专项运动员半月板损伤的生理学及生物力学分析与预防对策

方法：采用问卷调查法、数理统计法和文献资料法,对陕西省优秀男子运动员膝关节半月板运动损伤情况进行研究。结果：在接触性运动项目中,关月板损伤率较大,且与训练年限有正相关。其损伤的原因主要是准备活动不充分、膝关节力量不足、训练方法不当、身体疲劳及长期局部劳损等。结论：根据半月板损伤的机制与病因,结合生物力和运动解剖学知识,提出科学的预防措施,为康复治疗和运动训练提供理论参考。     

我国高山滑雪运动员膝关节运动损伤的调查分析

文章对我国高山滑雪运动员膝关节运动损伤情况进行调查分析,结果表明：在高山滑雪运动中,膝关节损伤是最常见的损伤,其损伤部位主要是前交叉韧带、滑囊炎、髌骨劳损、半月板损伤和侧副韧带损伤。旨在引起在高山滑雪教学、训练、比赛时减少膝关节损伤及其预防的重视,使运动员尽量减少和避免膝关节运动损伤的发生,进而延长运动寿命,提高训练效果,维护及稳定运动成绩。     

前交叉韧带重建术后的康复训练

对前交叉韧带重建术后康复训练的文献进行分析研究,了解该领域的发展趋势。应用计算机检索Medline和Cnki1989—2006年间关于前交叉韧带相关文献。研究表明：股四头肌和胭绳肌肌力训练对膝关节功能恢复具有重要的作用,闭合运动链训练适合于康复训练早期,开放运动链训练适合于康复训练晚期;前交叉韧带损伤后,其本体感觉也受到破坏,而术后本体感觉促进训练对膝关节功能的完善至关重要;康复训练方案变得越来越激进,但激进的康复训练也有不利的一面,采用胭绳肌腱和异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带的术后康复训练应更趋于保守。     

网球运动中膝关节损伤的预防与治疗

在网球运动损伤中,膝关节损伤是较为常见的运动损伤。各种体育运动均有不同程度的膝关节运动损伤现象。运动损伤给群众的健身运动、竞技运动员的运动训练、及体育院校学生的训练均带来了不利的影响,因此,有必要对网球运动有关膝关节运动损伤的预防与治疗的方面进行研究,以避免在网球运动中各类膝关节损伤的发生。     

武术套路训练中膝关节损伤的原因与预防

武术套路训练比赛中都可能导致受伤,并且受伤部位的分布也较广泛,在诸多部位中膝关节是受伤机率最大的一个部位。膝关节损伤后,往往影响运动员的运动能力及运动成绩,甚至危害身体健康,缩短运动寿命。为此,文章查阅了大量有关武术损伤的论文,运用运动解剖学、运动生物力学的原理进行分析与研究,探讨武术套路运动员膝关节损伤的原因、机理及其特征,为教练员和运动员训练提供理论依据。     

平衡性训练对女足运动员膝关节内侧副韧带损伤干预的效果观察

目的：本研究运用平衡板和动静态平衡仪在正常的康复治疗过程中进行平衡性训练,通过观察时膝关节内侧副韧带损伤后平衡能力恢复的效果差异,旨在寻找一种在运动训练或教学中适当、可行的膝关节康复训练方法,亦可为普通人群膝关节康复提供一种新的无器械训练方法的参考。方法：本文运用实验研究的方法,以陕西省女足运动员单倜膝关节内饲剐韧带损伤患者18人为研究对象,将她们随机分为A,B,C三担,每组6人。实验前用膝关节站立稳定性测试对三组受试者进行膝关节平衡能力评定,然后进行为期4周的康复治疗。康复治疗期间,A组除进行正常的康复治疗外,在实验者的监督下利用平衡板进行平衡性训练;B组除进行正常的康复治疗外,在实验者的监督下利用动静态平衡仪进行平衡性训练,C组进行正常的康复治疗。实验结束后再次测试所有受试者的膝关节站立稳定性,对膝关节平衡能力进行评定。用SPSSforWindows17．0统计软件对所测得数据进行统计分析。结果：组内比较：康复治疗前各姐伤佣膝关节平衡能力均此健佣差,有非常显著性差异（P〈0．01）;经过4周的康复治疗后A组和B组伤佣膝关节平衡能力均有非常显著提高,C组伤佣膝关节平衡能力虽有提高,但无显著性变化,伤倜与健佣相比,膝关节平衡能力仍有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。蛆间比较：A组和B组与C组相比,均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论：（1）膝关节内佣副韧带损伤后,膝关节平衡能力明显下降。（2）膝关节平衡板训练和膝关节动静态平衡仪训练均能提高伤佣膝关节的平衡能力,它们之间无显著性差异。（3）不做任何针对性训练,膝关节平衡能力也有所提高,但在相同的时间内,其提高效果远不如膝关节平衡板训练和膝关节动静态平衡仪训练明显。（4）无器械的膝关节平衡板训练更具方便实用,易于推广。     

提高羽毛球运动员膝关节力量的功能性训练

功能性训练是在提高动作表现的任务驱动下,通过训练动作来使运动员的生成特定力量以及神经肌肉协调性的体能训练方法。本文通过对羽毛球运动中膝关节的专项力量要求进行了分析。然后结合实际需求制定出提高膝关节力量的功能性训练动作,以期提高羽毛球运动员膝关节的力量并将动作转化在羽毛球运动实践中。     

短道速滑运动员膝关节损伤机理及预防

保护好短道速滑运动员膝关节,预防短道速滑运动员膝关节运动损伤的发生是提高短道速滑运动成绩的有效手段之一。通过对短道速滑运动项目特点进行分析,认为膝关节结构、训练量与训练强度过大、技术不正确、心理因素等是诱发膝关节运动性损伤的主要原因;提出避免过多屈伸跳跃练习、保持训练和比赛的平衡、坚持正确技术动作、加强对运动员心理因素的培养、加强对膝关节的保护和具备较强的安全意识等预防措施,为短道速滑运动训练提供理论参考。     

散打运动员膝关节损伤研究

文章采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、专家访谈法等方法,以广州体育学院散打队队员为研究对象,对武术散打运动中膝关节损伤及其防治的情况进行了研究,发现了导致膝关节损伤产生的原因、损伤的性质、训练年限与损伤的关系和诊断治疗以及预防措施等,并在此基础上提出合理、科学的防治膝关节损伤的方法和建议。以引起教练员和运动员对膝关节损伤及其防治情况的重视,从而减少其发病率,保证我国散打运动健康稳步发展。     

羽毛球运动疲劳对膝关节屈伸肌肌力的影响

目的：通过测试羽毛球运动疲劳后膝关节屈伸肌肌力的变化,探讨其疲劳对膝关节屈伸肌的影响,为提高羽毛球运动表现和预防运动损伤提供科学依据。方法：10名男性羽毛球专选学生进行羽毛球专项步法诱导其疲劳,收集疲劳前后膝关节屈伸肌的峰值力矩、屈伸肌比值、异侧同名肌比值(非优势侧/优势侧)进行统计分析。结果：疲劳前后60°/S时优势侧伸肌PT下降(P<0.01);240°/S时优势侧伸肌PT下降(P<0.05);疲劳前后的H/Q都高于正常范围。结论：羽毛球运动疲劳后膝关节优势侧伸肌肌力大幅下降,屈伸肌比值超出安全范围,这可能增加膝关节及相关肌群的受伤风险。建议：在训练中应当提高优势侧膝关节伸肌的耐力,减缓膝关节伸肌力量的下降速度,同时还要提高屈肌的最大力量,以防开始运动时因优势侧膝关节伸肌力量过大导致的屈肌损伤。     

Effects of antagonist pre-load on knee extensor isokinetic muscle performance

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare acute effects of a reciprocal action protocol and a super-set protocol on knee extensor performance during concentric isokinetic exercise. Fourteen men aged 29.4 ± 6.1 years were tested on three different protocols, with 1 min of rest between sets: control (3 sets of 10 isokinetic knee extension repetitions), reciprocal action protocol (3 sets of 10 repetitions of reciprocal isokinetic concentric knee flexion and knee extension repetitions), and super-set protocol (3 sets of a combination of 10 repetitions of knee flexion immediately followed by 10 repetitions of knee extension repetitions). Tests were performed at 60° · s(-1) and 180° · s(-1), randomized across 3 days and separated by at least 72 h. There were no significant differences between protocols for peak torque at 60° · s(-1) or 180° · s(-1). Total work was significantly higher during the reciprocal action protocol compared with the super-set protocol at 60° · s(-1). There was a significant decline in peak torque (from 240.6 to 212.9 N · m) and total work (from 2294 to 1899 J) for the control condition at 60° · s(-1). Also, total work declined significantly across sets for the super-set protocol at 60° · s(-1) (from 2157 to 1707 J). Results indicate that a reciprocal action protocol provides torque maintenance during multiple sets of isokinetic training, both at slow and high velocities.     

超重肥胖老年女性下肢肌力及平衡能力的运动干预实验研究

目的：针对超重肥胖老年人进行循环训练运动干预设计,探讨循环训练对超重肥胖老年人下肢肌力及平衡能力的影响。方法：以34名老年女性为受试者,分为超重组和对照组,均坚持12周循环训练干预,比较干预前后两组受试者双侧下肢膝踝屈伸等速肌力、静动态平衡能力、计时"起立-行走"时间和Berg平衡量表得分情况。结果：运动干预12周后,两组下肢膝踝屈伸肌标准化峰值力矩、屈伸肌肌力比值和双侧肌力比值、静态与动态平衡能力、Berg平衡量表得分及计时"起立-行走"时间均有显著提高;且超重组的右膝伸肌标准化峰值力矩的提高程度明显高于对照组。结论：循环训练可以显著提高老年人的下肢肌力和平衡能力,且对提高超重肥胖老年人下肢伸肌肌力有更明显的改善效果,是预防老年人跌倒的有效运动方法。     

Differential effects of attentional focus strategies during long-term resistance training

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using an internal versus external focus of attention during resistance training on muscular adaptations. Thirty untrained college-aged men were randomly assigned to an internal focus group (INTERNAL) that focused on contracting the target muscle during training (n?=?15) or an external focus group (EXTERNAL) that focused on the outcome of the lift (n?=?15). Training for both routines consisted of 3 weekly sessions performed on non-consecutive days for 8 weeks. Subjects performed 4 sets of 8–12 repetitions per exercise. Changes in strength were assessed by six repetition maximum in the biceps curl and isometric maximal voluntary contraction in knee extension and elbow flexion. Changes in muscle thickness for the elbow flexors and quadriceps were assessed by ultrasound. Results show significantly greater increases in elbow flexor thickness in INTERNAL versus EXTERNAL (12.4% vs. 6.9%, respectively); similar changes were noted in quadriceps thickness. Isometric elbow flexion strength was greater for INTERNAL while isometric knee extension strength was greater for EXTERNAL, although neither reached statistical significance. The findings lend support to the use of a mind–muscle connection to enhance muscle hypertrophy.     

不同等级跳高运动员膝关节肌群离心收缩时肌力特征研究

分析比较不同级别男子跳高运动员膝关节屈伸肌群离心收缩时峰力矩特点及差异。在首都体育学院生物力学实验室,采用德国ISOMED2000等速测试仪,对8名一级男子跳高运动员和8名二级男子跳高运动员膝关节肌群进行等速离心收缩测试,测试角速度60°/s、120°/s、240°/s,指标包括峰值力矩、相对峰力矩(峰值力矩/体重)、峰值力矩屈伸比。研究结果:(1)一级跳高运动员起跳腿膝关节屈、伸肌峰力矩较二级跳高运动员有显著性差异(P<0.05);(2)平均功率随给定运动角速度的增大而增大(P<0.01);(3)离心收缩峰力矩随给定运动速度的增加无显著变化;(4)离心收缩膝关节屈伸肌群峰力矩比值为0.60～0.63之间。结论:跳高运动员膝关节肌群等速测试结果的差异是造成一、二级跳高运动员成绩差异的原因之一。     

The effects of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage on running kinematics at different speeds

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of knee localised muscle damage on running kinematics at varying speeds. Nineteen young women (23.2 ± 2.8 years; 164 ± 8 cm; 53.6 ± 5.4 kg), performed a maximal eccentric muscle damage protocol (5 × 15) of the knee extensors and flexors of both legs at 60 rad · s^-1. Lower body kinematics was assessed during level running on a treadmill at three speeds pre- and 48 h after. Evaluated muscle damage indices included isometric torque, muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase activity. The results revealed that all indices changed significantly after exercise, indicating muscle injury. Step length decreased and stride frequency significantly increased 48 h post-exercise only at the fastest running speed (3 m · s^-1). Support time and knee flexion at toe-off increased only at the preferred transition speed and 2.5 m · s^-1. Knee flexion at foot contact, pelvic tilt and obliquity significantly increased, whereas hip extension during stance-phase, knee flexion during swing-phase, as well as knee and ankle joints range of motion significantly decreased 48 h post-exercise at all speeds. In conclusion, the effects of eccentric exercise of both knee extensors and flexors on particular tempo-spatial parameters and knee kinematics of running are speed-dependent. However, several pelvic and lower joint kinematics present similar behaviour at the three running speeds examined. These findings provide new insights into how running kinematics at different speeds are adapted to compensate for the impaired function of the knee musculature following muscle damage.     

等速力量测试在监控我国优秀女足运动员力量训练中的应用

利用CYBEX-NormT等速测试系统对我国46名优秀女子足球运动员膝关节屈伸肌群进行等速向心收缩测试与分析,结果提示:(1)提高我国女子足球运动员伸肌的最大力量和快速力量是提高运动能力的关键;(2)为防止腘绳肌的拉伤,应适当提高女足队员的膝关节屈肌的力量;(3)我国女子足球运动员膝关节屈伸肌比率不均衡是导致膝关节损伤的主要原因,力量训练中应加强屈、伸肌力量,尤其是伸肌的力量,以改善屈伸比率的不平衡,防止损伤的发生;(4)我国女子足球运动员存在两腿屈、伸肌力量不平衡现象,在力量训练中,应加强对弱势腿的力量训练,以保证两腿的肌力平衡,防止损伤的发生。     

Isometric Knee Extension and Plantar Flexion Muscle Fatigue and Fiber Type Composition in Female Distance Runners

Abstract

Plantar flexion and knee extension fatigue patterns elicited by 25 serial isometric contractions were assessed on eight female distance runners. Fiber type composition of the vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius muscles was examined by a needle biopsy technique. Two different isometric exercise regimens were administered: 10-sec contractions separated by 5-sec intertrial rest (10:5) designed to elicit a rapid rate of fatigue, and 10-sec contractions separated by 20-sec intertrial rest (10:20) designed to induce less fatigue. No fatigue pattern was found for the 10:20 regimen which was consistent with previous data on male distance runners but unlike male power athletes who did exhibit significant fatigue. Significant fatigue decrements were found for the 10:5 knee extension (55.7%) and plantar flexion (75.8%) conditions. Fiber type composition and fatigue decrements did not correlate. Knee extension and plantar flexion maximum strength correlated significantly with the amount of fatigue induced with r's of .82 and .83, respectively. For each separate muscle group, maximum isometric strength was a better predictor of fatigability than fiber type composition. Even though differences in maximal strength and muscle mass existed between knee extension and plantar flexion muscle groups, elicited fatigue curves were similar in pattern differing only in absolute level. High versus low strength classification analysis showed similar knee extension but dissimilar plantar flexion fatigue patterns. Results suggest that the role of fiber type composition, muscle mass, and maximum strength level as they influence local muscular fatigue patterns must be elucidated for each muscle group separately.     

膝关节损伤对排球运动员急停纵跳的影响

目的:对辽宁省排球队女运动员下肢急停纵跳落地时的力矩和最大关节角度进行研究,以期对有膝关节损伤的排球运动员进行科学训练提供参考。方法:以14名辽宁省排球队女运动员为研究对象,将运动员分为两组,其中无伤组8人,损伤组6人,采用三维测力平台和红外光电运动捕捉系统,记录受试者在完成急停纵跳动作落地时的髋关节、膝关节、踝关节的力矩以及最大关节角度数据。结果:在急停纵跳落地时,损伤膝关节的旋转、收展力矩大于无伤组,屈伸力矩小于无伤组,损伤组的髋关节的屈伸、收展、旋转力矩均大于无伤组;损伤组的踝关节旋转力矩小于无伤组,收展力矩和屈伸力矩大于无伤组。损伤组的踝关节在屈伸、收展和旋转时的最大关节角度大于无伤组;损伤组的膝关节在屈伸和收展时的最大关节角度大于无伤组,旋转时小于无伤组;损伤的髋关节屈伸和收展时的最大关节角度大于无伤组,髋关节旋转时的最大关节角度左侧小于无伤组,右侧大于无伤组。结论:膝关节损伤的运动员完成急停纵跳动作落地时,通过代偿性改变增大髋关节力矩、增加膝关节旋转和收展力矩,增大踝关节收展和屈伸力矩,增加膝关节和髋关节在屈伸和收展时活动角度,增加膝关节屈伸和收展时活动角度来完成动作。     

不同等级散打运动员肘、膝关节肌群等速测试肌力特征研究

结合训练实践,运用ISOMED2000等速测试仪对我国男子散打主力队员膝、肘关节屈伸肌群肌力特征进行测试与分析。结论:不同等级散打运动员肘关节屈伸肌群等速向心、离心收缩、膝关节伸肌群等速离心收缩相对峰力矩值在60°/s、180°/s时具有显著性差异(P<0.05);膝关节屈伸肌群等速向心收缩、屈肌群离心收缩相对峰力矩值在各角速度下具有显著性差异(P<0.05);不同等级散打运动员肘、膝关节屈伸肌群等速向心收缩在300°/s、离心收缩在240°/s时达到力矩梯度最大值,且差异显著。说明基础力量、中快速力量及快速动作爆发力能较好地反映专项运动水平,相对峰力矩、力矩梯度数值越大,专项水平越高。     

跳远运动员髋关节振动力量训练效果的研究

对10 名跳远专项二级运动员进行振动力量训练。研究表明：在刺激频率为30~35Hz,加速度25~30 m/s2 条件下,经过8 周系统的振动力量 训练,试验组髋关节的屈伸肌群与对照组屈肌肌群最大功增长都非常明显,表现出髋关节屈肌最大功比试验前有显著性地提高,试验组髋关节 屈伸肌最大功增长幅度比对照组屈伸肌最大功幅度大。试验组髋关节伸肌对照组屈伸肌峰力矩前4 周比后4 周增长幅度大,后4 周增长幅度有 所减缓,试验组后4 周髋关节屈伸肌峰力矩增长幅度比对照组高。髋关节伸肌相对峰力矩力量增长幅度比屈肌要大。