A note on the analysis of metal threads

Abstract

The present work demonstrates by means of two practical examples the extreme importance of examination of cross sections of metal threads to obtain an overview of their structure and of the different materials employed in their manufacture. Problems that might be caused by disturbance of surface features during polishing were prevented by covering the sample before embedding with a layer of nickel, using electroless deposition. Results from scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) showed that, although the mean chemical composition of both metal wires is the same, their metallurgical structure is completely different: one consisting of pure silver with inclusions of copper particles and the other a silver–copper alloy.     

科技期刊主编把好编校质量关的2个重要环节

结合《武警医学》的办刊实践,介绍科技期刊主编把好编校质量关的2个重要环节:1)发稿前的编辑加工,2)付印后的第一校次。这是2个目标一致、侧重点有所不同的环节。     

A note on the metallographic preparation of ancient lead

Abstract

Reliable and reproducible polishing of lead samples for metallographic study is difficult to achieve, since smearing and distortion of the polished surface can easily mask the microstructure of the lead. A practical method is presented employing etch/polish reagents combined with colloidal silica. Final etching can be achieved using either etch/polish methods or by immersion in acidified glycerol etchant. An example of the use of this method in the examination of the microstructure of a lead sheet from the Roman period is discussed.     

A note on the Philadelphia Regional Medical Library Committee

No rigid library plan can fullfil the needs of every region. The Philadelphia Regional Medical Library Committee, composed of representatives of the five medical schools, the College of Physicians, and other medical organizations, was formed to determine cooperative activities that best suit its own needs. The committee has reviewed plans for new libraries at several medical schools to avoid duplication of library resources. It envisions, also, cooperative storage of little-used materials, messenger service, an acquisition program to expand regional resources, improved communication by means of mechanical devices, and the establishment of a regional center and distribution of bibliographies from regionally located MEDLARS tapes.     

A note on Prussian blue in nineteenth-century Canton

Abstract

The use of Prussian blue in nineteenth-century Japan has been extensively researched, particularly in relation to the ‘blue revolution’ in ukiyo-e prints but its use by Chinese artists has not received the same degree of attention. A commodity traded by the East India Company, this pigment was used to ‘improve’ the colour of tea, but in or about 1825 the trade abruptly ceased. It now seems fairly clear that the cessation of the Prussian blue trade coincided with the setting up of a Prussian blue factory at the northern gate of Canton, and that knowledge of the industrial process was possibly acquired covertly from a London manufacturer. The pigment has been identified chemically among paint fragments collected during the dis-binding of an album of Chinese botanical watercolours sent from Canton to the Horticultural Society of London by tea inspector John Reeves between 1817 and 1830. This finding suggests that conservators should not exclude the possibility of finding Prussian blue on Chinese work dating from at least the early part of the nineteenth century.     

A note on the construction of test panels for the spectral imaging of paintings

The construction and examination of test panels is an ad hoc procedure, necessary for every spectral imaging study of paintings. Despite the common features, almost every scientific team follows a different way of construction. Furthermore, many of these approaches are not adequately documented in the relevant papers. Failure to use common language and practice leads to confusion about properties of materials and paint layers that have been overall examined by the scientists, as well as the validity of the results and their exploitation in several conservation applications. The present theoretical approach points out the need for common protocols for the construction of test panels and draws general principles as a flow chart on which they should be based.     

A note on the use of blue and green copper compounds in paintings

Abstract

Various copper compounds which were used as pigments have been identified in a study of the layer structure of paintings. These pigments were either obtained from natural minerals or were synthesized. The results of attempts to synthesize copper-based pigments by following old recipes are also presented; the man-made pigments are compared with those found in paintings and with natural copper minerals of identical composition. The historical use of synthetic copper-based pigments is discussed.     

A note on the use of alkaline dithionite for treating ancient bronze artifacts

Abstract

Alkaline dithionite treatment has been recommended for use on copper and its alloys. The efficacy of this procedure is confirmed through the conservation of several small bronze artifacts from Tel Nami, Israel. Because Tel Nami is located near the Mediterranean Sea, the bronze artifacts suffer from cuprous chloride contamination. Alkaline dithionite is the preferred treatment because of its ability to remove chlorides while consolidating corroded artifacts. The conservation of the Tel Nami artifacts indicates that treatment time for small objects ranges from two to five days. An experiment with bronze Chinese coins confirms that some metal is lost to solution when using alkaline dithionite; however, the loss is minimal in comparison to the overall success rate for treating ancient bronze artifacts.     

A note on some alternatives to ethylene glycol ethers

Abstract

The safety and physical properties of commercially available glycol ethers are discussed. While propylene and ethylene glycol ethers have approximately the same physical properties, the former have safer metabolic activities. A table is included to illustrate the range of glycol ethers available.     

Z39．50客户系统的实现技术探讨

文章介绍近几年来国内外在Z39．50方面的研究与应用,分析了当前Z39．50客户端在设计模式上存在的问题。通过比较了解C／S模式和B／S模式各自的优缺点之后,提出了一种基于半B／S模式的Z39．50客户端的设计方案,并对具体的采用技术进行了初步的探讨。     

A note on spionkopite as a corrosion product on a marine copper find

Abstract

Corrosion products on a copper alloy object from SS Kronan, wrecked in the Baltic Sea in 1676, have been analyzed. The main constituent is the rare copper sulphide spionkopite, CU₃₉S₂₈. X-ray diffraction data are given.     

论专业技术职务评定对图书馆学研究的影响

针对图书馆学近年来的研究现状，结合大量的统计数据，分析了专业技术职称评定对图书馆学研究的影响。要改变这种现象，就要调整图书馆专业技术的评价方式。     

图书馆技术职称评聘工作得失谈

分析了我国图书馆职称评聘工作的一些不足，并针对这些问题提出了几点改革建议。     

科技术语的规范和统一刍议

根据国家有关科技术语的文件要求，通过对全国名词委公布的科技术语等有关资料的学习、调研，结合科技编辑的实践，阐述了规范和统一科技术语的意义，并从编辑角度对科技术语的命名原则进行了介绍，特别是对科技术语的适用范围（包括工具书、教材、科普图书、科技期刊等）和使用注意作了阐述。     

Green-copper containing waxy paint on two Egyptian polychrome artifacts: A technical study

A green waxy paint was found on some fragments of jars at the Metropolitan Museum of Art made of Egyptian alabaster and dated to the Nineteenth Dynasty (1292–1182 BC). Four different types of particles were seen in these paints: green, blue, red-brown, and semi-transparent. The blue particles were identified as Egyptian blue. The green particles present problems as it is still not certain whether they are an original green or an altered blue particle. X-ray fluorescence revealed that copper is the main element in the green waxy paint. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) found that an extra peak formed at 1588 cm^?1 which correlates to organo-copper salts. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that the binding medium of the waxy paint is aged beeswax. Laboratory experiments showed that heating beeswax with malachite, chrysocolla, verdigris, and copper acetate, as well as heating beeswax in a copper crucible, generate the diagnostic 1587–1588 cm^?1 peak in the FTIR spectrum, which is also found in ancient samples. Chrysocolla, malachite, and altered Egyptian blue/green are the possible candidates for the green particle.     

延长照片档案寿命的几种技术保护措施

照片档案的技术护理,就是指我们对实际保管的档案中所出现的问题的纠正与处理,采用物理或化学方法,消除照片档案上存留的一切疵点,使照片档案达到入库保管标准的要求,延长使用保存寿命,使它们发挥更大的作用.