德国西占区“再教育”初探

二战后,西方盟国对德国实行了一场强性的“再教育”,这是现代史上唯一的一次试图对一个民族的所谓“民族特性”进行全面改造的政治尝试,该政策是由英国首先提出的,它主张用西方的民主传统去影响,改变德国人的思维方式和生活方式,从占领之初到占领体制结束,西方盟国对德国的“再教育”大致经历了三个阶段,涵盖了整个文教体制,“再教育”,促使德国人民对德国的历史文化传统进行了深刻的反思,培植了民主观念,从而使德国人民的思想发生了根本的转变,为德国从旧体制向新体制的蜕变奠定了坚实的思想基础。     

土耳其人在德国的教育融合:现状、进步与前景

在过去的10年间,由于土耳其人对德国教育体制的逐步适应以及德国联邦政府采取了积极的教育融合政策,土耳其学生在德国的教育体制中取得了长足的进步,但是相对德国学生还有较大的差距,主要原因在于德国的分轨制教育制度和土耳其移民隔离于德国主流社会的生活状态。而且由于过去10年间德国就业市场对中级岗位需求的减少,二代土耳其移民的教育进步并未使他们在就业方面获益。     

文化的力量:德国歌德学院的历史和启示

歌德学院作为德国最大的媒介组织,以推广德语、促进文化交流、宣传德国为根本任务,是德国对外文化教育政策的主要执行机构之一.本文尝试对其发展历史与现状作一梳理,以期从中得出一些对中国孔子学院发展有益的启示.     

A poetic journey: the transfer and transformation of German strategies for moral education in late eighteenth-century Dutch poetry for children

One of the most popular Dutch educational enlightenment authors was Hieronymus van Alphen. His three volumes of Little Poems for Children published in 1778 and 1782 were extremely successful, both in the Netherlands and abroad. Inspired by the German poets Christian Felix Weisse and Gottlob Wilhelm Burmann, Van Alphen brought about an expansion of educational space based on the integration of moral education in the spirit of the educational ideas of Locke, Rousseau and the Philanthropinists with poetical ideas and the nature of the child in both the content and the form of his poems. His poems were translated almost immediately into English, French and, surprisingly, as many of his poems were more or less adaptations of poems by Weisse and Burmann, into German too. Van Alphen’s trump card was a reversal of former strategies of education: instead of pressing moral ideas upon the children from an adult point of view, he aimed at identification by (1) writing from the perspective of children, (2) situating the poems in the world of experience of children, (3) using a childlike style with a frolicking metre, rhyme scheme and prosody, and (4) combining text and images, so putting the moral message across visually and textually at the same time. In this paper, we follow the journey of poems for children as media for the cultural transmission of moral educational ideas from Germany to the Netherlands from the perspective of cultural transmission, moral literacy and educational space. We conclude that Van Alphen, with the combined power of text and image, successfully adopted and adapted former educational strategies, such as the moral poetics developed by his German predecessors Christian Felix Weisse and Gottlob Wilhelm Burmann. Taking their strategies on a poetic journey from Germany to the Netherlands, he not only transferred them, but transformed them as well. Van Alphen did so in a specific Dutch utilitarian way. His poems could be read for fun but were intended for learning. They were useful and entertaining at the same time, because he took the life and living environment of children into account, and particularly accounted for the concept of development as a distinguishing characteristic of the specific nature of the child with which child readers could identify.     

Technical expertise and teacher growth: results of a teacher evaluation policy impact study

This research examines educational stratification cross‐nationally through the context of German division and unity. Drawing upon representative German Social Survey (ALLBUS) data from 1991 to 1998 on cohorts schooled in the 1980s and 1990s, the analysis explores educational inequality at the secondary school level with respect to social origins and gender in four settings: the late state socialist German Democratic Republic, the immediate pre‐unification Federal Republic of Germany, and the two halves of a now‐united Germany. The pre‐unification settings differ structurally—in the extent and timing of educational differentiation—and ideologically. Post‐unification eastern Germany is a case of sudden, top‐down structural reform, with a high degree both of cultural continuity and continuity of teaching personnel. The study finds that women’ s disadvantage in educational attainment has disappeared at the secondary level; indeed, men now face a disadvantage at this level. However, no major changes have occurred with respect to social origins. The children of workers and less educated parents were extremely disadvantaged in both East and West Germany prior to unification, surprisingly, perhaps, even more so in East Germany. Despite dramatic reform and expansion of the university‐preparatory curriculum in eastern states since unification, inequality in educational attainment remains stable. Interestingly, the children of small‐scale proprietors were particularly advantaged under German state socialism, and in eastern states in the 1990s they maintain a substantial but more moderate advantage over working‐class peers. The paper concludes with a discussion of possible underlying reasons for the lack of variation in the parameters of educational inequality in the face of such varied and changing institutions and ideologies.     

德国“双元制”人才培养模式本土化实践研究

德国“双元制”人才培养模式,是享誉世界的职业教育模式,但是由于中德两国教育体制不同,在中国照搬该模式行不通。湖北轻工职院认真吸取德国职业教育的精髓,以服务中部经济发展为目标,与德国饮料包装机械巨头克朗斯公司深度合作进行“双元制”本土化实践,破解了“双元制”中企业“元”短缺的难题,走出了一条具有中部特色的“双元制”本土化实践道路。     

Wie die Türken in unsere Köpfe kamen. Das Türkei-Bild in der deutschen Pädagogik zwischen 1820 und 1930

The article reconstructs the image of Turkey and the Turks that German education portrayed between 1820 and 1930. The analysis is based on educational periodicals and reference works from the historical eras of the German Confederation, the German Empire and the First World War, tracing the way old stereotypes persisted and new stereotypes arose. The study especially focuses on the opinions of German educationalists about schools in Turkey, Turkish women, Islam, the question of whether Turkey was part of Europe, and last not least on whether Ottoman educational policies were appropriate. Closely following the historical sources, the article shows how the opinions of German educationists changed according to the shift of Germany’s geopolitical interests, how their outlook went hand in hand with the views of the general press, and how they gradually came to a professional self-concept that contrasted ‘their’ educational system with what they believed was a ‘backward’ system in Turkey. At the same time they began to develop an interest in doing professional work in Turkey. The article can also be regarded as a contribution to the history of educational thinking in Germany in the course of the nineteenth century.     

What the West could learn from the East: a reflective analysis

Drawing on Lugones’ ideas of world traveling, Dewey’s notion of education as experience, and Greene’s vision of seeing small/seeing big, this article inquires into lives lived in an Eastern educational milieu with attention reflectively paid to what educators in the West could learn from those in the East. Rather than focusing on mega narratives largely created by policy-makers and derived from accumulations of theory and/or political decision-making, this practical research in the reflective vein takes a ‘big’ look at three ‘small stories’ that emerged in a narrative inquiry we conducted in a Chinese elementary school and imagines their portability to Western educational contexts. Reflective attention is specifically paid to: (1) teaching without words, (2) principal images, and (3) shared responsibility for failure. What these small stories from our narrative inquiry research might disrupt, if introduced to Western educational settings, is especially taken up.     

略论19世纪德国研究生教育的诞生、发展、影响

19世纪 ,德国对人类社会高级人才培养体系做出的一个巨大贡献是开创和完善了现代意义的研究生教育 ,并从此对世界高等教育的发展产生了巨大深远的影响。时至今日 ,回顾与反思德国留给我们的这份丰厚的历史遗产 ,仍有不可低估的现实意义。     

The discourse of German Geisteswissenschaftliche Pädagogik – A contextual reconstruction

The framework of German educational discourse of the twentieth century is so‐called geisteswissenschaftliche Pädagogik, or education as one of the humanities or arts rather than as a science. It triumphed around 1925 in the second half of the Weimar Republic. This article outlines in three steps the core elements of this educational discourse. First, it shows that the mode of thinking of the exponents of geisteswissenschaftliche Pädagogik was dualistic in a traditional Protestant manner. They juxtaposed empiry and Geist, plurality and unity, and outward and inward, and they favoured the inward unity and coherency of Geist. The contextual analysis shows, however, that the dualistic thought schema was virulent not only among German educationalists and philosophers, but also found strong expression in novelists and essayists like Thomas Mann, or the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, Rudolf Eucken. Mainstream thinkers criticised the plural systems of Western democracy and capitalism – first and foremost, however, American democracy and capitalism – which were seen to epitomise both of these “un‐German” movements. The true German nature was thought to be an inner spiritual life, which was originally religious and through the course of history came to characterise the whole of German life and thought. It was believed that this spiritual inner life was revealed best by German art, particularly German music. This resistance to empiricism led, and this is the second step, to two analogous notions of the totality or wholeness of the individual and the nation. Man is not understood to be merely an individual, but more importantly a “personhood” (Persönlichkeit), which was described as an inward spiritual life that arose through effort and self‐cultivation, or Bildung. In addition to this inward personhood, however, the conception of “nationhood,” a national spiritual life as Volksstaat, or the ethnocultural nation as detached and distinguished from the political sphere, is seen as important. The individual person can perfect himself only in the framework of the typical characteristics of his Volk – the German Volk. Western democracy and plurality are seen as an atomistic “aggregate of individuals” and juxtaposed against the German concept of the ethnocultural Nation, the Volk community composing an organic unity that transcends the individual. Bildung is the spiritual formation of integrated, cultivated personalities who would orient themselves to the Volk community. In the curriculum of true education, along with the German language the study of Heimat becomes the fundamental element. In contrast to specialised subjects, the contents of Heimat would reflect the organic in the world, the totality of life: in the Volk and in the spiritual‐mental unity within the Persönlichkeit. The two constructions – deepest roots in the tradition of the Volk on one side, and highest inner spirituality in the personality on the other – resulted in education that had to oscillate between lowest and highest and, through this, had to lose sight of empirical, that is, social and political, dimensions. This is the third step that the present article wants to address. The true understanding of education, according to the exponents of geisteswissenschaftliche Pädagogik, puts social and political issues in their only proper place: inside the inner 760 Daniel Tröhler personality. Politicisation of the German person had to take place in the context of Volksstaat, not in democracy. To be free meant the embedding of the individual into the harmonious beauty of the whole. This notion created a social and political vacuum between the lowest denominator or totality of the Germanic people and the highest whole or totality of the Germanic personality, so that education had to be given the attribution – one that continues to be variously described and affirmed in education research in the German‐language realm up to the present day – that education is autonomous, independent of social or political context. This was based on the term Bildung – the inner ideology set against a pluralistic world. Autonomy means insisting on the inner freedom of man, on his inner coherency, and his will. In the midst of the confusing simultaneous demands of society on youth, educational autonomy is believed to be a means of assuring human unity and wholeness; it serves a protective dam to contain the danger of persons being ripped apart or pulled hither and yon. With its goal of awakening a unified spiritual life against the modern plural democratic world, the true educational community becomes crucial.     

The gown and the korowai: Māori doctoral students and the spatial organisation of academic knowledge

This paper draws on 38 student interviews carried out in the course of the team research project ‘Teaching and Learning in the Supervision of Māori Doctoral Students’. Māori doctoral thesis work takes place in the intersections between the Māori (tribal) world of identifications and obligations, the organisational and epistemological configurations of academia and the bureaucratic requirements of funding or employing bureaucracies. To explore how students accommodate cultural, academic and bureaucratic demands, we develop analytical tools combining three intellectual traditions: Māori educational theory, Bernstein’s sociology of the academy and Lefebvre’s conceptual trilogy of perceived, conceived and lived space. The paper falls into six parts. Section 1 is an overview of the research and is followed in Section 2 by identification of intersecting ‘locations’ in which Māori students’ theses are produced. In Section 3, Henri Lefebvre’s spatial analysis highlights connections between students’ multiple allegiances and affinities. Drawing on Bernstein, Section 4 relates the theses to the organisation of ‘Western’ academic disciplines. Section 5 addresses students’ cultural locations beyond the reach of ‘Western’ disciplines. We conclude with implications for supervision.     

Who dares wins? Do higher realistic occupational aspirations improve the chances of migrants for access to dual vocational education and training in Germany?

High educational aspirations are considered to be a crucial factor for educational success and social advancement. As is also the case in many western European countries, migrants in Germany have higher aspirations than non-migrants. Although migrants’ average school performance levels are significantly lower, their greater educational aspirations exert a positive influence on the acquisition of higher educational qualifications. This paper investigates whether higher aspirations are also revealed in respect of Germany’s highly prevalent dual vocational education and training (VET) system and how this affects the transition to dual VET for young people from a migration background. Multivariate analyses using the database of the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) relate to school-leavers in Years 9 and 10 of general schools who aspired to enter dual VET upon completion of schooling. If we control for the main influencing factors, young people from a migrant background are shown to exhibit higher occupational aspirations with regard to dual VET than their counterparts not from a migration background. However, viewed in overall terms, higher occupational aspirations lead to poorer chances of transition to dual VET. This is much more noticeable amongst migrants than amongst non-migrants.     

Reciprocal learning in teacher education between Canada and China

ABSTRACT

The Preservice Teacher Education Reciprocal Learning Programme has been developed on a vision of bridging the East and West dichotomy by harmonising Eastern learning with Western knowledge. This programme is one of the two foundations for Xu and Connelly’s 7-year Canada-China Reciprocal Learning Partnership in teacher education and school education in 2013-2020. The Programme, ‘provide[s] an exceptional cross-cultural experience with international engagement … to broaden teacher candidates’ horizons for a society of increasing diversity in today’s globalized world’. This article’s purposes are to discuss how reciprocal learning is both a concept and an approach for international and cross-cultural teacher education and school education and to present the learning outcomes and educational significance of the East-West reciprocal learning programme in teacher education. The Programme has created opportunities for both pre-service and in-service teachers to understand and appreciate a culture and educational system different from their own, thereby reciprocally contributing to educational opportunities for those they teach. The research theory and method utilised in this work are found in a companion paper in this special series and are briefly discussed below in the project overview and later in a discussion of student outcomes. This work has implications for other school settings where increasing immigrant student population and cultural diversity have become the norm.     

国外的多元文化教育研究及面临的问题

国外的多元文化教育在近半个世纪的发展历程中,逐渐成为西方社会的一种教育理念。西方国家多元文化教育的兴起,既有人口、教育上的因素,也有文化、政治方面的原因。为了实现多元文化教育的目标,多元文化教育的倡导者提出从师资、课程、教学以及评价等方面对学校教育全面加以改革。多元文化教育在倡导民主观念、种族平等、尊重文化差异等方面取得了一定的进展,使教育能更多地考虑到了不同文化背景的学生的实际情况,但是也有一些人对多元文化教育提出了异议,使其面临新的挑战。     

Intergenerationale Transmission von kulturellem Kapital in Migrantenfamilien

Zusammenfassung Im Bildungssystem Deutschlands besteht eine ausgepr?gte ethnische Ungleichheit: Kinder aus Familien mit Migrationshintergrund erreichen nicht nur niedrigere, sondern auch weniger Bildungsabschlüsse als ihre deutschen Mitschüler und Mitschülerinnen. Dieses Defizit bei der Akkumulation von kulturellem Kapital wirkt sich wiederum negativ auf ihre Arbeitsmarktplatzierung und damit auf ihre strukturelle Assimilation in Deutschland aus. Die Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der Bedeutung intergenerationaler Transmission von Kapitalien in Deutschland zeigen klar, dass die unterschiedlichen Sozialisationsbedingungen in den Familien einen ausschlaggebenden Faktor für den schulischen und beruflichen Erfolg darstellen. Insbesondere das kulturelle Kapital, das Familien nach einer internationalen Wanderung in intergenerative Transmissionsprozesse investieren k?nnen, scheint von strategischer Bedeutung für den Verlauf und die Geschwindigkeit von Assimilationsprozessen zu sein. Die Struktur des deutschen Schulsystems spielt dabei eine entscheidende Rolle, denn sie bestimmt die Rahmenbedingungen unter denen intergenerationale Transmission in Migrantenfamilien m?glich und erfolgreich sein kann. Summary Intergenerational Transmission of Cultural Capital in Migrant Families: Towards an explanation of ethnic differences in the German educational system There is a clearly established inequality in the German educational system: children from migrant families do not simply achieve lower, but also less qualifications than their German counterparts. This deficit in the accumulation of cultural capital leads to negative placement opportunities in the job market and eventually affects their structural assimilation in Germany negatively. The results concerning the importance of intergenerational transmission of resources clearly demonstrate that differences in the conditions for socialization in the families have a significant effect on school and vocational success. In particular, the cultural capital which families invest in intergenerational transmission appears to be of strategic importance to the course and speed of assimilation processes. The structure of the German school system plays a decisive role, since it determines the framework within which intergenerational transmission in migrant families is possible and successful.      

Christian pedagogy? A research report on the Christian profile of an educational institution in Germany

The article reports about an empirical study among the educational staff of one of Germany’s biggest Christian educational institutions, the ‘Christliche Jugenddorfwerk Deutschlands e.V.’ (Christian Youth Work of Germany, CJD). It tried to find out what ideas and attitudes the respondents had concerning the Christian profile of the institution and their own educational work. To this end, a questionnaire with mainly closed-ended and some open-ended questions was administered to the 6000 educational staff. The 934 responses are not representative but still give illuminating insights into the chances and problems of a ‘Christian pedagogy’ as proclaimed by the CJD. They show that a Christian profile of education is approved of by most of the CJD staff, even by many of those who do not believe in God. The results are interpreted and discussed in the context of current developments in Germany’s denominational private school sector, but imply perspectives for an international context as well.     

简论德国"双元制"职业教育的特点及启示

德国“双元制”模式是享誉世界的一种职教模式,这种“双元制”职教模式对德国劳动者的高素质、产品的高质量,以及德国国民经济在国际上的持久竞争力都起着重要的作用。从社会文化背景、企校联合的办学方针以及师资特色等方面评述了以“双元制”为代表的德国高等职业教育的特点,并结合我国的职教现状,提出了发展我国高职教育的一些建议。     

Female education and the cultural transfer of pedagogical knowledge in the eighteenth century

In the eighteenth century, the German pedagogical discourse took place within the broader framework of an international circulation of pedagogical concepts and ideas. The trans-cultural nature of these intellectual exchanges is particularly evident in the thoughts and writings on female education. Translations of books and essays played a significant role in this transfer of pedagogical knowledge. The article focuses on the manner in which educational thought circulated across borders by studying one case in detail. The examination of John Burton’s Lectures on Female Education and Manners (1793), which was published in German in several editions, will place particular emphasis on the manner in which educational ideas emerging from a specific cultural context are adopted into a different discursive system. The research methodology is based on the concept of “cultural transfer”, an approach that has proven fruitful in transfer and comparative studies in recent years. It refers to key aspects of transfer theory, especially the consideration that ideas do not spread autonomously, but must be carried by intermediaries. Thus, the mechanisms of importing foreign cultural assets and the context of its reception will be at the core of this work.     

走进海洋教育的人文世界

海洋教育人文性蕴藏着巨大的能量空间和精神世界,它存在于我们习以为常的海洋文学、海洋历史和海洋哲学之中,在人类的精神接受和心理建筑层面构建了强大的内在世界。海洋文学是以海洋为审美对象并反映人—海关系,以海洋为意向或背景,通过叙事、抒情等方式反映社会生活,表达人的审美情感,蕴含深厚人文性和审美意蕴,是海洋教育的重要版块和无尽宝藏。挖掘中国教育史中的海洋元素,对于深化对中国教育史的认识,丰富海洋文化的内涵具有拓展性意义。世界各国也通过立法推进海洋教育的举措,其所体现出来的人本因素,在实践中具有丰富内涵。     

教育研究的中国传统与特色主张

为了推动中国的教育研究走向世界,丰富和完善中国特色的教育科学,我们不仅需要以博采众长、兼容并包之态广纳世界各国优秀的教育理论与实践,而且还需要念念不忘中国教育之文化根基与人文精神,特别是要做到立足教育研究的中国立场,以深度的文化自觉促进中国意识的觉醒,彰显教育研究的中国传统。"心本体"的教育主张是中国教育学的文化魅力之所在,是中国传统教育的核心体现。首先,涵养"仁心"是中国传统"心本体"教育的中心目标,通过"情"的内在唤醒,"思"的甄别引领,"行"的沉潜往复得以培育;其次,求其"放心"是中国传统"心本体"教育的核心内容,它注重个体的心灵转向与品性浸润,强调教育是一段个体体验内在幸福的真实历程,是个体在日常生活中的点滴"修行";再次,磨练"事功"是中国传统"心本体"教育的特色方法,通过儒家"忧世"主张的磨练,唤醒个体兼济天下的志向,通过良知本体在真实生活中的"自我坎陷",来磨砺心志,塑造真善美的心灵。