Programming Strategies of U.S.-Originated Cable Networks in Asian Markets: Descriptive Study Based on the Product Standardization and Adaptation Theory

Abstract

This multiple-case study explored television programming products offered by U.S.-originated cable networks—namely, Music Television, Cartoon Network, Entertainment and Sports Programming Network, and Discovery Channel—in such Asian markets as Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan and attempted to identify factors that shape their programming strategies. On the basis of theoretical foundations concerning product standardization and adaptation in international marketing research, this study found that various external and intrafirm factors, ranging from host country's cultural and environmental characteristics to network's business orientation, are relevant to the decision on programming products by global television networks.     

Market Competition and Programming Diversity: A Study on the TV Market in Taiwan

This article investigates the issue of the relation between market competition and programming diversity in Taiwan's TV market. For more than 20 years, Taiwan's TV market had an oligopolistic structure with 3 networks dominating the market. With the popularity of satellite TV during the 1990s, the oligopoly rapidly ended. This study examines how programming diversity was affected by the changing TV market structure in Taiwan. Programming diversity was measured by 3 methods using program data from the 3 networks operating in Taiwan: vertical programming diversity, horizontal programming diversity, and prime-time programming strategies. The results indicate a negative relation between market competition and programming diversity. Although the market competition increased from 1986 to 1996, this study discovered that the degree of programming diversity was reduced year by year.     

全球城市研究的信息需求分析与相关信息资源配置构想

全球城市(Global City)研究关注现当代世界范围内主要城市在三个层面上的发展:全球城市网络的生成演化、全球城市本体的内在变化、全球城市的关键功能发展.开展全球城市研究需要庞大的信息量进行支撑.与世界范围内主要城市的发展相匹配,全球各主要高等院校与所在城市存在基本的共生关系,因此,开展全球城市研究过程中,高校图书...     

网络信息问题的归类、根源与控制

网络信息问题是指由于信息网络中的社会关系和网络信息环境发生失调 ,致使网络参与者正常的信息活动乃至信息网络自身的发展产生障碍 ,需要人们解决的问题。包括人为性和自发性的网络信息问题。控制措施主要有网络信息规范、信息技术和现实世界的法律制度。参考文献 18。     

金衢丽地区产业信息资源共享性探究

介绍金衢丽地区经济社会发展和产业信息资源集群组织与区域分布的基本情 况及特征。从产业信息资源规划、产业信息资源共享的内容与范围及模式的选择、产业 信息资源空间布局等方面论述产业信息资源共享对金衢丽地区的经济与社会发展产生的 积极作用。认为金衢丽地区只有实现产业信息资源的合理规划,加大信息网络建设,打 通信息共享渠道,才能促进产业信息资源的共享,实现跨越式的发展。     

Drawing Subway Maps: A?Survey

This paper deals with automating the drawing of subway maps. There are two features of schematic subway maps that make them different from drawings of other networks such as flow charts or organigrams. First, most schematic subway maps use not only horizontal and vertical lines, but also diagonals. This gives more flexibility in the layout process, but it also makes the problem provably hard. Second, a subway map represents a network whose components have geographic locations that are roughly known to the users of such a map. This knowledge must be respected during the search for a clear layout of the network. For the sake of visual clarity the underlying geography may be distorted, but it must not be given up, otherwise map users will be hopelessly confused. In this paper we first give a rather generally accepted list of rules that should be adhered to by a good subway map. Next we survey three recent methods for drawing subway maps, analyze their performance with respect to the above rules, and compare the resulting maps among each other and to official subway maps drawn by graphic designers. We then focus on one of the methods, which is based on mixed-integer linear programming, a widely-used global optimization technique. This method guarantees to find a drawing that fulfills a subset of the above-mentioned rules (if such a drawing exists) and optimizes a weighted sum of costs that correspond to the remaining rules. The method can draw even large subway networks such as the London Underground in an aesthetically pleasing manner, similar to maps made by professional graphic designers. If station labels are included in the optimization process, so far only medium-size networks can be drawn. Finally we give evidence why drawing good subway maps is difficult (even without labels).     

Transnational public sector knowledge networks: Knowledge and information sharing in a multi-dimensional context

Sharing of knowledge, information, and practices across cultural and national boundaries has become a means to address critical global problems. As government agencies increasingly collaborate with international counterparts on these issues, transnational knowledge and information sharing networks grow in importance as mechanisms for collaboration. This paper explores the nature of transnational public sector knowledge networks (TPSKNs) and identifies critical contextual factors that shape their performance. In these networks, each participating organization operates within complex national, organizational, and information contexts. The contextual differences between participants produce distances in culture, politics, intentions, organizational factors, relationships, knowledge, resources, geography, and technology. These distances influence their ability to engage in the processes and interactions that are essential to network performance. The paper concludes with a conceptual dynamic model that accounts for the relationships among these factors that can guide further research in understanding knowledge and information sharing across national and cultural boundaries.     

专利权人关联网络的社会网络分析方法研究

在方法体系层面上设计出适用于专利权人关联网络分析的社会网络分析方法体系框架,框架包括基于合作、基于引用和基于技术主题三个方面。其中,基于合作的专利权人合作网络分析方法包括全球规模、特定学科主题、特定专利权人和自我中心网络(ego网络)四种类型;基于引用的专利权人引用网络包括直接引用、专利共引和专利文献耦合网络三种类型;基于主题的专利权人主题关联网络包括专利分类号共现、分类号相似度计算和主题词共现三种类型。文章对整个方法体系的分析方法进行了系统的研究,包括基本原理、数据集的构建策略、分析方法的功能、不足、指标选取等方面。最后利用中国科学院2005～2008年的发明专利对基于合作和基于技术主题的专利权人关联网络进行了实证研究。     

Informative Radio Models in Brazil: The All-News Networks

This study analyzes the particularities of Brazilian radio networks that adopt the all-news format and briefly presents the main national and international experiences for the implementation of the model and its conceptualization. Besides the bibliographic review, we use the multiple-case study, analyzing as the empirical objects CBN and BandNews FM networks. Also, we apply methodological procedures of systematic non-participant observation, supplemented by interviews and surveys. We conclude that the different all-news programming models and network organizations influence the processes of production, information structure, broadcasting language, and therefore the stations' profile.     

基于特征分解的知识网络结构关系提取

[目的/意义]对知识网络中结构关系的有效识别与提取，有助于从纷繁的数据中探测知识网络的拓扑结构及其演化模式。[方法/过程]本文提出一种基于邻接矩阵特征分解的知识网络结构关系提取方法。基于真实数据分别从静态结构关系提取和动态结构演化两个方面，对特征分解法和传统关联频度法进行对比分析，并与Pathfinder算法进行对比。对基于特征分解法提取知识网络结构关系的有效性进行验证。[结果/结论]研究结果表明：特征分解法能够识别原始知识网络中的主要成分信息，能够准确识别低频次的对网络整体拓扑结构较为重要的关联关系，且提取方法灵活自由。     

竞争情报网站辨析

竞争情报以竞争环境、竞争对手和竞争策略为主要内容, 以提高国家、地区、企业和集团竞争力为主要目标, 随着全球竞争化和社会信息化的发展, 日益受到国家、企业和信息机构的重视。竞争情报网站是竞争情报理念与计算机网络相结合的产物, 随着Internet 的发展开始发挥重要的作用。依据职能的不同本文将竞争情报网站其划分为以下三种类型: 竞争情报研究站点、竞争情报服务站点和竞争情报培训站点。     

网络信息组织中多种模式的协调组织与优化管理

分析网络信息组织模式体系的构成与特点,阐述不同网络信息组织模式优化的方法,强调建立多种形式的网络信息组织模式的协调发展与知识组织体系,指出多种网络信息组织模式协调组织与优化管理中要注意的问题,包括体现用户的需求和对用户的关怀,注意有关技术的自主创新以及不同领域之间的合作等。     

Drawing Subway Maps: A?Survey

This paper deals with automating the drawing of subway maps. There are two features of schematic subway maps that make them different from drawings of other networks such as flow charts or organigrams. First, most schematic subway maps use not only horizontal and vertical lines, but also diagonals. This gives more flexibility in the layout process, but it also makes the problem provably hard. Second, a subway map represents a network whose components have geographic locations that are roughly known to the users of such a map. This knowledge must be respected during the search for a clear layout of the network. For the sake of visual clarity the underlying geography may be distorted, but it must not be given up, otherwise map users will be hopelessly confused. In this paper we first give a rather generally accepted list of rules that should be adhered to by a good subway map. Next we survey three recent methods for drawing subway maps, analyze their performance with respect to the above rules, and compare the resulting maps among each other and to official subway maps drawn by graphic designers. We then focus on one of the methods, which is based on mixed-integer linear programming, a widely-used global optimization technique. This method guarantees to find a drawing that fulfills a subset of the above-mentioned rules (if such a drawing exists) and optimizes a weighted sum of costs that correspond to the remaining rules. The method can draw even large subway networks such as the London Underground in an aesthetically pleasing manner, similar to maps made by professional graphic designers. If station labels are included in the optimization process, so far only medium-size networks can be drawn. Finally we give evidence why drawing good subway maps is difficult (even without labels).     

Product Differentiation in Cable Programming: The Case in the Cable National All-News Networks

Product competition for news viewers in the cable national all-news market was examined. As the cable news networks do not directly compete with each other on price to consumers, it was expected that they would compete for audience by differentiating programming. A content analysis identifies program differentiation among the competing cable all-news networks. Each offered a distinctive style of programming. The different program formats and substantive content in each have the effect of counterprogramming, giving viewers a choice.     

The Evolution of the Internet as a Global Information System

The Internet began as a modest research experiment to link three early packet networks in an open-architecture framework. In due course, many other networks were connected, thus spawning a revolution in networking that continues to this day The early technology considerations inevitably led to social, administrative and commercial issues, and ultimately to political and societal issues as it spread worldwide. Today, the Internet is rapidly becoming a global information system in which all kinds of information can be accessed from virtually anywhere. The long-term ramifications of this rapidly evolving phenomenon are as unpredictable as that of society itself.     

政府信息资源的网络获取

论文详细阐述了政府信息资源网络获取的途径和方法,介绍如何通过政府门户网站、政府信息目录、索引工具、搜索引擎查询政府信息,并就法律信息、统计数据等专门信息的查找提供线索.     

The Dual Structure of Global Networks in the Entertainment Industry: Interorganizational Linkage and Geographical Dispersion

In this article, I describe the contours of global media networks in terms of interorganizational linkages and spatial distribution of foreign direct investment in the entertainment industry. The results of multidimensional scaling revealed that there were significant differences in the positional structures of global networks in the entertainment industry. However, in the case of the structural relations between the interorganizational and geographical dispersion networks, the quadratic assignment procedure analyses revealed structural similarities between both networks in the entertainment industry. A multiple regression analysis also showed music and film industries played a significant role in explaining interorganizational and geographical dispersion networks. The findings indicate the benefit of distinguishing between interorganizational and geographic dispersion networks in understanding global media networks.     

面向用户的P2P知识资源语义共享模型研究

针对对等网知识资源共享模式缺乏语义支持的不足,借鉴利用本体进行信息语义处理的方法,提出一种面向用户的对等网知识资源语义共享模型框架。该共享模型要求对等网中的对等节点具有相同的节点共享架构,该节点共享架构包含5个功能模块：本体管理模块、节点共享信息资源管理模块、用户模型管理模块、查询处理模块和邻接节点管理模块,并分析该框架模型的作用。     

A model of vertical integration and economies of scale in information product distribution

The author investigates theoretical conditions under which vertical integration between a retailer (such as a cable television system, newspaper, or movie theater) with local monopoly power and the upstream supplier of one of the products it offers (such as cable television programming networks, newspaper editorials, or motion pictures) might induce the retailer to alter the prices or the content of its menu. The author then models the relationship between information product retailers and suppliers and shows that integration results in a lower retail price for the vertically affiliated product than for the unaffiliated product.     

Libraries,Lectures, and Talk Shows: Some Russian Internet Resources for Research,Teaching, and Learning

ABSTRACT

Ethnocentrism affects perception and choices, and scholars, teachers, and students may not see or seek the “global” in our “global information revolution,” especially in such vast monolingual social spaces as the United States and the Anglophone world. Russia illuminates how unfortunate this state of affairs is because perceptions of Russia are so negative; whereas online information and open access there are so plentiful. Elibrary.ru offers free, full-text access to Russia’s periodical scholarship in all disciplines. Postnauka.ru is a lecture platform for Russian academics that rivals TED Talks in scale and production quality. Kul’tura is a federal television channel devoted entirely to education. Academic talk shows constitute part of the programming there and elsewhere. High-quality and reliable online tools such as these can enhance “Western” scholars’ and educators’ resource repertoires.