美国文语转换对阅读困难儿童教育干预的研究

辅助技术是帮助学习困难儿童弥补各种学业困难的方法之一。实验研究表明,文语转换技术能克服阅读困难儿童的解码、识词等障碍,让他们能流畅阅读,进而达到词汇/语言表达、理解/高级思维能力。文语转换技术还能增强学生阅读的动机,体验更多的成功。这些成果,对我国开展运用计算机技术干预儿童阅读困难的理论研究与实践提供了借鉴。     

大学生社会化障碍及自我教育

由于受到内外部多重因素的影响,使得大学生在社会化过程中出现种种障碍。笔者通过对大学生社会化障碍类型及原因的深层分析,提出培养自我认识能力、认真做好生涯规划、加强人际交流与沟通、积极参加社会实践活动、进行自我心理调适等帮助大学生加强自我教育,克服社会化障碍的具体方法和途径。     

交换问题法与学生数学创新能力的相关性分析

本文根据斯腾博格的智力三元论,将学生分为三类:喜好分析性思维的学生,喜好创造性思维的学生和喜好实用性思维的学生。他们在分析问题和解决问题方面所表现出的创新能力各具特色。根据这一现象,结合学生数学创新能力的相关指标,提出了交换问题法这一策略。将学生按思维类型先后分为异质问题组,同质问题组、回归问题组,使学生在各组中相互取长补短,培养数学创新能力。     

Students constructs about energy and constructivist learning

This paper presents results of research that explored students' constructs about energy. During the implementation of a constructivist learning approach, constructs from students in three classes were elicited using a repertory grid method, both before and after completing a module of work dealing with energy. Results from repertory grids showed that students who experienced the constructivist approach provided significantly more constructs, and of a wider, nature, than students who were taught in their usual fashion. Results from a school test administered to all three classes and the differences found between the results from the repertory grid techniques and the school test are then discussed. This paper concludes that students taught with the constructivist approach had much increased personal knowledge concerning energy, more so than those students taught in the traditional manner, and also that students taught with the constructivist approach learnt the school science equally as well as those students taught in the usual fashion.     

云南边疆地区大学生常见的英语阅读障碍及教师应采取的对策——以红河学院学生为例

以云南红河学院学生为例,讨论了影响云南边疆地区学生英语阅读理解能力的三个主要因素,即词汇量偏小,缺乏阅读技巧和必要的背景知识是学生们面临的主要阅读障碍因素,只有克服了这些障碍,学生的阅读理解能力才会得到有效的提高。     

利用网络资源攻克英语新闻听力关

随着科技和网络的迅速发展,中国学生学习英语的条件越来越好,近些年来学生的英语听力水平也确有提高,但尽管如此,学生在英语新闻听力方面仍然存在着很大的困难,提起新闻听力,学生心里仍有畏惧感。本文讨论了如何借助网络资源,提高学生听英语新闻的兴趣,帮助学生克服新闻听力中的障碍,最终自觉地把听英语新闻当成增加自己世界知识,提高英语水平的一种有效的途径。     

怎样使学生快速的拥有好口才

好的口才是一个人在社会交往中必不可少的能力,也是一个人获得事业成功的资本。本文结合职业高校学生的特点,指导学生从克服心理障碍、消除恐惧开始,到逐步培养学生的演说能力及自信心,使学生在练习说话的同时培养他们拥有好的口才能力。在口才训练课的教学中总结出这三方面的内容进行探讨。     

中小学教师应有心理咨询师的态度

中小学师生关系对教师的教学和学生的发展有非常重要的作用，但实际上师生的交流还存在一定的困难。如果借鉴心理咨询师对待来访者的促进态度，通过积极倾听的姿态，对学生能做到积极接纳和关注、共感理解、尊重和真诚，健康、和谐的师生关系就一定会形成。     

大学英语听力理解中的障碍与对策

笔者依据自己四年大学英语听力教学经验,从提高英语实际应用能力出发,探讨了学生在听力理解中存在的障碍,并提出提高听力理解的对策,进而为帮助学生克服这些障碍提出相关对策,以求真正提高学生英语应用能力。     

Diversity in intensive English language centres in South Australia: sociocultural approaches to education for students with migrant or refugee backgrounds

While there is a body of research concerning the education of students with migrant or refugee backgrounds, little of this research focuses on primary school-aged children. In order to address this gap, the current paper utilises data gained from an ethnographic study to consider the challenges and opportunities associated with diverse classrooms designed for students learning English, in which students come from a complex range of backgrounds and may have experienced trauma. The paper provides support for sociocultural learning approaches, whereby students’ own cultural and linguistic background are treated as beneficial to education rather than as obstacles to be overcome.     

Where have all the students gone? Participation of doctoral students in authentic mathematical activity as a necessary condition for persistence toward the PH.D.

The mathematics community in the U.S. has become concerned about the state of doctoral education, including concerns about high attrition rates and the small numbers of women and students from some racial and ethnic groups. This paper proposes a model of doctoral student persistence and attrition, in which student participation in the life of the department and discipline lead to increased student integration, which is crucial for students' success. Ten faculty members and eighteen graduate students were interviewed about their interests,conceptions, and experiences within mathematics, in a case study of one mathematics department. In this department, students experienced four types of obstacles to their participation: obstacles stemming from the program structure, obstacles to participation in class, obstacles to participating with faculty outside of class, and obstacles stemming from faculty beliefs about teaching and learning. Implications for the retention of mathematics doctoral students are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Students’ Views About Secondary School Science Lessons: The Role of Practical Work

This paper reports an interpretive study that sought students' views about the role that practical work plays in their school science lessons. Twenty-nine students aged between 13 and 16 years were selected from three secondary schools in England. Data were collected from initial lesson observations and in-depth interviews in order to explore students’ views about practical work. The findings suggest that students have three main reasons why practical work is important in their school science lessons: for interest and activity, including social and personal features such as participation and autonomy; as an alternative to other forms of science teaching involving a pedagogy of transmission, and as a way of learning, including memorizing and recall. The findings are discussed in the context of a critical view of previous work on the role of practical work, work on attitudes to science and on the student voice. The paper concludes that practical work is seen to provide opportunities for students to engage with and influence their own learning but that learning with practical work remains a complex issue that needs further research and evaluation about its use, effectiveness and of the role of scientific inquiry as a component of practical activity.     

Linking School–Family–Community Partnerships in Urban Elementary Schools to Student Achievement on State Tests

This study examines the relationship between the quality of school, family, and community partnership programs and student performance on state-mandated achievement tests. Data from 82 elementary schools, located in a large urban area, were collected to explore the relationship between family and community involvement and students' achievement test performance. Analyses show that, controlling for school characteristics, the degree to which schools were working to overcome challenges to family and community involvement predicted higher percentages of students scoring at or above satisfactory on state achievement tests. The findings suggest that schools' efforts to involve families and the community in students' learning may be a useful approach to help students achieve in school, especially for students in early elementary grades. Also, the findings illustrate the importance for schools located in large urban areas to address obstacles to family and community involvement to realize the benefits associated with family and community involvement.     

Crossing the cognitive gap between arithmetic and algebra: Operating on the unknown in the context of equations

The objective of the teaching experiment reported in this article was to overcome the cognitive gap, that is, students' inability to spontaneously operate with or on the unknown. Following an analysis of the cognitive obstacles involved, this paper reports the results of an alternative approach. We designed an individualized teaching experiment which was tested in six case studies. In the first part the students' natural tendency to group singletons in the unknown within the equations was expanded to a process of grouping like terms. In the second part we introduced a reverse process to grouping like terms, that of decomposition of a term into a sum. This process, combined with the cancellation of identical terms, provides a procedure for the solution of first degree equations with the unknown on both sides of the equality sign. The last part of the teaching experiment involved the decomposition of an additive term into a difference. The first two parts proved very successful and the students developed procedures on their own that were more efficient than the initial ones. The results of the third part, however, revealed the limits of this approach. The students experienced difficulties in choosing the required decomposition. It seems that some of these obstacles are rather robust and perhaps should not be dealt with incidentally but should be addressed as part of a pre-algebra course.This research was funded by the Quebec Ministry of Education (Founds FCAR 92-ER-1032).     

化学学习中的思维障碍及其排除对策

从心理学的角度分析学生化学学习中的思维障碍,并在此基础上探讨如何排除思维障碍,使教师的教学活动与学生的思维活动协调一致,从而培养学生学习化学的兴趣,发展其思维能力。     

Exposing the Challenges and Coping Strategies of Field-Ecology Graduate Students

In this paper, we expose the unique challenges confronting graduate field-ecology students and the coping strategies they adopt to overcome such challenges. To do so, we used a qualitative (in vivo) research method that combines interviews, observations and open questionnaires with a group of five Israeli graduate students. The two major challenges that the students faced were the uncontrolled nature of field research (or complexity), and the nature of field setting, which isolated the students from authoritative guidance. In response to these challenges, the students developed a set of research skills which were expressed in this study by a series of three (metacognitive) strategies which we designated as ‘protocol-dominated’, ‘intermediate’ or ‘field-dominated’. In order to develop such research skills, our subjects rely upon declarative and procedural knowledge. In contrast to declarative knowledge, learned in coursework, procedural knowledge is learned and activated via the situated experience of implementing research in authentic field environments. We also found that fieldwork complexity imposes itself the minute the students step into the field; potentially, this can negatively impact students' motivation. However, as the students accumulate field experience and acquire the knowledge and skills needed to overcome the field's complexity, their motivation improves. Recognizing the unique learning components connected to field research will help novice students better cope with fieldwork challenges, as well as help their advisers in guiding them. This work also has implications for designing inquiry curricula in field sciences for university and high-school students.     

Enabling Metacognition in the Laboratory: A Case Study of Four Second Year University Chemistry Students

This paper explores the Competency Tripod model and flow diagrams as two resources for enabling students' metacognition in the chemistry laboratory. It focuses on four selected students' statements in interviews, questionnaires and their performance in practical reports, examinations and tests. These students were from diverse backgrounds and all were successful in the sense that they passed the course. All four students were found to engage in metacognitive practices, all found flow diagrams extremely useful, all understood the Competency Tripod model but only two found it useful. Possible reasons for this are explored.     

Coaching Students in Research Skills: A difficult task for teachers

The new Dutch curriculum for the upper levels of secondary education requires students to use research skills. Students have to conduct a number of small research projects, culminating in the writing of a research paper as a formal part of the new examinations. Although the literature offers abundant advice on how to write a good research paper, comparatively little research seems to have been done on this subject as it relates to the classroom. This article describes some results of a study which examines the problems encountered by students when carrying out research projects and which looks into the difficulties teachers face when coaching students in research skills. These obstacles are particularly apparent in the initial stages of the research process. Problem finding is revealed to be an underdeveloped skill in education. Although teachers score much better than students on a test of research skills, finding an effective way to channel these superior skills into coaching methods that benefit students remains problematic. It is evident that procedural knowledge cannot be seen separately from declarative knowledge. Working together in interdisciplinary teams might help teachers overcome some of these problems.     

制冷空调学科毕业实习模式教学改革探索

毕业实习是工科类学生的一门必修课，是学生走向社会前进行联系实际、接触社会、拓宽知识面的一次实践锻炼。结合几年来指导制冷空调学科毕业实习的切身经历与体会，分析了原有教学模式下进行毕业实习的利弊，提出了针对目前存在的问题进行改革的思路并探索了新形势下的“分散化、多样化和个性化”的毕业实习新模式。     

Students' ability to visualize set expressions: An initial investigation

Visualization is a powerful tool for understanding and solving mathematical problems. The use of Venn diagrams to visualize set expressions, however, is problematic for many students and may actually hinder their problem-solving efforts. In this study, 92 university students construct visual representations of eight set expressions. Through the use of a production system model and detailed analyses of students' work and verbal protocols, it is discovered that (1) competent and error-prone students construct and use procedures to complete set translation tasks, and (2) two-thirds of the observed errors arise from the consistent implementation of ill-formed procedures. The procedural origins of students' errors are identified and conjectures are offered regarding the perceptions and experiences that lead to the development of erroneous translation procedures.NotesThis article is based on the author's doctoral dissertation completed in 1992 at Indiana University under the direction of Frank K. Lester.