运动调节脂肪细胞因子的研究进展

靶组织胰岛素敏感性降低导致的胰岛素抵抗是许多疾病的发病基础,脂肪组织作为胰岛素主要靶器官是机体最大的储能器官,它的内分泌功能是调节能量平衡的重要因子,早已证实,脂肪与胰岛素抵抗发病有密切的相关性,其通过内分泌、自分泌、旁分泌产生瘦素、肿瘤坏死因子α、脂联素、抵抗素、白介素-6等细胞因子和激素调节血糖动态平衡,脂肪细胞因子代谢异常是引起胰岛素抵抗的重要原因之一。通过持续有氧运动、间歇有氧运动、抗阻力运动等多种方式对脂肪细胞因子表达的改善可促进胰岛素相关信号转导途径MAPK、PI3K中的关键蛋白表达进而促进胰岛素信号转导,实现改善胰岛素抵抗。     

运动对肌糖原贮备不同大鼠脂肪细胞白细胞介素-6及受体和激素敏感性脂肪酶基因表达的影响

研究目的观察定量运动对肌糖原贮储不同大鼠脂肪细胞白细胞介素-6及受体和激素敏感性脂肪酶基因表达的变化.研究方法通过跑台运动与膳食干预来造成运动前大鼠肌糖原储备不同,分为正常(肌)糖原组和低(肌)糖原组,然后再进行定量跑台运动.在运动过程中宰杀进行动态观察.通过实时荧光定量PCR法测定脂肪细胞中的白细胞介素-6及受体和激素敏感性脂肪酶的mRNA.结果研究发现,定量运动引起了脂肪组织中IL-6mRNA、IL-6RmRNA和HSLmRNA上升,其中IL-6mRNA和HSLmRNA的上升并不存在肌糖原储备的差异,而IL-6RmRNA则不然.结论定量运动过程中肌糖原储备的差异对脂肪组织IL-6RmRNA的影响深刻,而对IL-6mRNA和HSLmRNA的影响较小.     

运动、膳食与脂肪细胞因子

脂肪组织是一个活跃的内分泌器官，产生和分泌的许多激素称为脂肪细胞因子。这些脂肪细胞因子包括瘦素、促酰化蛋白、脂联素、抵抗素等。脂肪细胞因子在调节机体的能量摄入、能量消耗，以及糖、脂肪代谢等方面发挥着十分重要的作用。总结了脂肪细胞因子的生物学功能和研究的最新成果，重点综述了脂肪细胞因子与机体许多重要器官如中枢神经系统、肝脏、骨骼肌和脂肪细胞本身等之间的关系，以及运动和膳食对脂肪细胞因子的影响，拓展了脂肪细胞的生物学功能。指出对脂肪细胞病理、生理状态的研究将成为运动医学研究领域新的研究热点，进一步探讨脂肪细胞的内分泌功能将为干预肥胖及其相关疾病的研究开辟新的视角。     

运动减肥机制探析———酰化刺激蛋白的作用及其调节

酰化刺激蛋白是脂肪组织分泌的一种激素，在调节脂肪代谢和能量平衡方面发挥重要作用。它一方面能够提高脂肪细胞捕获脂肪酸和合成甘油三酯的能力；另一方面可以通过抑制激素敏感脂酶的活性来抑制甘油三酯的分解。C3（-/-）（ASP缺乏）鼠所表现出的肥胖抵抗特征对于防肥减肥而言具有诱人的前景。综述了ASP的来源、生物学作用以及缺乏后的生物学特征，并对其在运动减肥机制中可能发挥的作用进行探讨。     

体育锻炼通过POMC神经元增加白色脂肪棕色化研究综述

组成人体的脂肪主要有白色脂肪WAT和棕色脂肪BAT,在一定的情况下白色脂肪组织可向棕色组织转化,在白色脂肪组织棕色化时形成了一种特殊棕色脂肪样组织,它具有类似BAT通过激活解偶联蛋白1UCP-1产热的作用。POMC神经元可使WAT棕色化,在通过POMC神经元使WAT棕色化下丘脑弓状核起到重要作用,该过程受胰岛素和瘦素协同作用。激活AgRP神经元也能够抑制WAT棕色化。体育锻炼能够有效促进WAT棕色化,因为体育锻炼能够降低下丘脑炎症反应和促进POMC神经元的基因表达。另外,体育锻炼能够刺激鸢尾素基因表达,这对产热具有重要影响,从而又会导致与WAT棕色化相关的UCP-1和Cidea等蛋白的基因表达达到较高水平。而且,WAT棕色化可激活机体产热,进而导致机体能量消耗增加,这样就有利于肥胖者的减脂作用。故本综述的目的是将最近的有关下丘脑活动与体育锻炼导致白色脂肪棕色化有机结合。     

肥胖症与动脉粥样硬化的关系研究进展

运用文献资料法,分析肥胖症与动脉粥样硬化的关系。肥胖引起脂肪组织分泌的细胞因子,如C反应蛋白、脂联素、瘦素、血管内皮生长因子、肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素-6等水平异常,可加速血管内皮炎性反应,与肥胖密切相关的脂代谢紊乱、血液流变性异常、胰岛素抵抗,亦可诱发血管内皮功能障碍,从多个环节加速动脉粥样硬化的进程。对肥胖症患者早期进行运动干预,有望阻止动脉粥样硬化病灶的进一步发展,降低动脉粥样硬化发生的危险性。     

瘦素与运动

瘦素(leptin)是主要由脂肪组织分泌的一种激素,由146个氨基酸组成,其前体为167个氨基酸的蛋白质。N-端21肽是信号肽,瘦素作为脂肪组织和中枢神经系统间网络联系的外周信号,可能通过血脑屏障作用于中枢神经系统,影响摄食行为和调整自主神经系统活动等,参与保持机体脂肪量恒定的自稳态调节机制。近年来,国内外针对瘦素的研究涉及各个领域,笔者主要对运动与瘦素变化的关系及其机制进行简要综述。     

瘦素与运动

瘦素是由脂肪组织分泌的具有降低动物食欲、提高能量代谢效率、减少脂肪储备、增加能量消耗、减轻体重的一种激素。本文从瘦素的结构与生理特性、瘦素的生物学特征及瘦素与运动之间的关系几个方面进行了阐述，并提出现存的问题以及瘦素的科学运用。     

运动对脂肪因子和代谢综合征的影响

脂肪因子是一系列由脂肪组织分泌的生物活性物质,脂肪因子表达或功能异常是代谢综合征的重要诱因。运动能改善炎症性脂肪因子的水平,有效地改善和预防代谢综合征。本文主要综述代谢综合征及特定脂肪因子的关系,以及运动对于脂肪因子及代谢综合征的影响。     

高强度间歇训练对增龄大鼠脂肪组织衰老相关分泌表型的影响及其机制探讨

目的：探讨高强度间歇训练(HIIT)对增龄大鼠脂肪组织衰老相关分泌表型(SASP)的影响及机制。方法：将18月龄雌性大鼠分为安静对照组(SED)、持续性耐力组(MICT)和HIIT组，每组12只。HIIT组起始速度为15 m/min，时间为4 min；之后进行高强度训练，速度为25 m/min，运动1 min，依次交替9个循环。MICT组以17 m/min速度运动45 min，持续8个月。免疫组化观测内脏脂肪β-半乳糖苷酶，蛋白免疫印迹和RT-qPCR检测脂肪组织p16^-INK4a、p53、脂联素(Adiponectin)、瘦素(Leptin)、白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)表达，蛋白免疫印迹检测核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)、核转录因子-κB抑制蛋白α(IkBα)和c-Jun N端激酶(JNK)总蛋白及其磷酸化水平，蛋白免疫荧光观察p16^-INK4a、p-NF-κB和p-lkBα蛋白含量。...     

耐力训练对大鼠FTO基因表达影响及与摄食量关系研究

目的:研究耐力训练对大鼠FTO基因表达的影响以及与摄食量的关系。方法:以SD大鼠为研究对象,将大鼠分为对照组(C组)和运动训练组(E组),以12周无负重游泳为运动手段,测定肝脏、骨骼肌、脂肪组织和下丘脑组织中FTO基因mRNA表达、大鼠体重、肾周与附睾周围脂肪重量及脂肪重量与体重百分比、大鼠每天摄食量。结果:FTO基因mRAN在骨骼肌、脂肪组织和下丘脑中表达均显著高于肝脏组织,下丘脑显著高于骨骼肌和脂肪组织,脂肪组织与骨骼肌未见显著性差异,耐力训练对肝脏、骨骼肌和脂肪组织中FTO基因mRNA表达未见显著性影响,而脑组织表达显著升高;大鼠体重在不同的对应时间点,运动训练组与对照组未见显著性差异;大鼠摄食量在不同对应时间点,运动训练组显著高于对照组;肾周及附睾周围脂肪组织重量及脂肪重与体重百分比运动训练组显著低于对照组。结论:耐力训练可以提高下丘脑中FTO基因表达,从而刺激大鼠提高摄食量,而运动能量的消耗抵消了因摄食增加引起的体重增加。     

有氧运动对肥胖大鼠脂肪组织perilipin A基因表达的影响

目的:研究8周有氧运动对肥胖大鼠腹内脂肪组织perilipin A基因表达的影响。方法:健康雄性SD大鼠60只(60～95g),随机抽取10只作为普通膳食对照组(C),喂养标准普通饲料。其余50只喂养高脂膳食,7周后建立肥胖大鼠模型16只,再随机分为2组:肥胖非运动组(Ob,n=8)和肥胖运动组(Ob-E,n=8)。8周后测定大鼠体重、血脂、腹内脂肪组织perilipin A mRNA表达。结果:肥胖不运动组(Ob组)大鼠体重、腹内脂肪总量、脂体比、血清TG、腹内脂肪组织perilipin A mRNA表达显著高于对照C组;肥胖运动组(Ob-E组)大鼠腹内脂肪总量、脂体比、血清TG、腹内脂肪组织perilipin A mRNA表达相比Ob组显著降低。结论:8周有氧跑台运动明显降低了高脂饮食肥胖大鼠的腹部脂肪含量,改善了血脂水平及明显降低腹内脂肪组织perilipin A mRNA表达。     

身体成分及脂肪组织分布研究的方法学进展

在第８届国际肥胖大会的论文交流中,关于体成分、脂肪组织分布、能量摄取及消耗、局部脂肪的含量等测定的方法学讨论较为广泛。目前国际上关于肥胖研究,在方法及手段上丰富多彩,新方法新技术不断出现,为肥胖研究提供了多角度观察的可能性。本文对有关研究动向进行简述     

Estimation of thigh muscle and adipose tissue volume using magnetic resonance imaging and anthropometry

Thigh muscle volume is a useful determinant of functional fitness. However, anthropometric prediction of muscle content is influenced by the variability of adipose tissue accumulation. The aims of this study were to predict thigh muscle and adipose tissue volumes from anthropometry and to assess the validity of the method by examining the various components of the measurements and the assumptions involved. The 19 participants (9 men, 10 women; age 23-49 years) varied in adiposity. They all underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the upper leg and the eight men and two women with the lowest adiposity underwent detailed anthropometry involving girths and skinfolds. Using MRI as the reference method, muscle volume was predictedfrom anthropometry using a circular concentric model, and the assumptions inherent in the method were tested further using the MRI data alone. Muscle volume was best predicted by anthropometry in the 10 leanest participants using a five-slice truncated cone model that overestimated the mean MRI value by 30% (R2 = 0.95; standard error of estimate = 288 cm3; P < 0.001). A single skinfold plus girth measurement at the mid-thigh almost matched its predictive ability, but with an increased bias. Measurements of leg circumference by means of the two techniques agreed well. The assumption of a circular cross-section was valid. In contrast, the agreement between skinfold thickness measured by caliper and superficial adipose tissue thickness by MRI was poor, contributing to the scatter of fat and lean area comparisons. An anterior skinfold thickness measurement underestimated the area of superficial adipose tissue at that level, particularly at the most proximal and distal sites. Although these limitations increase the uncertainties of muscle volume determination by anthropometry, they do not prevent its valid prediction in leaner individuals. The prediction of superficial adipose tissue was poorer.     

游泳运动后2型糖尿病鼠脂肪RBP4mRNA表达与胰岛素敏感性的相关性研究

目的：探索游泳运动后2型糖尿病大鼠脂肪组织RBP4mRNA表达与胰岛素敏感性的相关性。通过高糖高脂肪食物喂养结合小剂量链脲佐菌素注射的方法建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,随机人为糖尿病对照组和糖尿病游泳运动组,给予8周游泳训练。健康雄性大鼠作为健康安静对照组。RT-PCR法、放射免疫法观察大鼠附睾脂肪组织RBP4mRNA表达、胰岛素敏感性的变化。结果：游泳运动组附睾脂肪组织RBP4mRNA表达显著下调,脂体比、空腹胰岛素明显降低,胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）增加;游泳运动组附睾脂肪组织RBP4mRNA表达与胰岛素敏感性呈负相关。结论：游泳运动能够通过下调2型糖尿病大鼠脂肪组织RBP4mRNA表达和减少脂体比,改善胰岛素敏感性。     

有氧运动对ApoE基因缺陷小鼠主动脉脂联素受体1蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究运动对ApoE-/-小鼠主动脉脂联素受体1蛋白表达的影响。方法:8周龄雄性ApoE-/-小鼠随机分为安静组(C)和运动组(E)。两组小鼠均饲以高脂饲料,C组不训练,E组进行14周跑台运动。14周末取材比较两组小鼠主动脉管壁的病理变化,检测比较其脂肪组织脂联素mRNA表达水平、血清脂联素水平及主动脉脂联素受体1蛋白表达水平。结果:与C组小鼠相比,E组小鼠主动脉管壁纤维弹力板和内膜较完好,脂肪组织脂联素mRNA表达、血清水平及主动脉脂联素受体1蛋白表达均显著增加。结论:14周有氧运动显著提高了小鼠脂肪组织脂联素mRNA表达、血清脂联素水平及主动脉脂联素受体1的蛋白表达,这可能是有氧运动防治动脉粥样硬化的重要机制之一。     

Book reviews

Thigh muscle volume is a useful determinant of functional fitness. However, anthropometric prediction of muscle content is influenced by the variability of adipose tissue accumulation. The aims of this study were to predict thigh muscle and adipose tissue volumes from anthropometry and to assess the validity of the method by examining the various components of the measurements and the assumptions involved. The 19 participants (9 men, 10 women; age 23-49 years) varied in adiposity. They all underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the upper leg and the eight men and two women with the lowest adiposity underwent detailed anthropometry involving girths and skinfolds. Using MRI as the reference method, muscle volume was predicted from anthropometry using a circular concentric model, and the assumptions inherent in the method were tested further using the MRI data alone. Muscle volume was best predicted by anthropometry in the 10 leanest participants using a five-slice truncated cone model that overestimated the mean MRI value by 30% ( R 2 = 0.95; standard error of estimate = 288 cm 3 ; P ? 0.001). A single skinfold plus girth measurement at the mid-thigh almost matched its predictive ability, but with an increased bias. Measurements of leg circumference by means of the two techniques agreed well. The assumption of a circular cross-section was valid. In contrast, the agreement between skinfold thickness measured by caliper and superficial adipose tissue thickness by MRI was poor, contributing to the scatter of fat and lean area comparisons. An anterior skinfold thickness measurement underestimated the area of superficial adipose tissue at that level, particularly at the most proximal and distal sites. Although these limitations increase the uncertainties of muscle volume determination by anthropometry, they do not prevent its valid prediction in leaner individuals. The prediction of superficial adipose tissue was poorer.     

The skinfold: myth and reality

The interest in skinfolds, given the easy accessibility of the subcutaneous layer and its non-invasive nature, has led to a proliferation of 'skinfold' applications and formulae. To obtain data to investigate body composition methods, particularly the use of skinfolds, two separate cadaver dissection studies were undertaken, allowing for the analysis of data from 32 cadavers with more than 2500 data per cadaver. In addition, 40 elderly 'living' subjects of the same age range were compared with the cadaver population and no significant macro-morphological differences were found. The available data have clearly demonstrated that skinfold compressibility is by no means constant. Adipose tissue patterning by assessment of skinfold thickness using calipers and incision confirms significant sex differences but emphasizes the neglected importance of skin thickness. It appears that the best adipose tissue predictors are different from those used in general. Also the problem of estimating body fat content by skinfold is compounded by the fact that two identical thicknesses of adipose tissue may contain significantly different concentrations of fat. Skinfolds are significantly related to external (subcutaneous) adipose tissue. However, the relation to internal tissue is less evident and the relation with intramuscular adiposity is unknown.     

抗阻训练对机体代谢的影响

通过运用抗阻训练的原理,阐述说明其对人体代谢过程的独立积极作用：能有效改善身体成分;能优先减少内脏和腹部皮下脂肪,减少机体的脂肪组织,有效降低血糖、血脂的水平;在有代谢性危险人群,减少脂肪组织和提高控制血糖能力,抗阻训练具有重要的意义。