THE RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION PROJECT OF BOROBUDUR TEMPLE,INDONESIA PLANNING - RESEARCH - DESIGN

Abstract

A survey is given of the environment of the monument, including its geographical and geological setting and meteorological data collected near the monument. The construction of Borobudur and the origin and consequences of damaging factors such as uneven settlements are discussed. Preliminary research required e.g. drilling programmes, soil mechanical studies, stone deterioration studies and investigations into the manufacture of concrete for foundations from local sources. The technical solutions proposed for the safeguarding programme are described in detail. Cost estimates, the organisation of the restoration project and landscaping and site development are mentioned. The duration of the project is estimated at six years. The complex and multi-disciplinary nature of the project requiring systematic planning both in the research and preparatory phases and in the implementation is stressed. Disciplines involved include amongst others: airphoto analysis, archaeology, architecture, chemistry, conservation techniques, geology, geophysics, hydrology, impermeabilization technology, landscape planning, microbiology, petrography, physics, soil mechanics, surveying and terrestrial photogrammetry.     

Microbial calcification of gypsum-rock and sulfated marble

Abstract

A broth containing the sulfate reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans was used to treat samples of reagent calcium sulfate, gypsum-rock specimens, fragments from a marble monument with a black weathering crust rich in gypsum, and a marble monument with similar crust. Calcite was found to have formed on all treated surfaces suggesting that this microbe has the potential to clean crusted marble monuments whilst also regenerating calcite, the parent mineral of the marble.     

THE CONSERVATION AND TECHNIQUE OF SILVER BANGLES DISCOVERED AT ROJDI,INDIA

Abstract

The treatment of two silver bangles found at Rojdi and dated c. 2000 b.c. is described. The bangles were separated by removing the hard incrustations with a 20% sodium hexametaphosphate solution and 15% acetic acid. Silver chloride was removed with a 25% solution of 0.88 ammonia and a 20% aqueous solution of ammonium thiosulphate.

Silver sulphide was removed in a 20% formic acid bath. Polyvinyl acetate was used for consolidation, and a coating of polymethyl methacrylate was applied. The silver was found to contain copper and lead. The causes of embrittlement and the manufacturing technique are discussed.     

The materials of J.M.W. Turner: pigments

Abstract

Analyses of pigments from palettes used by J.M.W. Turner (active c.1792–c.1850) by means of microscopy, microchemical analysis, thin-layer chromatography, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are given. The occurrence of pigments in Turner's dated oil paintings and watercolours is also given, arranged by five-year periods. These findings are discussed in the context of published analyses of pigments from the first half of the nineteenth century. Turner used cobalt blue, emerald green, viridian, orange vermilion, barium chromate, chrome yellow, chrome orange and chrome scarlet within a few years of their known dates of discovery. It has become clear that Turner was using, or at least experimenting with, practically all the pigments known to be available at that time. In a few cases, in the light of these results, ideas on the availability of pigments to English artists have been revised backwards to the first known date of manufacture. Turner also possessed and used a wide range of red and yellow organic pigments, but few organic greens. The dyestuff extracted from Rubia tinctorum L. madder on an aluminiumcontaining substrate can be distinguished from the same madder on different substrates by its strong pink fluorescence in both ultraviolet and green light. The other red organic pigments (a second madder, brasilwood and cochineal dyestuffs on a range of substrates containing aluminium, copper, iron, aluminium/copper and clays) show negligible fluorescence. The red organic pigments were used in oil medium as well as watercolour, the yellows only in watercolour medium.     

POLYCHROME SCULPTURE IN SWEDEN

Abstract

A survey is given of polychromed sculpture in Sweden. Historical aspects of the care of sculptures are discussed. Many retables have been imported from Lübeck and Antwerp. Polychromed sculptures are often well preserved because there was hardly any iconoclasm in Sweden. Many need treatment however due to various forms of neglect. A special case—the triptych of Kärrbo (c. 1500)—is described in detail from a technical point of view.     

Diagnosing Decay Mechanisms at the Porta Nocera Necropolis,Pompeii: The First Step Towards Effective Preventive Conservation

ABSTRACT

Aspects of preventive conservation are central to the long-term preservation of archaeological sites such as Pompeii. Mitigating moisture ingress and its manifold effects on decay mechanisms such as salt degradation are of critical importance when planning durable conservation strategies. A suite of non-destructive techniques was used to diagnose decay mechanisms at an ancient tomb monument at the Porta Nocera Necropolis. Rising damp and salt contamination are shown to be actively contributing to on-going deterioration of the plaster surfaces. An existing shelter is shown to be inadequate in its protection. These initial results are used to inform a more in-depth, long-term survey as well as the design of a holistic preventive strategy.     

The Analysis of Paint Media by Paper Chromatography

Abstract

A method for the detection of egg white in binding media by immunofluorescence was tested on laboratory samples. Although the fluorescence was weak, results were found to be reproducible. Tests were then carried out on a series of ancient paintings and polychromies dating from the twelfth century onwards. Some of these samples, including certain blues from Van Eyck's Mystic Lamb, gave a positive response for egg white.     

Trust v. Antitrust

SUMMARY

The legal publishing industry in the United States went through a period of rapid consolidation during the last decade of the 20th century. Almost all United States publishers are now owned by foreign conglomerates that have a vast presence in the information business. The consequences of this change and consolidation of ownership has had far-reaching effects; some are already known, but some are certainly unknown at this time. In looking at the phenomenon, this article tries to give some historical perspective on legal publishing, examines the conglomerates as businesses (a “top down” approach), considers important legislation concerning databases, and wonders at the effects all this concentrated change may have on law libraries and the patrons they serve.     

Finding the Missing Date: The Example of German Imprints Without Dates

ABSTRACT

Catalogers of monographs are accustomed to finding a publication, copyright or at least a printing date in an imprint on the title page or in a colophon. If no date is found in the “prescribed sources of information,” rule 1.4F7 of AACR2 instructs catalogers to “supply an approximate date of publication.” This article examines efficient ways of doing this, using examples from German publishing. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, German publishers often omitted the year of publication from their imprints. Also discussed are standard bibliographic sources where estimated publication dates can often be confirmed. The methods and examples presented are drawn from cataloging experience at Texas A&M University since 1992, when the library purchased several thousand German books of this period.     

The Rowing Collection in the Free Library of Philadelphia OPAC

Abstract

An evaluation of the Free Library of Philadelphia's (FLP) rowing collection by the checklist method is reported. A literature review demonstrates that the checklist method has been used for multiple purposes for over a century and a half, but no evaluations of library rowing collections by the checklist or any other method were identified. In this study, an ad hoc70-item list, compiled by a rowing expert, was checked against the FLP's OPAC from a remote location in Indiana. The FLP held 53% of the listed items and no fewer than 40% in any of six topical categories. A keyword search found that the FLP holds over 100 fiction and nonfiction rowing books. An analysis of those titles by publication date shows considerable depth in the FLP collection and a correspondence between its collecting patterns and broader trends in publishing and rowing. It is concluded that the FLP has an in-depth, high quality rowing collection. A number of problems encountered while searching the OPAC are discussed and questions for further research are proposed.     

John Wesley on rhetoric and belles lettres

Students of public address have long admired the rhetorical works of two of the leading ministers of the eighteenth century—Hugh Blair and George Campbell. Little has been said, however, about the rhetorical theory of another eighteenth‐century preacher, John Wesley. The purpose of this paper is to analyze Wesley's views on rhetoric and belles lettres. Since most of the subjects covered by Blair in his Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres were also discussed by Wesley in his Journal, Letters, and essays, Blair's pattern of organization is followed here. Hence the study considers Wesley's precepts on taste, genius, style, the speaker's content and organization, delivery, poetry, and historical and philosophical writing.     

Film—General

INTRODUCTION TO FILM by Robert S. Withers (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1983---$6.95, paper)

OPPORTUNITIES IN FILM by Jan Bone (Available from VGM. Career Horizons, 4255 West Touhy Avenue, Lincolnwood, Illinois 60646-1975 for $5.95 paper or $7.95 hardcover)

CHARLIE CHAPLIN: A BIO-BIBLIOGRAPHY (227 pages, $35.00)

Karen M. Stoddard, SAINTS AND SHREWS: WOMEN AND AGING IN AMERICAN POPULAR FILM (174 pages, $27.95)

THE NEW LATIN AMERICAN CINEMA: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY (1983---$4.00, paper)

100th number of CINE CUBANO ($7.00)

The American Film Institute has begun (and ended) its Monograph series with four volumes. All are available from University Publications of America (44 North Market Street, Frederick, MD 21701; each is $25.00 in hardcover and $10.00 in paperback)

WOMEN AND FILM: BOTH SIDES OF THE CAMERA by E. Ann Kaplan (New York: Methuen, 1983---$10.95, paper)

ROLLING BREAKS AND OTHER MOVIE BUSINESS by Aljean Harmetz (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983---$14.95)     

Sampling Instruments

Abstract

systematic study of the whole thickness of the ground was carried out on about 50 paintings. The originality of the work consisted in first revealing by back -scattered scanning electron microscopy where two types of coating had been used. The components of each layer were then analyzed by X-ray diffraction and found to be principally anhydrite for the gesso grosso and gypsum for the gesso sottile. According to these results, Tuscan painters used a double white ground until the end of the fifteenth century. The use of a single layer of gypsum was widespread in other Italian schools in the fifteenth century.     

Doctoral dissertations in radio and television

The perceived social realism of television series featuring families with children and adolescents was studied. For the two family series they watched the most, 460 2nd, 6th, and 10th graders indicated the percentage of real‐life American families they believed were like the television family on 13 different characteristics. Findings suggest that perceived social realism judgments are sensitive to content, as are developmental patterns in judgment. They further suggest that disparate findings among previous studies of age changes in perceived social realism may be explained by age, the content judged, the realism criterion used for judgment, and familiarity with both the content and its real‐life referents.     

In the Eye of the Beholder

Summary

As with beauty and other concepts, librarians have been viewed in many subjective ways. On the other hand, some attempts have also been made to obtain more objective views of librarians. This paper provides a summary of these views, or images, that extend back to the early 18th century. It presents the many traits that comprise these images, the sources or origins of the images, the various groups that hold the images, and ends with a reason why current images are indefinite and “blurry.”     

Wall Coating Using the Escariola Technique

Abstract

This paper is concerned with the rediscovery of a technique of interior wall decoration known as Escariola which was introduced by Austrian and Italian immigrants to the mid-west region of the state of Santa Catarina (southern Brazil) at beginning of the twentieth century. This coating provides a refined, attractive and durable finishing. Historical investigation combined with sample characterization using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and differential thermal and thermogravimetric analyses (DTA/TGA) revealed that this technique consists of the application on a rendered masonry wall of a 2–3 mm thick layer of slaked lime/white cement paste which is subsequently polished with talcum powder. Samples of Escariola paste were empirically reformulated and tested on a rendered masonry wall. Guidelines for producing Escariola are proposed here.     

A sack gown from the Haddington Collection at the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland,Edinburgh

Abstract

A sack gown of c. 1740–50, remodelled from a brocaded silk gown of c. 1726–28, had the back pleats altered again in the present century, probably for fancy dress. A close study of the gown enabled the pleats to be replaced as they had been arranged in c. 1740–50, so that conservation work could be carried out prior to mounting the gown for display.