弱智儿童父母心理压力与应付方式、生活质量的相关研究

目的 :探讨弱智儿童父母的心理压力与应付方式、生活质量的相关性。方法 :对 1 0 1位弱智儿童的父母采用残疾儿童父母心理压力问卷、应付方式问卷和生活质量综合评定问卷 (GQOLI)进行测评。结果 :父亲的心理压力的总分与自责和幻想的应付方式正相关 ;母亲的心理压力总分与自责和退避的应付方式有正相关。弱智儿童父亲和母亲的心理压力与生活质量呈显著负相关。多元回归结果表明 ,对父亲的心理压力贡献最大的因素是心理功能状态和采用退避的应付方式 ,对母亲的心理压力的总分贡献最大的因素是心理功能状态、采用退避和自责的应付方式以及生活质量     

Quantifying Stress in Children

Today there is a greater awareness than hitherto of the existence and effects of pupil stress. There is also the recognition that the causes of pupil stress may be increasing in number and seriousness. However, recognition of this situation does not necessarily increase our understanding of it. In this paper, Ewen Rennie provides an example of the ways in which greater understanding might be achieved. A group of teachers were asked to rate the degree of stress engendered by a number of events. Though the results revealed significant differences from those of similar work undertaken in the past, their real value would be as a basis for comparison with the perceptions of parents and pupils.     

Quantifying Stress in Children

Today there is a greater awareness than hitherto of the existence and effects of pupil stress. There is also the recognition that the causes of pupil stress may be increasing in number and seriousness. However, recognition of this situation does not necessarily increase our understanding of it. In this paper, Ewen Rennie provides an example of the ways in which greater understanding might be achieved. A group of teachers were asked to rate the degree of stress engendered by a number of events. Though the results revealed significant differences from those of similar work undertaken in the past, their real value would be as a basis for comparison with the perceptions of parents and pupils.     

Associations Between Classroom Environment and Academic Efficacy

Research was conducted on associations between classroom psychosocial environment and academic efficacy. A sample of 1055 mathematics students from Australian secondary schools responded to an instrument that assessed ten dimensions of mathematics classroom environment (viz. Student Cohesiveness, Teacher Support, Investigation, Task Orientation, Cooperation, Equity, Involvement, Personal Relevance, Shared Control, Student Negotiation). These scales were from two existing instruments, namely, What Is Happening In This Classroom? (WIHIC) and the Constructivist Learning Environment Survey (CLES). A seven-item scale assessed students' academic efficacy at mathematics-related tasks. Simple and multiple correlation analyses revealed statistically significant correlations between these classroom environment dimensions and academic efficacy. Results showed that classroom environment relates positively with academic efficacy. A commonality analysis showed that the three scales from the Constructivist Learning Environment Survey scales did not contribute greatly to explaining variance in academic efficacy beyond that attributed to the seven scales in the What Is Happening In This Classroom? questionnaire.     

Exploring Trajectories of Young Mothers’ Parenting Stress in Early Childhood: Associations with Protective Factors and Psychological Vulnerabilities

SYNOPSIS

Objective . Most parents manage some degree of parenting stress without serious concerns, but young mothers experience parenting stress at higher levels than adult mothers; high parenting stress is problematic due to its association with children’s socioemotional and behavior problems and the increased likelihood of maltreatment. Understanding the circumstances that precipitate or mitigate parents’ stress can have lasting impacts for child well-being. Extant research fails to account for both longitudinal and individual variation in young mothers’ parenting stress, leading to equivocal findings about the nature of mothers’ parenting stress trajectories across early childhood. Design . The present study used growth mixture modeling (GMM) to model the trajectories of 544 first-time young mothers’ parenting stress from children’s infancy to school-age. We considered how protective factors (i.e., social support) and psychological vulnerabilities (i.e., depression) experienced during the transition to parenthood were associated with parenting stress trajectories and variation within trajectories when children were of school-age. Results . GMM identified three trajectories of parenting stress: “low stable”, “high increasing”, and “high decreasing.” Protective factors were related to low and decreasing patterns of parenting stress, whereas psychological vulnerabilities were associated with higher parenting stress patterns. Conclusions . This study has implications for programs and services that help young mothers cope with the demands of parenting and reduce parenting stress.     

艺术与生活的“距离”

艺术是用形象反映现实生活,但比生活更集中、更深刻、更具典型性的意识形态。艺术源于生活又高于生活。典型形象并不等同于生活原形,这就是一种＂距离＂。只有拉开距离,才能更准确地把握生活,更艺术地表现生活的本质,达到艺术的真实。艺术艺术实践证明,正是有了这种＂距离＂,才塑造了众多不朽的艺术典型。而对创作主体来讲,这种＂距离＂,就是对创作者思想深度、道德情操、生活积累、艺术修养等综合素质的检验。     

艺术与生活的“距离”

艺术是用形象反映现实生活,但比生活更集中、更深刻、更具典型性的意识形态.艺术源于生活又高于生活.典型形象并不等同于生活原形,这就是一种“距离”.只有拉开距离,才能更准确地把握生活,更艺术地表现生活的本质,达到艺术的真实.艺术艺术实践证明,正是有了这种“距离”,才塑造了众多不朽的艺术典型.而对创作主体来讲,这种“距离”,就是对创作者思想深度、道德情操、生活积累、艺术修养等综合素质的检验.     

流动儿童与城市儿童社会认知特点比较

采用整群抽样的方法,对浙江省某市450名城市儿童和434名流动儿童的社会认知进行问卷调查.结果表明:流动儿童社会认知三个因子得分均低于城市儿童(P值均0.05);两组儿童总体,男生社会认知三个因子得分均低于女生(P值均0.05),流动男生归因和社会认知结构两个因子得分均低于城市男生(P值均0.05),流动女生社会认知三个因子得分均低于城市女生(P值均0.05);两组儿童总体,社会认知三个因子得分均存在年级差异(P值均0.05).三个年级流动儿童均有单个因子得分低于城市儿童的现象(P值均0.05);两组儿童总体,社会认知三个因子得分均不存在抚养人差异(P值均0.05),但当抚养人是父母时,流动儿童社会认知三个因子得分均低于城市儿童(P值均0.05).因此,应加强对流动儿童,尤其是流动男性儿童社会认知方面的教育和引导.     

特殊儿童父母亲职压力与婚姻质量关系研究

通过问卷调查法,分析特殊儿童父母亲职压力与婚姻质量的关系,重点探究发展性障碍儿童父母与感官障碍儿童父母在亲职压力与婚姻质量上的差异,并为特殊儿童父母降低压力、提升婚姻质量提供科学干预措施。结果发现:特殊儿童父母亲职压力与婚姻质量出现显著负相关,其中发展性障碍儿童父母与感官障碍儿童父母在亲职压力上存在显著差异,在婚姻质量上差异不显著。     

DNA甲基化异常与肿瘤间关系的研究进展

DNA的甲基化及甲基化异常在人体发育和肿瘤的发生中起着至关重要的作用。文中主要综述了几十年来人们对 DNA甲基化异常与基因转录及肿瘤发生之间关系的研究进展 ,尤其是最近的研究突破。     

利用日常生活教育幼儿

如何利用日常生活中丰富的教育资源教育幼儿,笔者认为,应在日常生活中培养幼儿的生活自理能力,激发幼儿对自然界和社会的认识兴趣、求知欲,对幼儿进行常识教育,数学启蒙,培养幼儿具有良好的个性品质以及社交能力。     

法律生活和道德生活的冲突与协调

每个人都生活在自己独特的心灵世界里.心灵世界的不同使入的生活可划分为法律的生活、道德的生活和宗教的生活.比较法律的生活和道德的生活,揭示其人生意义而非社会功能,可以从另一角度反省什么是人性化的制度.法律的生活和道德的生活存在内在矛盾,这种矛盾就是理性与情感、公正与和谐的矛盾.克服和协调这种矛盾应当是现代法治着力解决的重大问题,对此我们可以借鉴吸收中国传统法律文化的资源.     

Associations Between Family Relationships and Psychiatric Symptomatology in Undergraduate Students:

The present study investigated whether or not gender differences moderate the association between family relationships and psychiatric symptomatology in undergraduate students. One hundred ninety-eight undergraduate students (115 females and 83 males) completed self-report instruments assessing primary psychiatric symptomatology, personality disorder symptomatology, and family relationship closeness/distance. The results of this research indicated that family relationship closeness/distance was consistently associated with both of the psychiatric sumptom measures in the female subsample. Family love, understanding, companionship, and advice were negatively associated with psychiatric symptoms, while family problems, the desire for privacy and freedom from the family, ideological differences, and tensions involving friends were positively associated with psychiatric symptoms. In contrast, family relationships were infrequently correlated with psychiatric symptoms in the male subsample. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of previous research on the association between family relationships and psychological well-being in female and male late adolescents.     

“别一种人生”的探寻——试评张翎的《邮购新娘》和《余震》

本文试分析张翎小说在中西双重文化背景下体察人生境遇,描绘人情世故,讲述人生故事,在冲突中构建中西文化对话,在不同的生存状态下选择不同的人生,在超越迷茫之后获得自我认同,体现了作家独具特色的立场和姿态。     

Linking Life and Literature in Early Childhood Settings

Using an example of a toddler’s developing understanding of an apple, this article illustrates how children integrate all elements in their interpersonal and built environments to support their emerging literacy skills. Otto (2007) and others provide evidence from emergent literacy research that documents observations and exploration by infants, toddlers, and young children and suggest that the ways in which children participate in early literature-related activities influence the knowledge they construct. Twenty-two children’s books—including five for apple discoverers—are recommended and reviewed.     

学前儿童文学的审美属性

幼儿阶段是人类成长过程中的神秘而美丽的年龄阶段,它所带来的大自然的灵气与光辉是人类精神进化史中遗传下来的最宝贵的原始财富.幼儿文学要立足于这块精神圣地,用符合幼儿年龄特征以及思维特征的语言创造出独特艺术内涵的精神产品,使幼儿文学真正服务于幼儿的健康成长,并使它在发掘自身价值时获得新的尊重与认可.     

Associations Between Father Absence and Age of First Sexual Intercourse

Children raised without a biological father in the household have earlier average ages of first sexual intercourse than children raised in father-present households. Competing theoretical perspectives have attributed this either to effects of father absence on socialization and physical maturation or to nonrandom selection of children predisposed for early sexual intercourse into father-absent households. Genetically informative analyses of the children of sister dyads ( N  = 1,382, aged 14–21 years) support the selection hypothesis: This association seems attributable to confounded risks, most likely genetic in origin, which correlated both with likelihood of father absence and early sexual behavior. This holds implications for environmental theories of maturation and suggests that previous research may have inadvertently overestimated the role of family structure in reproductive maturation.     

生活应激研究现状与展望

生活应激的研究不仅是医学心理学领域的重要课题,也是健康心理学及心理健康教育领域的重要课题。文章在介绍国内外对生活应激概念界定的基础上,对当前生活应激的相关研究做了阐述,并对生活应激的研究进行了展望。