神经生长因子对眼科疾病治疗展望

神经生长因子（nerve growth factor,NGF）是神经营养因子的一种,广泛存在于神经组织和周围靶组织。在中枢神经系统,NGF兼有神经营养和促进神经突起生长的效应,从而参与神经细胞的分化、发育和损伤修复过程。近些年的研究表明,视网膜神经节细胞（retinal ganglion cells,RGC）表达包括NGF在内的多种神经营养因子,表达的NGF通过结合于其受体发挥作用,其高亲和力受体（酪氨酸蛋白激酶A受体）存在于视神经节细胞上,而其低亲和力受体（p75NTR）则在胶质细胞中广泛表达,这些研究提示NGF可能在眼科疾病的治疗中发挥作用,该文就神经生长因子及其受体在眼组织中的表达、对视神经和视网膜损伤的保护、角膜损伤修复以及对青光眼、干眼病的治疗进行了综述。     

冷凝或联合小梁切除术治疗新生血管性青光眼

[目的]探讨冷凝联合小梁切除术治疗新生血管性青光眼的疗效.[方法]A组12例14眼新生血管性青光眼,施行180°视网膜周边部巩膜外和睫状体冷凝;B组20例22眼,除上述冷凝外,又联合小梁切除术治疗.[结果]随访3～6个月,两组术后视力均无明显改善,A组平均眼压自57.48mmHg降至32mmHg,需要再做冷凝或手术减压;B组随访的15例(16眼)有14眼的眼压<21mmHg,2眼需加用0.1%噻吗心安滴眼治疗,两组术后短期内眼压控制有明显的差异(P<0.05).[结论]冷凝或联合小梁切除术对新生血管性青光眼治疗有较好的短期疗效.     

青光眼术后视网膜脱离激光治疗临床观察

目的：探讨青光眼术后发生视网膜脱离进行激光治疗的临床疗效。方法：对8例青光眼术后发生上方裂孔的孔源性视网膜脱离的患者未采用手术治疗，而是先通过合适的体位及双眼包扎后，当视网膜下液全部或大部分吸收后采用了激光封闭视网膜裂孔的方法。结果：随访6月～1年，8例患者视网膜均复位,且未破坏青光眼手术的效果。结论：对于青光眼术后上方视网膜裂孔的孔源视网膜脱离，通过合适的体位及双眼包扎后，当视网膜下液全部或大部分吸收后可采用激光封闭视网膜裂孔，不用手术治疗，以避免因手术治疗而破坏抗青光眼手术的效果。     

Effect of a combination of astaxanthin supplementation,heat stress,and intermittent reloading on satellite cells during disuse muscle atrophy

We examined the effect of a combination of astaxanthin (AX) supplementation, repeated heat stress, and intermittent reloading (IR) on satellite cells in unloaded rat soleus muscles. Forty-nine male Wistar rats (8-week-old) were divided into control, hind-limb unweighting (HU), IR during HU, IR with AX supplementation, IR with repeated heat stress (41.0–41.5 °C for 30 min), and IR with AX supplementation and repeated heat stress groups. After the experimental period, the antigravitational soleus muscle was analyzed using an immunohistochemical technique. Our results revealed that the combination of dietary AX supplementation and heat stress resulted in protection against disuse muscle atrophy in the soleus muscle. This protective effect may be partially due to a higher satellite cell number in the atrophied soleus muscle in the IR/AX/heat stress group compared with the numbers found in the other groups. We concluded that the combination treatment with dietary AX supplementation and repeated heat stress attenuates soleus muscle atrophy, in part by increasing the number of satellite cells.     

Roles of flotillins in tumors

The identification and use of molecular biomarkers have greatly improved the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors. However, a much deeper understanding of oncogenic proteins is needed for the benefit to cancer patients. The lipid raft marker proteins, flotillin-1 and flotillin-2, were first found in goldfish retinal ganglion cells during axon regeneration. They have since been found in a variety of cells, mainly on the inner surface of cell membranes, and not only act as a skeleton to provide a platform for protein–protein interactions, but also are involved in signal transduction, nerve regeneration, endocytosis, and lymphocyte activation. Previous studies have shown that flotillins are closely associated with tumor development, invasion, and metastasis. In this article, we review the functions of flotillins in relevant cell processes, their underlying mechanisms of action in a variety of tumors, and their potential applications to tumor molecular diagnosis and targeted therapy.     

Mitochondrial fusion protein 2 regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress in preeclampsia

Preeclampsia(PE)refers to a group of dysfunction syndromes associated with elevated blood pressure and proteinuria in women with previously normal blood pressure after 20 weeks of pregnancy,and it may be accompanied by symptoms including headache。     

人参皂苷Rg1对糖尿病大鼠心肌氧化应激及细胞凋亡的影响（英文）

目的:探讨人参皂苷Rg1对高血糖所致心肌损害的保护作用及其机制。创新点:使用糖尿病大鼠为实验对象,探讨三种浓度的人参皂苷Rg1对糖尿病心肌损伤的保护作用及其机制,检测其是否具有浓度依赖性。方法:将60只Wistar大鼠随机分组,其中空白对照组10只,另50只给予高脂高糖饲养,4周后腹腔注射40 mg/kg链脲佐菌素(STZ)。成功制备糖尿病大鼠模型40只,再随机分为糖尿病模型组,糖尿病大鼠+低剂量人参皂苷Rg1(10 mg/(kg·d)),糖尿病大鼠+中剂量人参皂苷Rg1(15 mg/(kg·d)),糖尿病大鼠+高剂量人参皂苷Rg1(20 mg/(kg·d))。12周后处死大鼠,取血测定空腹血糖、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、心肌酶及氧化应激水平,留取心肌组织使用透射电镜观察心肌细胞超微结构改变,应用TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡,免疫组化检测细胞凋亡相关蛋白半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(CASP3)和Bcl-x L的表达。结论:人参皂苷Rg1对糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢无明显影响,人参皂苷Rg1可降低糖尿病大鼠血清肌钙蛋白(c Tn I)和肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)水平,改善心肌细胞超微结构,减少心肌细胞凋亡,降低大鼠血清和心肌组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH)水平,降低凋亡蛋白CASP3的表达,同时提高Bcl-x L蛋白表达。总之,人参皂苷Rg1能显著保护糖尿病大鼠心肌损伤,其机制可能与其抗氧化及抗细胞凋亡作用有关。     

Research progress of the role and mechanism of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 5 (ERK5) pathway in pathological pain

Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 5 (ERK5), also known as big mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), is an important member of ERK family, which is a subfamily of the large MAPK family. ERK5 is expressed in many tissues, including the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and the spinal cord. In this review, we focus on elaborating ERK5-associated pathway in pathological pain, in which the ERK5/CREB (cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-response element-binding protein) pathway plays a crucial role in the transduction of pain signal and contributes to pain hypersensitivity. ERK5 activation in the spinal dorsal horn occurs mainly in microglia. The activation of ERK5 can be mediated by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. We also elaborate the relationship between ERK5 activation and nerve growth factor-tyrosine kinase A (NGF-TrkA), and the connection between ERK5 activation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in pathological pain in detail.     

Authentic Research Experience and “Big Data” Analysis in the Classroom: Maize Response to Abiotic Stress

Integration of inquiry-based approaches into curriculum is transforming the way science is taught and studied in undergraduate classrooms. Incorporating quantitative reasoning and mathematical skills into authentic biology undergraduate research projects has been shown to benefit students in developing various skills necessary for future scientists and to attract students to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines. While large-scale data analysis became an essential part of modern biological research, students have few opportunities to engage in analysis of large biological data sets. RNA-seq analysis, a tool that allows precise measurement of the level of gene expression for all genes in a genome, revolutionized molecular biology and provides ample opportunities for engaging students in authentic research. We developed, implemented, and assessed a series of authentic research laboratory exercises incorporating a large data RNA-seq analysis into an introductory undergraduate classroom. Our laboratory series is focused on analyzing gene expression changes in response to abiotic stress in maize seedlings; however, it could be easily adapted to the analysis of any other biological system with available RNA-seq data. Objective and subjective assessment of student learning demonstrated gains in understanding important biological concepts and in skills related to the process of science.     

胸苷酸合成酶和雌激素受体在乳腺癌中的表达意义及相关性

目的:探讨胸苷酸合成酶(TS)和雌激素受体(ER)在乳腺癌中的表达及它们的相关性.方法:采用免疫组织化学SP法检测111例乳腺癌和38例乳腺腺瘤组织中TS和ER的表达情况.结果:乳腺腺瘤的TS和ER阳性率分别为10.53%(4/38)和36.84%(14/38),差异有显著性(P<0.05);乳腺癌病人中TS和ER的阳性率分别为31.53%(35/111)和40.54%(45/111),差异无显著性(P>0.05).乳腺癌中TS和ER的表达水平与患者年龄、发生部位、组织学类型、淋巴结转移相关性不明显(P>0.05).TS和ER在乳腺腺瘤组呈正向相关(r=0.077),而在乳腺癌组呈负向相关(r=-0.016).结论:TS在乳腺癌组表达率明显高于腺瘤(P<0.0 5);ER在良、恶性乳腺肿瘤内表达率差异无显著性(P>0.05).检测TS、ER对化疗药物选择有指导意义.     

Parametric design of an electrorheological shock absorber with the mixed-mode

1. Introduction As is known, the function of a suspension system is to support an entire vehicle at axles so as to improve ride comfort by vibration absorption. It also provides handling stability in steering and acceleration as well as braking. However, the solution of the design contradiction between ride comfort and handling stability can抰 be achieved by passive suspension system elements. Some active suspension systems have been developed in order to handle the compromise, but they requi…     

Stress and teachers of the learning disabled,behavior disordered,and educable mentally retarded

This study investigated which factors related to the professional roles of teachers of the learning disabled (LD), behavior disordered (BD), and educable mentally retarded (EMR) are most stressful, and which activities, both personal and professional, are beneficial in guarding against stress. The Special Teacher Response to Environmental Stressors (STRESS) was used to elicit responses from the 135 teachers who participated in the study. The participants rated as highly stressful legal concerns, lack of administrative and peer support, and lack of support services. In particular, teachers of the BD revealed that they were fearful of verbal and physical attacks from their students. The participants rated highly exercise and outdoor programs, confiding in significant others (i.e., wife or husband), and peer support as helpful in guarding against stress.     

Whiplash shaking syndrome: retinal hemorrhages and computerized axial tomography of the brain

Three cases of whiplash shaking injury of infants are presented. All children presented with seizures and had minimal signs of external injury. Examination of the retina revealed extensive retinal hemorrhages. These were missed on initial examination and were only discovered after pupillary dilatation. The presence of these palecentered retinal hemorrhages suggested the diagnosis of child abuse and skeletal surveys and thorough social histories confirmed the diagnosis. Despite extensive retinal hemorrhages, computerized axial tomography (C.T.) scan showed minimal inter-hemispheric bleeding. In contrast to the "Battered Child Syndrome," all the findings in whiplash shaking syndrome of infants are subtle and demand an awareness, an index of suspicion and a thorough examination which may include extensive retinal examination following dilatation of the pupils. This latter examination is frequently not performed by family physicians and residents so that the syndrome may be missed. A fourth case is also discussed where shaking is admitted on initial presentation but said to be done for resuscitation. This poses an immense diagnostic dilemma to the pediatrician since in this case the child presented later with all the signs of physical abuse.     

Fractionated evaluation of immunohistochemical hormone receptor expression enhances prognostic prediction in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen as adjuvant therapy

Objective:To compare the prognostic prediction between dichotomized and fractionated evaluations of hormone receptor expressions. Methods: Patients with stages I-III breast cancers, who received adjuvant tamoxifen, were enrolled. The expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) was evaluated by immu-nohistochemistry (IHC). A fractionated score (F score), the percentage of positive-staining nuclei (0=none, 1=1%-10%, 2=11%-30%, 3=31%-50%, 4=51%-70%, and 5=71%-100%), was assigned to each...     

Serum lipids and other risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients

Objective

To investigate the association of serum lipids and other risk factors with diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients.

Methods

Five hundred and twenty-three type 2 diabetic patients underwent ophthalmic examination by experienced retinal specialists to assess their DR. Serum lipids, including triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), were measured using Roche automated clinical chemistry analyzers. The concentration of very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLC) was calculated based on total cholesterol, HDLC and LDLC. Hyperlipidemia was defined as a total cholesterol concentration of 6.2 mmol/L or higher or the use of lipid-lowering medications. The association of risk factors with any DR or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) was assessed using the odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI), calculated from logistic regression models.

Results

In multivariate logistic regression models, hyperlipidemia (OR=2.39, 95% CI: 1.02–5.66), higher VLDLC (OR=1.59, 95% CI: 1.14–2.23), and higher triglyceride (OR=1.18, 95% CI: 1.03–1.37) were associated with increased risk of DR. A longer diabetic duration was associated with increased risk of DR (P<0.0001) and PDR (P=0.002) in a dose-response manner. Higher systolic blood pressure (P=0.02) and higher serum creatinine (P=0.01) were independently associated with increased risk of DR, and female gender was associated with increased risk of PDR (P=0.03).

Conclusions

Among Chinese type 2 diabetic patients, hyperlipidemia, higher VLDLC, and higher triglyceride were independently associated with increased risk of DR, suggesting control of serum lipids may decrease the risk of DR.     

Understanding student evaluations of teaching in online learning

In this paper, we have developed a classification model for online learning environments that relates the Instructors Overall Performance (IOP) rating (according to students’ perceptions) with the course characteristics, students’ demographics and the effectiveness of the instructor in his/her teaching roles. To that end, a comprehensive Student Evaluation of Teaching (SET) instrument is proposed, which includes not only conventional teaching elements, but also items that encourage twenty-first century skills. The goal of the study is twofold: (i) to quantify the extent to which the selected variables explain the IOP rating, and (ii) determine which teaching and non-teaching variables most affect the IOP rating. The best performing classifier achieved a competitive accuracy, highlighting that the selected variables mainly determine the IOP values. Other important findings include: (i) the IOP value is mainly influenced by the effectiveness of the instructor in his/her teaching roles; (ii) teaching strategies that involve the cooperation between the technical and pedagogical roles should be promoted; (iii) the pedagogical role has the highest impact on the final IOP value; and (iv) the most influential demographic variable is the student’s status (working commitments and family responsibilities).     

Trauma appraisals,emotion regulation difficulties,and self-compassion predict posttraumatic stress symptoms following childhood abuse

Experiencing traumatic events and abuse is unfortunately common in general, non-clinical samples. Recent research indicates that the ways in which individuals interpret traumatic experiences, as well as the ways that they manage challenging emotions in general, may statistically predict post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms to a greater extent than does trauma itself. Negative trauma appraisals, generalized emotion regulation (ER) difficulties, and low levels of self-compassion have each been shown to influence the connection between trauma exposure and subsequent PTSD symptoms. However, little is known regarding how these processes interact, or their relative contributions to mental health after trauma. The current study analyzed data from 466 university students who completed self-report measures of childhood abuse, PTSD symptoms, trauma appraisals, ER difficulties, and self-compassion. Childhood abuse exposure and PTSD symptoms were positively associated with negative trauma appraisals and ER difficulties, and negatively associated with self-compassion. Self-compassion was inversely associated with negative trauma appraisals and ER difficulties. Multiple mediation analyses demonstrated that negative trauma appraisals, ER difficulties, and levels of self-compassion fully explained the link between abuse exposure and PTSD symptoms via several specific pathways. These findings suggest that researchers, clinicians, and abuse survivors can benefit from addressing these interconnected domains during treatment and recovery processes.