从个体知识到群体知识:教师知识共享的困境与出路

教师知识共享是教师个体知识向教师群体知识转移的过程。教师知识共享能够实现教师个体缄默知识显性化,丰富教师共同体实践性知识库,并促进学校知识的生产和再生产。然而,教育实践中存在的“沉默的螺旋现象”“人际关系差序格局的现象”以及“学校组织无意识知识管理的现象”等现实境况致使教师知识共享无法充分发挥出其应有的多元价值和意义。这些阻碍教师知识共享的现实因素背后反映出教师之间缺乏人际信任、社会互动、合作意识和共享文化以及学校组织知识管理意识淡薄等问题。为促进教师个人知识向集体知识转化,应积极构建教师知识共享文化,提升教师知识共享意愿;营造教师知识共享的“创造的空间”,增强教师之间的社会互动;完善学校知识共享的制度支持,引领教师知识共享行为。     

个体差异中的动机因素对二语习得的影响

个体差异是客观存在的个体因素,个体差异因素中包括认知风格、个体智商、学习动机、学习风格和学习策略等等个体差异因素,其中最主要的还是学习动机。而这一因素在很大程度上影响着第二语学得,对英语的教学也起着至关重要的作用。该文主要论述的是国内外对动机类型,动机对第二外语习得影响的研究以及激励学习动机的策略。     

Learning strategies for making sense out of expository text: The SOI model for guiding three cognitive processes in knowledge construction

This article examines learning strategies that promote meaningful learning from expository text as evidenced by problem-solving transfer. The teaching of learning strategies involves decisions concerning what to teach, how to teach, where to teach, and when to teach. The teaching of learning strategies also depends on the teacher's conception of learners as response strengtheners, information processors, or sense makers. Three cognitive processes involved in meaningful learning are selecting relevant information from what is presented, organizing selected information into a coherent representation, and integrating presented information with existing knowledge. Finally, exemplary programs for teaching of learning strategies are presented. The most effective method for teaching students how to make sense out of expository text is for students to participate in selecting, organizing, and integrating information within the context of authentic academic tasks.     

内隐外显理论与大学英语知识平台构建研究

内隐外显学习理论由波兰尼提出,应该为学生构建大学英语显性的知识服务平台,即构建网络环境下分模块、分类别的知识服务平台,这个平台包括＂硬环境＂和＂软环境＂。这个平台有利于学生交流与合作能力的提高,有助于促进隐性知识的显性化,有利于学生反思习惯的培养,有利于展示学生的自我风采。     

Scaffolding cognitive and metacognitive processes in low verbal ability learners: Use of diagrams in computer-based training environments

This study investigated how instructionalstrategies can support learners' knowledgeacquisition and metacomprehension of complexsystems in a computer-based trainingenvironment, and how individual characteristicsinteract with these manipulations. Incorporating diagrams into the trainingfacilitated performance on measures ofintegrative knowledge (i.e., the integrationand application of task-relevant knowledge),but had no significant effect on measures ofdeclarative knowledge (i.e., mastery of basicfactual knowledge). Diagrams additionallyfacilitated the development of accurate mentalmodels (as measured via a card sorting task)and significantly improved the instructionalefficiency of the training (i.e., higher levelof performance was achieved with less mentaleffort). Finally, diagrams effectivelyscaffolded participants' metacognition,improving their metacomprehension accuracy(i.e., their ability to accurately monitortheir comprehension). These beneficial effectsof diagrams on learners' cognitive andmetacognitive processes were found to bestrongest for participants with low verbalability. Results are discussed in terms ofimplications for the design of adaptivelearning systems.     

Developing effective teacher beliefs about learners: the role of sensitizing teachers to individual learning differences

Effective teacher beliefs about students are an integral part of effective teaching. Teachers with interventionist beliefs about students (‘I can intervene to help a learner with difficulties’) show more effective practice than teachers with pathognomonic beliefs (‘I blame the learner for his difficulties’). A professional development (PD) course sensitized teachers (N = 234) to individual learning differences (ILDs), using five learning/cognitive styles tools. Teachers’ responses to a pre‐/post‐test question concerning their beliefs about ‘weak students’ were analyzed and correlated with their ILD scores. Before the PD, teachers with strong ILD preferences matched to traditional learning contexts were significantly more ‘at risk’ (i.e., had fewer interventionist beliefs) than the other teachers; the former teachers were significantly overrepresented in the sample. After the PD, teachers’ interventionist beliefs significantly increased, regardless of their ILD preferences. Neither the length of the PD (28 hrs. vs. 56 hrs.) nor the amount of teaching experience affected the teachers’ interventionist beliefs about students. A mediated, constructivist and collaborative PD, which sensitizes teachers to individual learning differences, can increase effective teacher beliefs about students. We conclude that developing more effective teacher beliefs about learners should become a component of teacher professional development.     

Representation in memory and acquisition of knowledge from text and picture: Theoretical,methodological, and practical outcomes

Over the last 10 years, text comprehension research has undergone profound theoretical and methodological upheaval. Today, psychologists study language and texts because they present the trace markers of structures and cognitive operations. A text is no longer seen as a vehicle for conveying constructed meaning. Rather, text has been redefined as merely a structured sequence of stimuli, which activates both domain-related knowledge triggered by text information and linguistic knowledge. We present the theoretical views and experimental findings of the TEXTIMA group, characterized by the importance of the connectionist concepts.     

悟:认识方式的文化积淀及其价值

近年来认识论研究正在突破原有的框架和范围，不断开辟新视角、新领域，从而提出了认识共性与认识个性的问题，认识方式问题正是对认识个性展开研究的课题之一。悟——体现着中华民族的认识方式，是中国儒、道、佛文化相互融合、长期积淀的结晶，同时也反映在中国的政治、军事、文学艺术、语言文字、人际交往等现实生活领域，更是中华民族文化性格的反映。悟的认识方式在现代社会有着十分重要的价值，不仅滋养了中华民族的智慧，而且有利于开发人的智慧潜能，有利于培养和提高人的创新能力，有利于提高认识效率。     

Theory of Interlocutory Logic and Sequential Analysis of Interactive Problem-Solving Situations: A Powerful Method

According to Vygotsky's theory of development and its instructional applications, a good way to increase students' knowledge and cognitive abilities is to organise at school co-operative and co-elaborative learning situations. Under some conditions, when students interact, the process of sharing problem-solving procedures results in reorganising and developing their own cognition. But, given that such co-resolution interactive settings can lead to students' individual cognitive progress, we need to explain how. The main aim of this article is to present a theoretical and methodological system to analyse the socio-cognitive processes within an interaction. A pragmatic interlocutory theory, founded on the theory of speech acts, is used and tested with a small group of students involved in solving a mathematical problem at school. Hypotheses about mechanisms of progress invoke the role of semiotic mediations, via speech acts, as a vehicle as well as a tool for sharing the meaning of linguistic signs (construction of intersubjectivity). Thanks to the double function of language signs (communicative and representative) and to the individual internalisation of shared processes, students become able to (re-) organise their thoughts and to increase not only knowledge, but also cognitive and metacognitive tools. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

认知弹性理论指导下的高师数学建模教学

认知弹性理论是一种关于结构不良领域的知识习得与迁移的学习理论,对指导高师数学建模教学具有较强的适用性.基于认知弹性理论,高师数学建模教学应采取如下教学设计策略:对数学建模方法实施多角度表征与多维分析;实施数学建模方法与现实情境问题的相互交叉;逐次分化与综合贯通相结合;运用认知弹性超文本构建数学建模方法体系的立体网状结构.     

认知弹性理论指导下的中小学教师培训教学

认知弹性理论是一种关于结构不良的知识的习得与迁移的学习理论,对指导中小学教师培训教学具有较强的适用性。基于认知弹性理论,中小学教师培训教学宜采取如下教学设计策略:1.注重概念的多视角表征,实施概念的多维分析设计;2.运用概念的案例教学,实施概念与案例的交叉设计;3.创设真实的学习情境,实施学习任务的教学情境设计;4.运用认知弹性超文本,实施教学内容的立体网状结构设计。