红肉河蓝蛤软体部营养成分分析与评价

本研究主要对红肉河蓝蛤软体部分营养成分进行了评价。结果显示,红肉河蓝蛤软体部分(鲜样)中的水分含量为82.02%,粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分的质量分数分别为9.47%、1.72%、3.25%。共检出18种常见的氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的21.00%;油脂中,不饱和脂肪酸占油脂的46.33%,其中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)占油脂的19.04%;矿物元素中钙(Ca)的质量分数最高,其次为镁(Mg),微量元素中铁(Fe)质量分数最高。结果表明红肉河蓝蛤是营养价值较高的经济贝类,具有较高的食用价值、广阔的养殖前景和较大的市场开发潜力。     

贵州月亮湖放牧式养殖胭脂鱼营养成分分析

月亮湖是贵州省赤水市的天然水域,通过投入鱼种进行放牧式养殖。为了解月亮湖中放牧式养殖条件下胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)的营养特点,采用常规营养方法测定了胭脂鱼的营养成分和氨基酸含量。结果显示:胭脂鱼肌肉中水分含量为(69.40±0.29)%,粗蛋白含量为(16.66±0.69)%,粗脂肪含量为(0.76±0.02)%,粗灰分含量为(2.50±0.18)%。共检测到17种氨基酸,其总量为(84.59±2.955)%,其中7种必需氨酸(不含色氨酸)总量为(33.14±1.22)%,占氨基酸总量的39.18%。4种鲜味氨基酸总量为(33.35±1.09)%,占氨基酸总量的39.43%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比例为64.41%。研究结果表明放牧式养殖胭脂鱼的肌肉具有水分含量较低,蛋白含量适中,脂肪含量低,灰分含量较高,氨基酸含量适中的特点。     

香螺肌肉营养成分分析及评价

采用生化手段对香螺(湿重:136¹87 g)肌肉中水分、粗蛋白、灰分、粗脂肪含量及脂肪酸、氨基酸的组成与含量进行了检测与分析。结果表明:香螺肌肉一般营养成分中水分含量77.56%、粗蛋白含量60.52%(干)、灰分6.27%、粗脂肪7.29%。共检测到17种脂肪酸和17种氨基酸,其中,17种脂肪酸中含有5种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和12种不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)。在不饱和脂肪酸中有4种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和8种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),DHA和EPA的总量为18.2%。17种氨基酸中,谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高,占总量10.82%,其次依次为甘氨酸(Gly)、天冬氨酸(Asp)与精氨酸(Arg);色氨酸(Trp)含量最低占总量0.41%。呈味酸与必需氨基酸含量分别占氨基酸总量的54.33%和44.66%,必需氨基酸指数为63.89。综上,香螺为一种营养丰富、价值较高的海味佳品。     

雌雄黄颡鱼可食部分主要营养成分的比较分析

本研究对雌雄黄颡鱼可食部分进行了基本营养成分比较分析。结果显示:雄鱼的肌肉粗蛋白含量显著高于雌鱼(P<0.05),雄鱼性腺的粗蛋白含量极显著低于雌性(P<0.01),雄鱼鳔的粗蛋白含量显著低于雌性(P<0.05),雄鱼鳔的粗蛋白含量远高于肌肉和性腺;黄颡鱼各样品中均测出18种氨基酸,其中雌鱼性腺的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、风味氨基酸总量均极显著高于雄性(P<0.01);雌鱼鳔的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量显著高于雄性(P<0.05),但风味氨基酸雌雄差异不显著(P>0.05);雌雄鱼肌肉的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、风味氨基酸总量差异不显著(P>0.05)。研究表明黄颡鱼肌肉的营养价值雌雄无差异,雌鱼鳔、性腺的营养价值均高于雄性。     

大鳍鳠繁殖期主要组织器官的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成

采用生物化学方法的方法,对大鳍鳠繁殖期的性腺、肝脏、肌肉的氨基酸和脂肪酸进行测定.结果表明:大鳍鱯雄性亲鱼精巢、肝脏和肌肉中,肌肉中氨基酸总量最高,为40.90g/100g;其次是精巢,为26.38g/100g;肝脏中含量最低,为18.38g/100g.从必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例来看,精巢最高,占53.41%;其次是肌肉,占52.93%;肝脏中最低,占51.96%.雌性亲鱼肌肉中氨基酸总量最高,为40.61g/100g;其次是卵巢,为22.42g/100g;肝脏中含量最低,为17.04g/100g.从必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例来看,卵巢最高,占52.85%;其次是肝脏,占51.76%;肌肉中最低,占49.00%.从脂肪酸组成来看,雌雄亲鱼均为MUFA所占比例最高,其次是SFA,PUFA比例最小.雄鱼与雌鱼的三种组织器官中,所占比例较高的脂肪酸相似,它们是C18:1n-9(油酸)、C16:0(软脂酸)、C18:2n-6(亚油酸)和C16:1n-7(棕榈酸).研究揭示了大鳍鳠繁殖期雌、雄亲鱼主要组织器官在物质构成上的特性.     

雌雄乌鳢可食部分主要营养成分的比较分析

对雌雄乌鳢可食部分进行了基本营养成分比较分析.结果表明:雌性乌鳢肌肉、性腺、鳔鲜样中粗蛋白(18.89%,27.54%,19.43%)显著高于于雄性(17.63%,23.30%,17.97%;P<0.05),皮肤粗蛋白含量显著低于雄性(P<0.05),而各可食部分的水分含量雌雄显著不差异(P>0.05);乌鳢各样品中均测出18种氨基酸,其中雌性乌鳢性腺和鳔的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、风味氨基酸总量均显著高于雄性(P<0.05),雌雄乌鳢肌肉氨基酸组成差异不显著(P>0.05);雌雄乌鳢皮肤氨基酸含量差异不显著(P>0.05),但雌乌鳢皮肤必需氨基酸总量极显著低于雄性(P<0.01),风味氨基酸总量显著高于雄性(P<0.05);雌雄乌鳢肌肉、性腺均符合FAO/WHO营养评价理想模式,但皮肤、鳔不符合FAO/WHO对于膳食蛋白质营养评价理想模式.研究表明,乌鳢肌肉和性腺蛋白质的营养价值较高,皮肤和鳔的蛋白质营养价值较低.     

三叶木通果中主要营养成分含量的测定

分析测定了三叶木通果中VitaminC、粗蛋白质、还原糖和总糖含量 ,以及氨基酸组成和含量 .结果表明 :1 0 0g鲜果肉中VitaminC、粗蛋白质、还原糖和总糖的含量分别为 1 0 8mg ,1 .0 7g ,1 0 .2g和 1 4 .9g ;所测 1 7种氨基酸总量为81 8.5mg 1 0 0g ,其中含有 7种人体必需氨基酸为 2 98.4mg 1 0 0g ,占氨基酸总量的 36 .5 % .     

九州虫草与冬虫夏草、蛹虫草氨基酸成分比较

研究了九州虫草有效部位的氨基酸组成,并与冬虫夏草及蛹虫草进行了比较.测定结果表明所测样品中分别含有16-18种氨基酸,必需氨基酸含量都较丰富,分别占每种样品氨基酸总量的66.93%、34.48%、46.18%、46.62%、38.96%、37.38%.结果表明九州虫草无论是菌丝体还是子座,在氨基酸方面具有较高的营养价值和药用保健价值.     

乌江上游四川裂腹鱼和昆明裂腹鱼肌肉营养成分的分析

试验结果表明,四川裂腹鱼和昆明裂腹鱼肌肉中蛋白质、脂肪、灰分含量分别为15.49%、15.78%,1.03%、2.29%,1.06%、1.11%.肌肉中不饱和脂肪酸含量分别占脂肪酸总量的71.72%和73.21%.肌肉中18种氨基酸总含量分别为75.20%和79.1496(占肌肉干重),其中必须氧基酸含量分别为31.95%、32.38%,占氨基酸总量的42.51%和40.91;鲜味氨基酸含量分别达30.03%和30.40%,占氨基酸总量的39.97%和38.42%.根据氨基酸评分,第一限制氨基酸为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸,第二限制氨基酸为色氨酸:根据化学评分,第一限制氨基酸为色氨酸,第二限制氨基酸为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸.     

黄伞蛋白质的营养评价

对黄伞子实体蛋白质的营养价值进行了研究。结果表明,黄伞子实体蛋白质含有17种氨基酸,必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的40%,其氨基酸比值系数分高达66.53,分别比草菇(Volvariella volvacea)、茶薪菇(Agrocybe aegerita)和毛头鬼伞(Co-prinus comatus)高42.74%、50.89%和36.58%。这些结果说明黄伞蛋白质具有较高的营养价值。     

光唇鱼肌肉营养成分与品质的评价

对光唇鱼（Acrossocheilus fasciatus）的合肉率和肌肉营养成分进行分析,结果表明光唇鱼的含肉率平均为59．59±2．81％,肌肉（新鲜）的水分含量77．69±1．02％,粗蛋白含量19．21±0．02％,粗脂肪含量0．54±0．05％,灰分1．01±0．03％;脂肪酸为12种,饱和脂肪酸（SFA）4种,不饱和脂肪酸（UFA）8种,其中单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）4种,多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）4种;肌肉中含有17种氨基酸,总量为69．28％（干重百分比）,7种人体必需氨基酸总量是28．98％,4种鲜味氨基酸含量为28．01％,必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）是59．56：测得矿物元素8种。     

晾晒烟感赤星病后游离氨基酸含量的研究

不同品种晾晒烟接种赤星菌后,游离氮基酸含量也不同。随品种抗病性由弱到强,碱性、芳香族、杂环族三类基酸全病程病健比下降,酸性、脂肪族、侧链为非极性、侧链不带电极性四类氨基酸则上升,酪、赖、精、胱等氨基酸下降,苯、组、脯、蛋、谷、天、丝、苏、甘、缬、亮等氨基酸上升。品种抗性越强,苯、酪、赖、精、组、脯、胱等氨基酸上升越早,消减也越快。游离氨基酸总增值量也随品种抗性增强而增大。     

南美白对虾虾头的营养成分分析及评价

以南美白对虾虾头为原料,对虾头中的水分、脂肪、蛋白质等营养成分的含量及氨基酸组成进行了分析,结果表明:虾头的蛋白质质量分数为13．80％,脂肪质量分数为2．80％,富含脂溶性维生素E和A,矿物质中的Ca含量较高,甲壳质的质量分数为18．5％。虾头的氨基酸组成中,必需氨基酸质量占氨基酸总量的41％,氨基酸价为73,Asp、Glu等呈鲜味的氨基酸含量较高,蛋白质营养价值高。     

Effect of three cooking methods on nutrient components and antioxidant capacities of bamboo shoot (Phyllostachys praecox C.D. Chu et C.S. Chao)

Three cooking methods, namely boiling, steaming, and stir-frying for 5 to 10 min, were used to evaluate the effect on nutrient components, free amino acids, l-ascorbic acid, total phenolic contents, and antioxidant capacities of bamboo shoots (Phyllostachys praecox). Results showed that boiling and stir-frying had a great effect on the nutrient components and they decreased the contents of protein, soluble sugar, and ash, and caused a great loss in the total free amino acids (decreased by 38.35% and 34.86%, respectively). Significant differences (P<0.05) in free amino acids were observed in the samples cooked by different methods. Stir-fried bamboo shoots had a high fat content which increased by 528.57% because of the addition of edible oil. After boiling, the L-ascorbic acid and total phenolic contents were significantly reduced, while steaming increased total phenolic content by 3.98% and stir-frying well-preserved L-ascorbic acid (78.87% of its previous content). Results of the antioxidative property study showed that stir-frying could increase antioxidant capacities of bamboo shoots. It is concluded that stir-frying is more suitable for bamboo shoots because it could obtain the maximum retention of antioxidant capacities.     

罗非鱼加工下脚料的营养成分分析及评价

对罗非鱼加工下脚料的一般营养成分、氨基酸组成和维生素进行了分析。分析结果表明：下脚料富含钙、维生素D和E,蛋白质和脂肪含量较高,其质量分数分别为13.10%,14.77%。在下脚料的氨基酸组成中,必需氨基酸总质量为氨基酸总质量的57.3%,氨基酸组成模式符合FAO/WHO推荐的理想模式。     

不同地域高度凤凰茶氨基酸含量的测定

探究测定凤凰茶中游离氨基酸的最佳方法：可见分光光度法,在λ=400 nm下测定不同地域高度、不同发酵条件下凤凰茶中氨基酸的含量和一壶茶叶的最佳冲泡次数,以测定其氨基酸的最大浸出量,并和其他品种茶叶对比。实验结果表明：不同地域高度凤凰茶中氨基酸的含量高山最多,低山最少,中山居中;在100℃发酵下,其氨基酸含量最大;凤凰茶的最佳冲泡次数为5次;当浸泡4 h时,氨基酸含量达到最大浸出量;与其它茶叶相比,普洱茶氨基酸含量最高。     

Effect of selected fungi on the reduction of gossypol levels and nutritional value during solid substrate fermentation of cottonseed meal

The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of six individual strains of fungi on the reduction of gossypol levels and nutritional value during solid substrate fen＇aentation of cottonseed meal （CSM）. Six groups of disinfected CSM substrate were incubated for 48 h after inoculation with either of the fungi C. capsuligena ZD- 1, C. tropicalis ZD-3, S. cerevisae ZD-5, A. terricola ZD-6, A. oryzae ZD-7, or A. niger ZD-8. One not inoculated group （substrate） was used as a control. Levels of initial and final free gossypol （FG）, crude protein （CP）, amino acids （AA） and in vitro digestibility were assayed. The experiment was done in triplicate. The experimental results indicated that microbial fermentation could greatly decrease （P〈0.05） FG levels in CSM. The detoxification efficiency differed between the species of microorganisms applied. From the perspective of reducing CSM potential toxicity, C. tropicalis ZD-3 was most successful followed by S. cerevisae ZD-5 and A. niger ZD-8. They could reduce FG levels of CSM to 29.8, 63.07 and 81.50 mg/kg based on DM （dry matter）, respectively, and their detoxification rates were 94.57%, 88.51% and 85.16%, respectively. If crude protein, amino acids content and their in vitro digestibility were also taken into account, Aniger ZD-8 may be the best choice. The CP content of CSM substrate fermented by C. tropicalis ZD-3 and A. niger ZD-8 were improved by 10.76% and 22.24%; the TAA （total amino acids） contents were increased by 7.06% and 11.46%, and the EAA （essential amino acids） were raised by 7.77% and 12.64%, respectively. Especially, the levels of methionine, lysine and threonine were improved greatly （P〈0.05）. The in vitro CP digestibility of CSM fermented by C. tropicalis ZD-3 and A. niger ZD-8 was improved by 13.42% and 18.22%, the TAA were increased by 17.75% and 22.88%, and the EAA by 16.61% and 21.01%, respectively. In addition, the in vitro digestibility of methionine, lysine and threonine was also improved greatly （P〈0.05）.     

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gongronema latifolium</Emphasis>

Chemical composition of Gongronema latifolium leaves was determined using standard methods. Aqueous and methanol G. latifolium extracts were tested against thirteen pathogenic bacterial isolates. Crude protein, lipid extract, ash, crude fibre and nitrogen flee extractives obtained are： 27.2%, 6.07%, 11.6%, 10.8% and 44.3% dry matter respectively. Potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus and cobalt contents are 332, 110, 115, 125 and 116 mg/kg respectively. Dominant essential amino acids are leucine, valine and phenylalanine. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid and glycine are 13.8%, 11,9% and 10.3% respectively of total amino acid. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are 50.2% and 39.4% of the oil respectively. Palmitic acid makes up 36% of the total fatty acid. Extracts show no activity against E. faecalis, Y. enterolytica, E. aerogenes, B. cereus and E. agglomerans. Methanol extracts were active against S, enteritidis, S. cholerasius ser typhimurium and P. aeruginosa （minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） 1 mg; zone of growth inhibition 7, 6.5 and 7 mm respectively）. Aqueous extracts show activity against E. coli （MIC 5 mg） and P. aeruginosa （MIC 1 mg） while methanol extracts are active against P. aeruginosa and L. monocytogenes. G. lafifolium has potential food and antibacterial uses.     

米糠抗氧化肽的分离纯化研究

以DEAE-52离子交换柱层析和SephadexG-25凝胶过滤柱层析纯化米糠抗氧化肽,以硅胶G薄层层析测定其纯度,氨基酸自动分析仪测定其氨基酸组成。实验结果表明:米糠抗氧化肽经DEAE-52柱层析和Sephadex G-25柱层析后基本上得到了纯化;氨基酸组成分析表明,米糠抗氧化肽由14种氨基酸组成,富含两种酸性氨基酸:Asp、Glu,并含有6种人体必需氨基酸(Val、Met、Ile、Leu、Phe、Lys),占米糠抗氧化肽氨基酸总含量的31.89%,具有较高的营养价值和保健功能。