Adultery and the double standard in a Dutch city in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

Abstract

Analyzing Dutch criminal cases of adultery in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this article shows that the legal definition of adultery as well as its prosecution changed in this period. Until 1811 both men and women received equally hard punishments and were prosecuted in similar numbers. Only with the introduction of the French Code Pénal in the Netherlands in 1811 did the double standard find its way into laws on adultery. But at the same time, sentences became more lenient and prosecution declined. The changes in the laws, as well as the discrepancies between the law and prosecution practice, show adultery’s constructed character and its differing meanings, the variability of the double standard and the precarious nature of heterosexuality.     

东西方"石头记"

石头不仅是大自然傲岸的风骨,而且在整个人类发展史上起过至关重要的作用,在世界各民族文化中孕育了别具一格、丰富多彩的石文化.     

Hinduism and the State in Trinidad

Abstract

Between 1845 and 1917, a total number of 143,939 Indian immigrants were brought to Trinidad under the system of Indian indenture to fill the labour gap created by the abolition of slavery. Approximately 88% of these immigrants practised various facets of Hinduism. Upon completion of their five‐year periods of contracted labour, over 90% of the indentureds opted to make Trinidad their permanent home. From their very entrance into Trinidad society, Hindus were engaged in the practice of many aspects of their religion. However, in Trinidad, elements of religion were variously truncated, modified, diluted, intensified or excised. During the initial decades of Indian indenture, Indian cultural forms were met with either contempt or indifference. Yet, despite the arduous nature of the task, various dimensions of Indian culture have now been integrated into the Trinidad and Tobago's multicultural prism.

Whether within the context of colonialism, the immediate post independence ferment, or the post 1980s dynamic political ethos, Trinidad's ‘cultural’ diversity has consistently underscored intriguing, sometimes tumultuous dialogue between the State and various elements of the society. Predictably, the common factor and point of contention was the conflict between Hindu and non‐Hindu ideologies. This essay seeks to explore one dimension of that dialogue; namely, the engagement of the Trinidad Hindu community with the State, with specific emphasis on the issues that can be situated within the realm of culture. These include Adult Franchise, the Hindu Marriage Bill, the Divorce Bill, the Cremation Ordinance, the issuing of capitation grants, education, symbolic claims and ‘nationalizing’. Underscoring the dialogue are two, often contradictory, determinants: the attitude of the State towards Hinduism (and Indian culture on the whole), and the tension between the retention of ‘Hindu’ culture and the need to transcend the boundaries of communalist discourse into the nationalist frame. Therein resides the crux of a most intriguing interaction between two very dynamic entities.     

Echoes of the Bandung movement in the Caribbean and China's presence in the region today

The ideas of Bandung had echoes in the anti-colonial and decolonization movement in the Anglophone Caribbean from the 1950s to the 1970s. These echoes were signals of international solidarity that emerged among the political leadership and radicalized publics in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean. That sense of solidarity has been replaced by pragmatic business relations in the era of global neo-liberalism and the growing role of China and other ex-colonies as economic powers. There is an urgent need for renewal of mutually beneficial political association among ex-colonial countries. The spectres of racism and racial stereotypes need to be confronted in the building of stronger economic relations. These racial stereotypes arise from the growth of anti-black racism over the past 500 years. Similarly, racial stereotypes of Chinese and other peoples of Asia are rooted in colonial histories. New political relations cannot be based exclusively on trade and economic relations but on an explicit elaboration of ideas that can encourage discussion, debate and the development of institutions. These new political ideas can build on shared principles in an anti-racist direction, which helps to restore human dignity to international relations.     

Traversing the Local and Universal in the Catholic Renewal

ABSTRACT

Increasing numbers of educated Catholic travellers visited holy sites in Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Though we are beginning to uncover more about these holy sites in the context of ‘local’ religion, we know very little about how educated travellers encountered them. These sacred places were also places of mobility and exchange. This article explores the responses of an educated traveller from Bohemia on a pilgrimage to Loreto and his encounters with holy sites and religious materials along the way and what this reveals about Catholicism in between the local and universal.     

《今古奇观》在德国

在我国通俗小说中，明代姑苏抱翁老人选辑的《今古奇观》，虽不如《三国演义》、《水浒传》那样引人注目，但也具有内容丰厚、语言精练、富有文采等种种好处，几百年来刊布不绝，深受读者喜爱，在国外也颇得赏识。     

Culture and counseling in the Philippines

An examination of experiences as a counselor in the Philippines suggests at least three important domains of difference in the counseling process: the content of problems, modes of relationships and presumed causes of difficulties. Filipino counselees in a university setting struggled with family control, and rebelled against a double standard of morals. They found it difficult to trust a counselor who was not part of the extended family and they attributed their difficulties to external, social rather than intrapsychic factors. In light of these cultural differences counselors must respond to their problems as Filipinos perceive them and explore ways of changing the social environment of the client. This is in contrast to the strategy of North American counselors who seek to change the client's methods of dealing with himself.     

Out in the Cold and Back: New-Found Interest in the Great Flu

The article surveys the historiography of the influenza pandemic of 1918–19, charting growing interest in the field and offering a critical review of recent publications. While, against the background of current anxieties concerning the threat of an outbreak of an avian influenza epidemic, the Great Flu has belatedly become a hot topic, the cultural history of this catastrophe remains to be written.     

近代四川城乡关系析论

在近代的四川地区，发达的农业和富饶的乡村经济促进了城市的重建和发展。近代以后，城市在城乡对立关系中逐渐占据了统治地位，开始了城市统治乡村的时期。城市带动乡村一同发展，但由于四川城市的发展十分缓慢，城市对农村的带动效应十分有限；与此同时，由于四川地区农村自然经济解体水平的低下及农村经济的萧条，使乡村日益成为城市发展的桎梏，阻碍着城市的进一步发展。近代四川城乡之间的这种非良性互动关系，成为这一区域发展严重滞后的主要原因之一。     

战国冶铁与棠溪宝剑

棠溪剑史据《资治通鉴》记载:“棠溪之金天下之利。”《史记》记载:“天下之剑韩为众,一曰棠溪,二曰墨阳,三曰合伯,四曰邓师,五曰宛冯,六曰龙泉七曰太阿,八曰莫邪,九曰干将。”《吴越春秋》记载:“棠溪在西平,水淬刀剑,特锋利,为干将莫邪所从出,亦名川也。”据范文澜《中国通史     

Fear and Rumour in the People's Republic of China in the 1950s

ABSTRACT

The article explores the nature of popular fears during the early years of the People's Republic of China by examining two types of rumour: those of a ‘secular’ type that told of China's defeat in the Korean War, a third world war or an imminent nuclear attack; and those of a ‘supernatural’ type that told of demons out to snatch vital organs or the end of the world. These rumours testified both to the resilience of ancient cosmological beliefs and values and to their capacity to fuse with elements of ‘modern’ politics. The article asks what they tell us about the relationship of the party-state to the populace.     

隋唐儒学发展及其特点

唐代儒学研究长期以来遭到忽视。但唐代儒学作为汉学与宋学的过渡，儒家学术思想上的重大转向正是在这一时期酝酿发端的。笔试图通过对唐代儒学历史演变的梳理，来探讨隋唐儒学的发展特征。     

"牛郎织女"神话与汉代婚姻

神话是人类所创造的文化形式之一，它不仅与仪式、巫术有着密切的联系，而且也与古代制度、自然物象、地理地貌、历史事件、人性特点、生活习俗等人类的文化现象和文化制度存在着联系。     

Independence and obedience in the United States and Japan

Are some Americans and Japanese beginning to think more similarly about independence and obedience? Middle-class adult respondents from the suburbs of Chicago and Tokyo (U.S.: 43 males and 54 females: Japan: 71 males and 80 females) were surveyed about their sex-role values. This report focuses on two values which have been recognised as constituting fundamental differences between Japanese and Americans: personal independence and obedience. The survey used a metric multidimensional scaling technique called Galileo^®. Analyses of the data and results of other comparative studies suggest that any convergence taking place between the two societies is occurring primarily within American society. There is growing evidence, including the findings of this study, that Americans are moving away from their traditional stress on the importance of the individual in society. The Japanese respondents did show a more liberal conceptualization of the ideal woman with respect to obedience, however, there was no indication that this less traditional image of women extended to their other traditional roles in society.