男子职业足球运动员踝关节损伤原因及对策

踝关节的损伤是足球运动员的职业病。笔者对陕西国力、山东鲁能、北京现代、深圳健力宝、青岛澳柯玛等8支中国甲A男子职业足球队134名运动员踝关节损伤进行了调查,分析我国男子职业足球运动员踝关节损伤的原因及损伤程度。     

试论雪地足球技战术特点与训练指导

本文针对雪地足球比赛的技战术特点进行了理论性的分析与研究 ,并对指导训练方面提出了自己的建议。其目的是使广大足球爱好者和教练员 ,认识雪地足球运动的基本规律 ,尽快掌握雪地足球比赛技巧和科学指导训练。仅供大家参考。     

优秀男子青少年足球运动员运动损伤现状及对策研究

运用问卷调查、文献资料等方法对70名我国优秀青少年男子足球运动员运动损伤情况进行调查与分析,探讨其发生损伤的原因及特点,提出对策和建议。调查结果表明：优秀男子青少年足球运动员运动损伤发生率高,损伤程度也较为严重;发生损伤较多的部位分别为踝关节、膝关节、大腿和足部;几种主要的损伤类型分别为扭伤、拉伤和挫伤;导致运动损伤的几种主要原因依次是直接激烈对抗、运动负荷过大和场地等环境因素,准备活动不足和自我保护缺乏也引起了较多的运动损伤;运动损伤后未治愈的比例较高,有少数运动员没有经过损伤后的正规治疗。最后依据调查结果对防治运动损伤提出对策建议。     

足球运动中9项指标与比赛成绩的相关性分析

根据文献资料,对足球赛场中出现的9项指标进行评价,确定参赛队的综合实力。同时对参赛球队的综合实力与运动成绩进行了相关分析。目的是想通过测评研究为我国足球训练提供一定的理论参考。结论：17届世界杯足球赛决赛球队的综合实力与运动成绩之间密切相关,相关系数高达0．0988,但综合实力的高低不完全决定运动成绩的高低;失球、犯规、越位和被抢断在32支球队中无显著差异。     

我国青年女足运动员在比赛与训练中活动距离的比较分析

通过对我国青年女足运动员在训练中的活动距离进行测试,将训练课的活动距离与比赛的活动距离加以对照和比较,结果表明,训练课的活动距离明显低于比赛的活动距离,说明训练课的活动距离不能满足比赛的需求,有待于改进和提高。     

日本校园足球经典赛事的启示——以日本高中生足球锦标赛为例

采用文献资料法对日本高中生足球锦标赛进行分析,其成功经验是:赛事包装宣传出色,重视与电视媒体的合作;赛事品牌效应显著,商务运营成熟;赛制残酷、赛程紧密、赛事质量高;“应援”文化极具特色;赛事的竞技性与教育并重。对我国打造代表性校园赛事的启示:加强与主流媒体合作,扩大赛事影响力;打造赛事品牌,完善自身造血功能;培育特色赛事文化;赛事开展要与校园体育文化建设相关联,要具有教育意义。     

Accuracy and Prediction in Throwing: A Taxonomic Analysis of Children's Performance

Abstract

The throwing and prediction performances of first, third and fifth grade boys and girls were analyzed within the framework of a four-part taxonomy originally conceived by Fitts (1965). Throwing performance was assessed under task conditions which varied the motion states of the thrower's body and the target (stationary or moving) by use of a dual pendulum apparatus. Accuracy scores were highest in a condition where both body and target were stationary, and lowest where both body and target were moving. Task conditions requiring motion of only target or of body were of intermediate difficulty, and scores for these tasks were not significantly different from each other. There was evidence of learning across trial blocks for all tasks, but no indication that rates of acquisition differed for the task types. Likewise, significant main effects were observed for age levels but no age X task type interactions were disclosed. Boys were more accurate than girls across task conditions, most noticeably on the two most difficult tasks. Comparison of subjects' ability to predict, from a stationary body position, the coincidence of the moving target with a standard reference point, and their ability to predict the coincidence of their moving body with the same reference point revealed lower error scores on the former prediction task.     

浙江省优秀青年男子排球运动员强攻扣球手臂挥摆动作运动学与表面肌电学分析

目的:探讨青年男子排球运动员强攻扣球技术动作的关键;方法:使用两台高速摄像机和表面肌电仪对7名青年男子排球运动员强攻扣球手臂挥摆动作进行运动学和表面肌电学同步分析;结果:运动员在引臂后拉期主要由三角肌前束和三角肌后束完成,在甩臂击打期和击打作用期,肱三头肌、背阔肌、前臂屈腕的这些主动肌的电活动明显增强,起拮抗作用的肱二头肌和前臂伸腕肌群的电活动也非常强烈,而且,在各个阶段每对主动肌/拮抗肌表现为较好的协调性;背弓角为130.2°±4.7°、挥臂角为113.2°±6.1°、最后出手球速为23.5±0.7 m/s;背弓角,挥臂角与最后出手球速的相关系数r分别为-0.512(P<0.05)和0.484(P<0.05);结论:在强攻扣球手臂挥摆过程中,扣球臂的拮抗肌发挥着重要作用,起跳后挥臂的背弓角和挥臂角是影响最后出手球速的主要因素。     

Bilateral inter-arm coordination in freestyle swimming: Effect of skill level and swimming speed

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of level of skill and swimming speed on inter-limb coordination of freestyle swimming movements. Five elite (2 males, 3 females; age 18.9?±?1.0 years, height 1.71?±?0.04?m, body mass 62.1?±?7.0?kg) and seven novice (age 22.0?±?2.0 years, height 1.77?±?0.04?m, body mass 74.8?±?9.0?kg) swimmers swam a sprint and a self-paced 25?m freestyle trial. The swimming trials were recorded by four digital cameras operating at 50 Hz. The digitized frames underwent a three-dimensional direct linear transformation to yield the three-dimensional endpoint kinematic trajectories. The spatio-temporal relationship between the upper limbs was quantified by means of the peak amplitude and time lag of the cross-correlation function between the right and left arm's endpoint trajectories. A strong anti-phase coupling between the two arms, as confirmed by peak amplitudes greater than 0.8, was noted for both groups and swimming speeds. Significantly higher (P <?0.05) peak amplitudes were observed for the sprint compared with self-paced swimming. No significant differences in the strength of inter-limb coupling were noted between the elite and novice swimmers (P >?0.05). Time lags were very close to 0?ms and did not differ between groups or swimming speeds. We conclude that in freestyle swimming, the intrinsic anti-phase (180° phase difference) inter-limb relationship is strongly preserved despite the physically powerful environmental influence of the water and this “preferred” pattern is not affected by level of skill. In contrast, increasing movement speed results in stronger inter-limb coupling that is closer to the anti-phase inter-limb relationship.     

圭亚那群众足球发展现状及其对我国足球的启示

运用问卷调查法、文献资料法、实地考察法、访谈法及数理统计法,对圭亚那群众足球开展现状进行了调查,结果显示：圭亚那群众足球比较普及、文化氛围浓厚,有较好的群众基础,但受主客观因素影响,存在着缺乏有效的组织管理机制,体育设施缺乏或开放力度不够,群众足球经费短缺等问题。     

Recent Developments in Measurement and Possible Applications to the Measurement of Psychomotor Behavior: A Response

Abstract

The possible utilization of item response theory (IRT) and adaptive testing in psychomotor situations leads to a number of interesting suppositions. The question of test validity is crucial and the application of those procedures could help enhance the quality and generalizability of research results.

Examination of the results of several previous studies indicates that adaptive testing may be easily applied in a number of psychomotor problems. The application of IRT will depend upon the type of model chosen. Various models are considered from a heuristic standpoint with the binomial model being the most logically suitable approach. The continuous response model needs to be examined more thoroughly.

The combination of selected IRT models with other approaches such as sequential probability testing and trials-to-criterion testing was discussed. The use of validity generalization was suggested. It was concluded that in order for approaches of this type to be feasible, researchers needed to construct more scientifically rigorous theories.     

Validity and feasibility of an obstacle course to assess fundamental movement skills in a pre-school setting

Failure to master age-appropriate fundamental movement skills (FMS) at a young age can limit motor skill competence affecting health. Assessments often have issues with feasibility and implementation in a field setting. As such, the purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and feasibility of the Athletic Skills Track (AST), in a pre-school setting. For the validation study sixty-five 3–6 year old children (25 boys and 40 girls) from five pre-schools across Adelaide, Australia participated. Correlations and linear regression analysis (adjusted for age and gender) were used to investigate the association between the time to complete the AST and the raw score of the Test of Gross Motor Development 2 (TGMD-2). For the feasibility study pre-school staff completed a semi-structured interview regarding the feasibility of the AST. The AST took less than a minute per child and the TGMD-2 around 20 minutes for two children. There was a strong negative correlation (r = ?0.63, p < 0.01) between the AST scores and the TGMD-2 scores. All five staff reported strengths of the AST to be its short administration time, setup and appropriateness. These results suggest that the AST could be a feasible and valid method of FMS assessment in Australian pre-schools.     

Reliability and validity of Yo-Yo tests in 9- to 16-year-old football players and matched non-sports active schoolboys

The purpose of this study was to examine the test–retest reliability and construct validity of three age-adapted Yo-Yo intermittent tests in football players aged 9–16 years (n?=?70) and in age-matched non-sports active boys (n?=?72). Within 7 days, each participant performed two repetitions of an age-related intensity-adapted Yo-Yo intermittent test, i.e. the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 children's test for 9- to 11-year-olds; the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 1 for 12- to 13-year-olds and the Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 2 test for 14- to 16-year-olds. Peak heart rate (HR_peak) was determined for all tests. The distance covered in the tests was 57% (1098?±?680 vs. 700?±?272?m), 119% (2325?±?778 vs. 1062?±?285?m) and 238% (1743?±?460 vs. 515?±?113?m) higher (p?≤?.016), respectively for football-trained than for non-sports active boys aged 9–11, 12–13 and 14–16 years. The typical errors of measurement for Yo-Yo distance, expressed as a percentage of the coefficient of variation (confidence interval), were 11.1% (9.0–14.7%), 10.1% (8.1–13.7%) and 8.5% (6.7–11.7%) for football players aged 9–11, 12–13 and 14–16 years, respectively, with corresponding values of 9.3% (7.4–12.8%), 10.2% (8.1–14.0%) and 8.5% (6.8–11.3%) for non-sports active boys. Intraclass correlation coefficient values for test–retest were excellent in both groups (range: 0.844–0.981). Relative HR_peak did not differ significantly between the groups in test and retest. In conclusion, Yo-Yo intermittent test performances and HR_peak are reliable for 9- to 16-year-old footballers and non-sports active boys. Additionally, performances of the three Yo-Yo tests were seemingly better for football-trained than for non-sports active boys, providing evidence of construct validity.     

Coach ratings of skills and their relations to practice,play and successful transitions from youth-elite to adult-professional status in soccer

Elite soccer players (~15 yr) from professional academies in the UK were rated on technical, tactical, physical and creative skills by coaches at time 1 (T1). Players estimated accumulated hours in soccer practice (coach-led activities) and play (self-led activities) during childhood. Coach-ratings were again collected 2.5 yr later (T2) for players that received a professional contract (~17 yr). Adult-professional status was determined at T3 (~ 20 yr). Skill ratings distinguished across the three “future” groups (academy-only, youth-professional only and adult-professional), for all but creative skill. For players that transitioned to youth-professional, medium sized correlations were noted between childhood practice amounts and technical and creative skill ratings at T1, although practice amounts correlated more strongly with skill ratings at T2. Play amounts were not related to any skills. Within groups of youth elite athletes, domain-specific play in childhood, and to a lesser degree practice, were generally not good discriminators of specific-skills. The effects of sport-specific practice on the development (and discriminability) of skills takes time to emerge. We consider the implications for talent development models and purported links between play and creativity.     

中外优秀职业足球运动员竞技能力对比研究--及对高校业余足球队选材、训练的启发

优秀足球运动员的竞技能力受都诸多因素影响,最根本的元素有体能、技能、心能3方面,就中外足球运动员竞技能力对比研究,找寻差距,为国内球员的竞技能力建模,并就高校业余足球队的训练,提出建议。     

Observation and Classification of Prehension in Preschool Children: A Reliability Study

Abstract

Changes were observed in the thickness of a subcutaneous fat layer as a result of exercising an underlying unilateral muscle over a period of time using the subcutaneous fat layer over the inactive contralateral muscle as a control. The observations were made on 15 male subjects who participated in a ten-week weight-training program which involved the triceps of the dominant arm. A Harpenden skinfold caliper was used to estimate the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layers. The findings did not support the postulate that subcutaneous fat is reduced in localities where muscles are active and in proportion to their activity.     

美日体育专业课程的特征及对我国课程改革的启示

美日两国体育专业课程设置各有特色,但也有共同的特征,在借鉴美日两国体育专业课程发展经验的基础上,结合我国体育教育专业课程设置存在的问题,提出了我国高师体育教育专业课程改革的发展对策。