centers, or community-based organizations to assist with the provision of services. Colleges have the unique opportunity to provide students with valuable information about sexual health and services. Community colleges, in particular, are uniquely positioned to reach at-risk community members for STD testing and sexual health care who might otherwise be lost to care. More research is needed on the sexual health needs of community college students, especially on factors such as geographic location, how embedded the school is into the community, social norms around sexual health on college campuses, and health services offered. New and innovative ways to promote linkage to care for testing and counseling could offer potential health benefits to this growing at-risk population.     

地方高校图书馆服务地方的优势、障碍与对策研究——以常熟理工学院为例

地方高校图书馆拥有丰富的信息资源,为地方经济、文化发展提供服务具有自身的优势,但其中也存在着管理体制和相关资源方面的障碍。地方高校图书馆除了为地方提供常规的服务外,还可通过提供技术信息服务、加强校地合作等来服务地方。     

When all the school became a stage: young children enacting a community’s fear and sense of loss

This article gives an ethnographic glimpse of how an urban South African school mirrored a community’s sense‐making during times of rapid social change. The glimpse is extracted largely from an ethnography that was composed in 2000. In this study of school life, the biennial play was central to the year’s activities. In the play the tone, content and style reflected a performance of the discourse of the school community – a discourse of fear and despondency, while searching for hope in spiritual song. Today this previously all White, Afrikaner school is still predominantly White, as Black children’s parents prefer English‐medium schools. On the surface the school appears to be a safe haven for those who were fearful of losing their social position, their language and their way of living, but the initial breakdown of the fabric of the school does not seem to have healed during the time after the study had been completed.     

Families at risk of poor parenting: A model for service delivery,assessment, and intervention

The At Risk Parent Child Program is a multidisciplinary network agency designed for the secondary prevention of poor parenting and the extremes of child abuse and neglect. This model system of service delivery emphasizes (1) the coordination of existing community resources to access a target population of families at risk of parenting problems, (2) the provision of multiple special services in a neutral location (ambulatory pediatric clinic), and (3) the importance of intensive individual contact with a clinical professional who serves as primary therapist, social advocate and service coordinator for client families. Identification and assessment of families is best done during prenatal and perinatal periods. Both formal and informal procedures for screening for risk factors are described, and a simple set of at risk criteria for use by hospital nursing staff is provided. Preventive intervention strategies include special medical, psychological, social and developmental services, offered in an inpatient; outpatient, or in-home setting. Matching family needs to modality and setting of treatment is a major program concern. All direct services to at risk families are supplied by professionals employed within existing local agencies (hospital, public health department, state guidance center, and medical school pediatric clinic). Multiple agency involvement allows a broad-based screening capacity which allows thousands of families routine access to program services. The administrative center of the network stands as an independent, community-funded core which coordinates and monitors direct clinical services, and provides local political advocacy for families at risk of parenting problems.