审美语言符号的现象性

现象学的目标是,如何使世界的本质直接显现。语言哲学认为,世界是由符号构造的,意识也被符号所支配。因此,在现实领域,世界作为对象并不能直接呈现,它必须经过语言符号的中介。要实现现象学的直观,要求语言符号必须具备这样几种特性:第一,它应该具有意象性,如此才能破除语言符号的抽象性,使存在作为现象呈现。第二,它应该具有主体间性,如此才能使我与世界同一,实现本质直观。第三,它应该具有超越性,从而能够显现存在的意义,而不仅仅是对象的本质。具备了以上三种特性的语言符号,也就具有了现象性。这种特殊的语言符号只能是审美语言符号。     

Creating a space where teachers can locate their voices and develop their pedagogical awareness

The claim is made here that we need to prepare teachers who can locate their voices in teaching situations, recognize their relationship with other voices in those situations, and reflect on their pedagogical intentions. In a teacher education course, stories written about practicum experiences offered students an opportunity to reflect on the location of their voice in classroom situations and to discuss with peers different classroom situations and possibilities for teaching and learning. This study examines more closely the reflections of two of the students with seemingly distinct orientations to learning to teach. Their practicum stories and reflective essays were analyzed for positioning of voice as described by Belenky et al. (1986). The two students located their voices in distinct ways, and also expressed growing awareness of classroom dynamics and the value of peer dialogue in broadening and deepening their understandings of teaching and learning.     

Quantifying the long-term impact of zoological education: a study of learning in a zoo and an aquarium

Abstract

There is increasing evidence that zoos and aquariums do, as intended, educate their visitors. However, even though most zoos offer a wide array of educational experiences, few studies have considered if the duration of an educational experience affects learning or whether learning lasts beyond the immediate visit. The current study used matched-pairs surveys to investigate children’s knowledge, attitude and knowledge of positive behavior during both a five-day zoo camp and six months after an aquarium visit. The participants of the study included children aged 9–12?years some of whom had participated in a purposefully designed educational intervention. First, the impact of a five-day zoo camp experience on children’s learning was investigated. Second, learning retention was investigated six months after a school tour at an aquarium. Results showed that during the camp learning was positively affected by participation in the educational intervention and by previous zoo experience. Girls were more likely than boys to have an increase in learning six months after an aquarium visit. The study demonstrates that learning persists, but that education can be enhanced with longer programs. Thus, zoos can play an increasingly important role in igniting pro-environmental behavior.     

Developing learner autonomy in the language class in Turkey: voices from the classroom

This article draws on qualitative interview data from a case study of an English teacher in Turkey. It explores the implementation of learner autonomy in English as a foreign language classroom and identifies the challenges, such as students’ negative attitudes towards classroom practices, dissatisfaction with the language learning activities and lack of motivation among the students, the teacher encountered while promoting learner autonomy. The main purpose of the paper is to analyse the issues that have emerged during the process of implementing learner autonomy in language learning with specific reference to the case study conducted and to discuss the themes relevant to its classroom practice.     

英语告示语的语言特色与翻译研究

告示语是一个国家对外交流水平和人文环境建设的具体体现。但是在日常生活和社会工作中,不得体、不礼貌的告示语和翻译随处可见。随着我国国际交流的日益深入,创造良好的语言环境,使用正确的英语告示语已成为刻不容缓的任务。笔者通过对英语告示语的语言特色与翻译进行研究分析,希望促进我国英语交流的发展做出有益贡献。     

英语语态的功能-认知研究

功能-认知视角能充分解释英语语态的语义、功能和使用。英语主动与被动语态在对概念结构的表达上各 不相同,在特定语域中实现各自的概念、人际和语篇功能。概念层面,主动与被动语态体现不同的认知意象;人际层面,语态选择体现说话人的交际目的;语篇层面,语态选择影响小句衔接、话题变换和信息焦点调整。另外,语态的使用与 动词和语篇类型也密切相关。     

Teachers' voices in program evaluation and improvement: A case study of a TESOL program

In spite of the many ways that schools have changed to accommodate students not yet proficient in English, obstacles still exist that limit students' opportunities to receive adequate instruction. This paper describes the role of evaluation in developing a program to prepare Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL). The teachers' voices presented in this paper suggest the importance of considering their contributions in refining and improving teacher preparation programs. Implications for on-going program evaluation and improvement are discussed.     

Students' voices: a report of the student view of dyslexia study skills tuition

This article reports research using case studies of 22 university students receiving study skills development funded by the Disabled Student's Allowance at an independent dyslexia consultancy. In‐depth semi‐structured interviews were conducted. The students identify the primary benefits of the tuition as: developing an understanding of dyslexia and specific learning difficulty as part of the process of self‐development; normalising their experiences; and developing their critical analysis and problem‐solving techniques to support the skills needed for studying. The implications for good practice in supporting university students with dyslexia are considered.     

Moving between literacy theory and practice with preservice teachers: Listening to their voices

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate two research questions: What literacy learning did preservice teachers experience through a Penpal Project embedded in an early literacy course? What sense did preservice teachers make of the Penpal Project?—with an overarching focus on bridging literacy theory with practice.

Data were gathered in a university classroom setting, situated in a small Western town, over a period of one school semester. Data methods and sources included videotaped participant observation during weekly penpal letter‐sharing, preservice teachers’ reflection journals, focus group interviews, and preservice teachers’ Penpal Project Summaries.

Patterns emerged from the data and were conceptualized under three broad categories: discourse, discovery and dilemmas. In the discourse category, cultivating relationships and learning through collaboration emerged as themes. Discoveries included meaning‐ and skill‐centered interpretations and professional learning. With regard to dilemmas, preservice teachers reported feelings of inadequacy in decoding their penpals’ letters, in finding topics to pique their penpals’ interests, and in making logical speculations.

Conclusions highlighted the importance of including field experiences in teacher education courses in order for preservice teachers to integrate early literacy theory and practice. A focus on forming relationships, working in collaboration with others, and acknowledging and solving challenges revealed added benefits for the preservice teachers, including a deeper understanding of young students’ early literacy development.     

从殖民地语言政策到民族独立的语言政策——老挝语言政策研究

老挝是曾被法国、日本、美国殖民统治的国家,语言政策上留下了深刻的殖民统治的烙印.老挝人民共和国独立后,制定了以老挝语为官方语言和教学语言的语言政策和语言法规,加强了老挝语言的传播和学习,也巩固了老挝的教学语言和教学制度.但是,法语、英语、汉语、越南语、泰语在老挝社会交际中仍然具有重要的作用.     

Teacher and student voices: a comparison between two perspectives to study integration processes in Italy

Student voice has become increasingly important in educational research at an international level. Research in Italy on school integration of students with disabilities has almost entirely left behind student voice. The very few researches based on student voice suggest that there is a mismatch between student and teacher voices when faced with the same situation. From a methodological outlook, the collection of data through students’ samples implies some difficulties related to the fact that the study regards children and young students. The present issue becomes even more demanding when children with disabilities are taken into consideration. The aim of this research is to demonstrate the mismatch between the data produced by the teachers and the data produced by the students of the same class. These data are the basis for a study on the importance of student voice in research on school integration. The research was carried out as a multiple case study. Nineteen classes with at least one student with disabilities were involved. The teachers filled in a questionnaire with closed questions about school integration, later compared with the students’ answers to the same questionnaire. A structured observation offered the opportunity to triangulate data thus adding new information on the reliability of the two points of view. The main results show that in all the classes there was at least one question with a significant difference between the students’ and the teachers’ answers; the triangulation of data through observation suggested that the students’ perception was as close to observation as their teachers.     

Significant signs: a case study of citation practices in educational research

Citations have a central role in the dynamic process of knowledge development and as measures of research performance – yet little is known about their role in educational research or the qualities they are assumed to measure. Based on a citation context analysis, this study shows how a paradigmatic reference within classroom research has been used in 90 articles in educational research journals. Four types of content and four citation functions were identified in the immediate context of the citation symbols. Surprisingly, no critical citations or discussions of the validity of the cited study were found. The results are discussed in relation to the conditions for communication within a field without disciplinary cohesion.     

The semiotics of authority: a closely-observed lesson

This article looks at the ways in which the semiotics of authority are established and challenged during a secondary school English lesson on The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. I focus on the utterances of one student and the context of the classroom in which she finds herself as a means to explore the ways in which pedagogic identities and relationships are negotiated and contested.     

从语言教学到以教学为核心的语言使用——以应用语言学为例

近年来,应用语言学作为独立的一门学科而收到了丰硕的研究成果。本文以应用语言教学为例,阐述其从语言教学到以教学为核心的语言使用的相关内容。     

略论语言与文字及其相互关系——析《汉字:统一全人类语文的最佳选择》的谬误

以《汉字:统一全人类语文的最佳选择》的立论、论据和结论之缪误为例,探讨了语言与文字的主要特征,涉及全球语言的多样性和其发展动因,语言与文字的关系,表形文字、表意文字和表音文字的主要异同和其发展的基本规律;指出文字不是语言的第一特征,特定词汇的构建与特定的历史文化场域有关,汉字书法不是汉语的独特优势特征,全球语言的多样性不会产生一统天下的文字。     

比喻修辞手法在《大学英语·精读》中的运用赏析

比喻是作者常用的一种修辞手段。它能使文章更生动、更形象、更鲜明、更感人。了解和正确理解比喻语言是阅读的重要技能 ,它能帮助读者更好地理解文章的内容 ,提高读者的欣赏水平和审美能力 ;也有助于读者体会到文章的“感染力”、更好地理解语言的“神奇功能” ,从而更好地欣赏作品。常见的比喻方式有 :明喻、暗喻、拟人、换喻和讽喻等几种形式 ,本文拟对《大学英语·精读》中的比喻修辞手法的应用进行简析。     

Attention interchanges at story-time: a case study from a deaf and hearing twin pair acquiring Swedish sign language in their deaf family

This case study longitudinally analyzes and describes the changes of attentional expressions in interchanges between a pair of fraternal twins, 1 deaf and 1 hearing, from the age of 10-40 months, and their Deaf family members. The video-observed attentional expressions of initiating and reestablishing interchange were grouped in 5 functional categories: "getting," "directing," "maintaining," "redirecting," and "checking" attention. Changes appear to be associated with development during the twins' ages of 10-13, 15-24, and 28-40 months, including the use of vision in communication. Although there are similarities in the changes of each twin's communicative initiations, there are also differences based on hearing status, personality, and use of modality. This is evident in the ways in which each twin's individual attention interchanges unfold over time; it is also connected with the parents' negotiating attention and arranging "seating positions" with them. Implications and findings for special educational purposes are discussed.     

语言的社会变体及其分类

社会语言学中的语言变体问题,首先应考察语言和社会的关系,其中包括语言和社会的依存关系、语言的变异性和区分语言社会变体的标准及其分类。语言的社会变体包括地域变体和社会方言变体。社会方言变体主要有阶层变体、领域语言变体和语言的性别变体,其中性别变体表现在用语上的差别、性别差异中的歧视和女性语体诸方面。语言的社会变体还有口语与书面语、语体、文体等语言功能变体。