抗菌药物滥用的原因、危害及对策

多年来,抗菌药物特别是抗生素的滥用带来的危害日益严重,尤其是细菌的耐药现象的蔓延,对人类健康与生存已经构成严重威胁.本文对造成抗菌药物滥用的原因及其危害进行较为深刻的分析,并就如何有效控制抗菌药物的滥用、遏制耐药现象蔓延提出相应对策.     

Using Antibiotics with Caution

中国是抗生素生产大国,也是抗生素使用大国。抗生素不仅能杀灭细菌而且对霉菌、支原体、衣原体等其它致病微生物也有良好的抑制和杀灭作用。但是近年来,抗生素滥用的情况日益突出。本文对抗生素滥用的原因、滥用的危害和如何合理使用抗生素作一简单的阐述。     

临床中滥用抗菌药物现象的分析

合理运用抗菌药是在临床上预防细菌感染的有效途径.但是,临床上滥用抗生素现象又普遍存在,其不良后果早已被预防医学界关注.本文提出了抗生素使用中普遍存在的问题,并针对性地提出了合理的建议.     

滥用抗生素、激素、维生素的危害及其防治对策

抗生素、激素、维生素(简称“三素”)是临床较为常用的几类.滥用抗生素造成细菌的耐药性不断上升、二重感染发生率大幅度提高,各种抗生素的毒性反应和过敏反应问题普遍激增等;激素不合理应用会引起Chushing综合症、停药反应或反跳现象,股骨头坏死及诱发或加重感染等其他反应;维生素的长期大量应用对人体也有害甚至中毒.为减少“三素”的危害,本文提出了防治“三素”危害的对策.     

“抗生素的合理使用”教学设计

<正>1选题依据伴随社会的发展,抗生素的种类日益增多,抗生素的使用更加频繁,特别是在我国,滥用抗生素的现象随处可见,带来的后果令人痛心,对人类的健康和生命已构成极大的威胁。笔者通过一节活动课让学生了解抗生素的作用机制、疗效及副作用,以提高学生的健康意识,增强其社会责任感。2教学目标2.1知识与能力(1)了解抗生素在控制感染性疾病等方面所起的重要作用;(2)了解常用抗生素的作用机制,认同应合理使用抗生素。2.2过程与方法(1)通过列举生活中不合理使用抗生素的实例,讨论、分析滥用抗生素的危害;(2)通过对药物副作用的了解,养成用药前认真阅读药品说明书的习惯。     

抗生素滥用的原因及对策

抗生素对人类健康和社会发展功不可没,但我国目前抗生素滥用现象已引起国内外关注。本文综述了抗生素滥用的原因及促进抗生素合理使用的策略。     

静脉应用抗生素的几个问题及其解决办法

在临床对合理使用抗生素的监测中,发现一些滥用抗生素现象,主要是没有很好地将临床药理学与生物药剂学联系起来,片面理解大剂量冲击疗法,在病人中也存在对合理应用抗生素的模糊认识。根据以上问题,找出了解决的办法。     

滥用抗生素，危险

现在抗生素被许多父母视为治疗疾病的万能药物,遇到像感冒、腹泻之类的毛病,他们动不动就要求医生给孩子用最好的抗生素治疗,甚至自己到药店购买抗生素给孩子服用。然而事实证明抗生素的滥用会给患儿带来严重的危害。首先抗生素的滥用造成了儿童体内正常菌群的破坏。一     

浅谈抗生素的不合理应用

抗生素在治疗疾病中发挥了极大的作用。由于工作原因,笔者发现基层医院滥用、不合理应用抗生素现象非常普遍,不合理应用的方式、方法多种多样,如何正确合理使用抗生素始终是人们关注的问题。通过笔者走访几家医院临床、药房的调查,就笔者所了解的情况,     

抗生素∶回天乏术的万用良药——由其抗药性而引发的科技风险思考

抗生素被人们广泛地用于人类医学和畜牧业生产中,对人类社会产生重大影响。但人为地滥用抗生素使细菌产生抗药性,甚至出现了危害人类生命的超级细菌。由抗生素的案例可知,对科学技术工具理性的误解与滥用将使人类面临巨大风险。要规避科技风险,就要确立和倡导科技、医学和药品伦理的价值规范;明确科学家的伦理责任,注重其伦理观念的培养。     

加强抗菌药物使用的监督管理

随着抗菌药物的不断研制和开发 ,抗菌药物在临床用药中占有的地位也越来越重要。由于不同抗菌药抗菌作用的强弱不同和抗菌谱各异及不同的临床药理特点 ,抗菌药物的临床应用也越来越难以驾驭。因此 ,必须加强抗菌药物使用监督管理 ,才能对症下药 ,防止抗菌药物滥用     

解脲脲原体感染及药物敏感性分析

目的:了解泌尿生殖道解脲脲原体感染现状及对10种抗生素耐药情况.指导临床合理用药.方法:应用支原体鉴定及药敏试剂盒检测304例泌尿系感染患者,同时测定其对常用抗生素的药物敏感性.结果:解脲脲原体感染的阳性率为136株(44.7%).男性解脲脲原体阳性10例(22.22%,10/45),女性解脲脲原体阳性126例(46.84%,126/269).药敏试验结果表现不同的敏感性.结论:泌尿生殖道支原体对所分析的各种抗生素都存在不同程度的耐药.在进行解脲脲原体感染治疗之前应进行药物敏感试验.     

Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor （bFGF） on the treatment of exposure of the orbital implants

Objective： To evaluate the efficacy and the indication of basic fibroblast growth factor （bFGF） in the treatment of exposure of orbital implants. Design： Retrospective and observational case series. Methods： We reviewed 41 patients （41 eyes） suffering exposure of orbital implants from Jan. 2000 to June 2006. The study group patients with mild exposure received combined treatment with bFGF and antibiotic drops, and while the control group patients with mild exposure were treated with antibiotic drops only. The study group patients with moderate and severe exposure received combined treatment with bFGF and antibiotic drops, and after 2 months they were subjected to amniotic membrane transplantation, while the control group patients with moderate and severe exposure underwent amniotic membrane transplantation after using antibiotic drops. Observation of the growth of conjunctival epithelium and comparison of the healing rate of the two groups. Results： The healing rates of the mild, moderate and severe exposure study group were 100% and 92.3%. The healing rates of the mild, moderate and severe exposure control group were 55.6% and 66.7% respectively. The difference of the healing rates of the mild exposure study group and the control group was significant （P=-0.033）. And the difference of the healing rates of the moderate and severe exposure study group and the control group was not significant （P=-0.167）. Conclusion： bFGF may promote obviously the healing of orbital implant exposure, particularly it can be the first choice for the treatment of mild degree exposure. For the moderate and severe cases, it can be administered before surgical repair to enhance neovascularization and will tend to increase the success rate of surgical repair.     

ORS和思密达治疗急性腹泻病疗效观察

为进一步探讨ORS(口服补液盐)和思密达对成人急性腹泻病的疗效与应用价值,作者对1996年7～9月间,急性腹泻病208例,随机分为oRS加思密达75例。并与单用抗生素66例和联合用药67例作对照,观察结果ORS加思密达显效率明显优于单用抗生索(p<0.05),建议ORS加思密达可作为急性腹泻病病因诊断前的首选疗法。     

Persistence of gentamicin residues in milk after the intramammary treatment of lactating cows for mastitis

This study was designed to investigate persistence of gentamicin residues in milk after the intramammary treatment of lactating cows for mastitis. Milk samples were collected at a 1-d interval after the last administration from 34 individual cows that had received intramammary infusions of gentamicin. The doses and treatment times evaluated in this study represented those that have been applied by veterinarians in practice. The tetrazolium chloride assay was used to determine whether there were sig-nificant residues of the antibiotic in the samples. Persistence of detectable drug residues in milk from 33 cows (28 cows, <6 infusions at≤0.7 g gentamicin; and 5 cows, 2 infusions at 0.8 g gentamicin) did not exceed 5 d; but 1 cow (5 infusions at 0.8 g gentamicin) had detectable residues in its milk for 9 d. Our results suggest that a 5-d milk withdrawal period might be insufficient to secure the clearance of the contamination of gentamicin, because treatment times and dosages contribute to the antibiotic clearance. A larger scale of samples are needed for further investigations.     

网络发展中的精神变迁

网络正在以惊人的速度发展，人类即将步入“网络社会”已经成为不争的事实。精神家园的围栏消失了，“地球村”终于建成，人类精神面临空前的融合与冲突。人们的观念将趋向个性化、多样化。道德评价功能萎缩，使人们。的道德观念逐步弱化。同时，人类的精神将面临诸多的压力和考验。     

Technology-enhanced learning: Rethinking the term,the concept and its theoretical background

This theoretical paper is concerned with problematising the rethinking of theoretical backgrounds associated with one of the commonly used educational technology terms (fields)—technology-enhanced learning—in the wider context of scholarship. Examples will show that the term itself is now used beyond its apparent, stated scope, that it is used in a number of varied ways, and that this is in itself problematic. The ways in which the term is used will be identified, and from these a strategic categorisation to rethink the use of the single term in areas of scholarship (particularly research and teaching) will be proposed, offering terms specifically encompassing the realms in which technologies are being used. From this categorisation, it will be shown that each specific category is based on different conceptions related to or arising from practice. Consequently, ways that theoretical backgrounds should be considered will be explored in each case. While existing theoretical backgrounds enable conceptual underpinnings in some of those cases, in other cases it will be shown that there are currently no fully developed theories or limited theoretical frameworks available. The paper will conclude by identifying key research areas needed if we are to develop and take pertinent aspects of scholarship further forward.     

多重耐药性细菌性痢疾的治疗

目的:研究痢疾杆菌的耐药性及多重耐药性菌痢的抗生素治疗。方法:对患者进行便培养及药敏检查,应用氨基糖甙类、喹诺酮类、第三代头孢菌素类、利福平等抗菌药物及联合用药。结果:证实本地区急性菌痢的病原体仍以福氏志贺菌为主,该菌对氨苄青霉素、复方新诺明、痢特灵耐药率在80％以上,对头孢曲松钠未见耐药性,急性菌痢136例经不同药物治疗,头孢曲松钠组、氧氟沙星组及丁胺卡那霉素加利福平组均有较高治愈率。头孢哌酮组及庆大霉素加诺氟沙星组治愈率较低,与上述各组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:通过对志贺菌属耐药性研究表明应及时选用无耐药性或耐药性较低的抗菌药物,第三代喹诺酮(氧氟沙星)及第三代头孢菌素(头孢曲松钠)类药物为首选药物。     

壳聚糖及其单体体外抑菌作用研究

[目的]主要研究食品级壳聚糖、水溶性壳聚糖、N 乙酰氨基葡萄糖、氨基葡萄糖硫酸氯化钾复盐的抑菌作用 [方法]利用纸片琼脂扩散法(K B法)观察对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、白色念珠菌、新型隐球菌有无抑菌作用,利用试管稀释法对有抑菌作用壳聚糖进行最小抑菌浓度(MIC)的测定 [结果]N 乙酰氨基葡萄糖、氨基葡萄糖硫酸氯化钾复盐无抑菌作用,食品级壳聚糖、水溶性壳聚糖有抑菌作用;食品级壳聚糖对大肠杆菌的MIC为2.5%,而对金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌、新型隐球菌的MIC为1.25%;水溶性壳聚糖对大肠杆菌的MIC为1.25%,而对金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌、新型隐球菌的MIC为0.625% [结论]氨基单糖及盐无抑菌作用,壳聚糖有一定的抑菌作用,而且低分子壳聚糖比高分子壳聚糖的抑菌活性强     

从是什么到将是什么——以詹姆士对自由意志问题的解答为出发点看实用主义对形而上学的超越

詹姆士认为,自由意志论者与决定论者在对待自由意志的问题上都是不足取的。从“责任”的角度来看,二者最终都将不予承担责任。詹姆士认为,必须在其实用主义的意义下来讨论自由意志问题。在詹姆士看来,只有当意志自由能使我们“更好些”,能给予“解救”,自由意志问题才是有意义的。詹姆士的根本意图在于将哲学从形而上学的是什么的言说中转移到实用主义的将是什么之中,这一转移,具有范式转移的重要意义。