Research on cognitive load theory: Application to e-learning

The purpose of this article is to review and critique each of the research studies published in this special issue. We will critique each article, derive one or more instructional design heuristics based on the findings for each study, and provide recommendations for extending particular lines of research. Three suggestions are provided concerning cognitive load theory and instructional design adaptations for e-learning.     

Some implications of cognitive theory for instructional design

This article examines some of the implications of recent developments in cognitive theory for instructional design. It is argued that behavioral theory is inadequate to prescribe instructional strategies that teach for understanding. Examples of how instructional designers have adopted relevant aspects of cognitive theory are described. However, it is argued that such adoption is only a first step. The growing body of evidence for the indeterminism of human cognition requires even further changes in how instructional designers think and act. A number of bodies of scholarly research and opinion are cited in support of this claim. Three implications of cognitive theory for design are offered: instructional strategies need to be developed to counter the reductionism implicit in task analysis; design needs to be integrated into the implementation of instruction; designers should work from a thorough knowledge of theory not just from design procedures.     

Cognitive load theory,the transient information effect and e-learning

When using modern educational technology, some forms of instruction are inherently transient in that previous information usually disappears to be replaced by current information. Instructional animations and spoken text provide examples. The effects of transience due to the use of animation-based instructions (Experiment 1) and spoken information under audio-visual conditions (Experiment 2) were explored in a cognitive load theory framework. It was hypothesized that for transient information presented in short sections, animations would be superior to static graphics, due to our innate ability to learn by observing. For transient information in long sections, animations should lose their superiority over static graphics, due to working memory overload associated with large amounts of transient information. Similarly, the modality effect under which audio-visual information is superior to visual only information should be obtainable using short segments but disappear or reverse using longer segments due to the working memory consequences of long, transient, auditory information. Results supported the hypotheses. The use of educational technology that results in the transformation of permanent into transitory information needs to be carefully assessed.     

A holistic empathic design through cognitive load theory: response to Tracey and Hutchinson

Educational technology research and development - This article reflects upon the work by Tracey and Hutchinson, Empathic design: Imagining the cognitive and emotional learner experience....     

A social theory perspective on e-learning

Current research on e-learning that focuses predominantly on instructional programming, and on various hardware and software, essentially neglects the more socio-cultural perspectives on e-learning. With this in mind, this article proceeds from a social theory perspective with a more socio-culturally engaged look at e-learning for workplace learning and pedagogy. In so doing, this article proposes a theoretical framework derived from the social theory of Jean Baudrillard (1929–2007), with a focus on his seminal, metaphorical notion of ‘simulation’. Finally, this metaphor is applied as a theoretical framework to discern the socio-cultural significance of the present trajectory of technological environments for workplace learning and their potential for conveying socially and (multi)culturally relevant workplace learning pedagogy.     

Pedagogical constraints of physical literacy based on cognitive load theory

PROSPECTS - While numerous studies have highlighted the benefits of physical activity on cognitive health, learning, and executive function, maintaining physical activity throughout one’s...     

成人的网络学习策略研究

目前成人的网络学习主要以解决问题为目标,以研究性学习为主。通过对网络学习者的深入访谈,我们将成人的网络学习策略划分为元认知策略、资源管理策略和认知策略,主要涉及网络学习的目标设定、行为监控、资源管理、人际交往以及信息加工等内容。加强对成人网络学习策略研究有助于提高网络教学质量,对现代远程教育的发展有积极的意义。     

Science teaching based on cognitive load theory: Engaged students,but cognitive deficiencies

To improve science learning under demanding conditions, we designed an out-of-school lesson in compliance with cognitive load theory (CLT). We extracted student clusters based on individual effectiveness, and compared instructional efficiency, mental effort, and persistence of learning. The present study analyses students’ engagement. 50.0% of our sample (n = 250, 5th–8th graders) showed satisfying results, 11.2% were not motivated; 38.8% had difficulties to cope with the learning situation. Presumably, most of them had problems in identifying relevant contents, some were precarious about their capabilities. We suppose that those students may have improved performance with extended active support. We may advance future research on guidance in CLT, and its integration in the field of science education.     

Implications of cognitive theory for instructional design: Revisited

The field of cognitive science is contributing significantly to the research and theory on learning, and to the development of intelligent tutoring systems. The instructional design literature indicates an interest in cognitive theory as well as attempts to integrate it into our theory and research base. However, cognitive psychologists do not necessarily find this synthesis satisfactory. The purpose of this article is to point out the conflicts, so that instructional designers can be aware of the nature of our coexistence. This paper was written while the author was with Human Resources Research Organization, Alexandria, VA.     

Metacognition research and theory: Analysis and implications for instructional design

Metacognition, a construct with strong empirical and theoretical foundations, is integral to successful learning. Research on metacognition has provided convincing evidence supporting its importance in the instruction and learning processes. In this article, research on several aspects of metacognition are briefly reviewed and analyzed, examples of metacognitive strategies are provided, and implications for instructional design are described.     

海德格尔诗意栖居理论对高等教育的启示

海德格尔"诗意地栖居"意味着:此在作为被创建的此在是一种捐赠。人诗意栖居意味着一个双重的要求,诗意栖居和现实生活紧密相连,既不完全抛弃现实,又不屈从于现实。诗意栖居理论启迪了追求真知的现代人,对高等教育有意义深远。     

Translating words into equations: a cognitive load theory approach

The conditions under which explicit instruction in checking, combined with worked examples, may be beneficial in learning how to translate sentences into algebraic equations was examined from the perspective of cognitive load theory. In two experiments it was shown that Grade 8 and 9 students were initially disadvantaged by the inclusion of a checking method. However, after a more substantial period of acquisition, students with a low level of mathematical knowledge performed significantly better after receiving checking instructions than those who did not receive checking instructions. In contrast, higher knowledge students were continually disadvantaged by the inclusion of a checking method. The positive effect of checking for lower knowledge students and the negative effect for higher knowledge students in this domain is a further example of the expertise reversal effect.     

乔姆斯基语言理论的演变及其认知科学背景

简要地回顾了生成语言学理论的演变,探讨了乔姆斯基语言哲学思想的得与失及其给认知科学带来的启示.     

多媒体辅助语言学习中的认知负荷阐释

多媒体辅助语言学习的多样性、交互性和集成性在呈现给学习者大量信息的同时,也造成了学习者的认知超负荷状态.言语信息加工中的认知负荷根据其认知需求可分为：内在认知负荷、外在认知负荷和相关认知负荷.多媒体外语教学软件制作应尽量减少学习者认知负荷,具体可采取卸载技术、分解技术、演练技术、清除技术、标记技术、调整技术、消除冗余技术、同步技术、个性化设计等.     

Managing cognitive load in educational multi-user virtual environments: reflection on design practice

In this paper, we explore how the application of multimedia design principles may inform the development of educational multi-user virtual environments (MUVEs). We look at design principles that have been shown to help learners manage cognitive load within multimedia environments and conduct a conjectural analysis of the extent to which such principles can help manage cognitive load in the highly immersive “beyond multimedia” environments that 3-D educational MUVEs represent. We frame our discussion as a design practice analysis of the River City MUVE, a science inquiry environment that has middle school students collaborating to develop and test hypotheses regarding illnesses sweeping a virtual town. We analyze the current River City interface design using a framework describing cognitive overload scenarios and associated approaches to manage cognitive load. We also discuss the potential difficulties that may be seen as multimedia principles are applied to 3-D MUVEs. Our discussion describes a blueprint for research implementations that we are undertaking to systematically investigate the effect of an educational MUVE interface design based on multimedia principles—implementations that we hope will provide an action framework for other MUVE researchers to use in their own studies.     

网络教育服务质量因子探析

以学生为主体的网络教育服务质量问卷的探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析表明,网络教育服务质量可以划分为四个维度,即网络技术、品牌、资源扣学习过程.这四个维度的网络教育学生感知服务质量评价模型具有较高的信度和效度,得出网络教育服务质量应该包含网络技术、品牌、资源和学习过程四个因子.     

多媒体学习中减少认知负荷的研究

多媒体教学能够促进有意义的学习,同时多媒体学习受认知负荷的影响又是十分明显的。在多媒体学习理论框架内研究了具体多媒体学习情境下的认知超负荷现象,提出了相应的减负方法。     

网络教育毕业设计质量评价的探索

对网络教育毕业设计质量进行评价,是网络教育管理者必须面对的问题.本文针对网络教育的特点,构建了网络教育毕业设计质量评价指标体系,旨在探索提高网络教育质量的途径和方法,为进一步提高网络教育管理水平和毕业设计质量提供决策依据.