A study of the relationship between expression level of TRF1 protein and telomerase activity in human acute leukemia

INTRODUCTION Telomeres are distinctive DNA-protein struc-tures that cap the ends of linear chromosomes.It is very important to keep the chromosomes stabilization.Telomerase activity is closely linked to attainment of cellular immortality,a step in carcinogenesis,while lack of such activity contributes to cellular senes-cence.Telomerase is activated in more than85%ofmalignant tumors(Hiayma et al.,1997).Human te-lomeric repeat binding factor1(TRF1)is a telomere associated with proteins a…     

Postconditioning of sevoflurane and propofol is associated with mitochondrial permeability transition pore

Background: Sevoflurane and propofol are effective cardioprotective anaesthetic agents, though the cardioprotection of propofol has not been shown in humans. Their roles and underlying mechanisms in anesthetic postconditioning are unclear.Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening is a major cause of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Here we investigated sevoflurane- and propofol-induced postconditioning and their relationship with MPTP. Methods: Isolated perfused rat hearts were exposed to 40 min of ischemia followed by 1 h of reperfusion. During the first 15 min of reperfusion, hearts were treated with either control buffer (CTRL group) or buffer containing 20 μmol/L atractyloside (ATR group), 3% (v/v) sevoflurane (SPC group),50 μmol/L propofol (PPC group), or the combination of atractyloside with respective anesthetics (SPC ATR and PPC ATR groups). Infarct size was determined by dividing the total necrotic area of the left ventricle by the total left ventricular slice area (percent necrotic area). Results: Hearts treated with sevoflurane or propofol showed significantly better recovery of coronary flow,end-diastolic pressures, left ventricular developed pressure and derivatives compared with controls. Sevoflurane resulted in more protective alteration of hemodynamics at most time point of reperfusion than propofol. These improvements were paralleled with the reduction of lactate dehydrogenase release and the decrease of infarct size (SPC vs CTRL: (17.48±2.70)% vs (48.47±6.03)%,P＜0.05; PPC vs CTRL: (35.60±2.10)% vs (48.47±6.03)%, P＜0.05). SPC group had less infarct size than PPC group (SPC vs PPC:(17.48±2.70)% vs (35.60±2.10)%, P＜0.05). Atractyloside coadministration attenuated or completely blocked the cardioprotective effect of postconditioning of sevoflurane and propofol. Conclusion: Postconditioning of sevoflurane and propofol has cardioprotective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury of heart, which is associated with inhibition of MPTP opening. Compared to propofol, sevoflurane provides superior protection of functional recovery and infarct size.     

Non-occupational lead exposure and hypertension in Pakistani adults

INTRODUCTION Blood-Pb levels are taken as representative of dose/exposure, as all clinical symptoms resulting from the toxic effects of Pb are manifested mainly in blood. Lead exposure of children correlates with de- creased IQ, symptoms of hyper kinesis or minima brain dysfunction, poor learning, or defects in specific neuromotor tasks (Landgrin et al., 1980). Large number of observations over the years has associated lead exposure with human diseases (McMichael and Johnson, 1982). Ca…     

Sevoflurane postconditioning reduces myocardial reperfusion injury in rat isolated hearts via activation of PI3K/Akt signaling and modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins

Sevoflurane postconditioning reduces myocardial infarct size.The objective of this study was to examine the role of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)/Akt pathway in anesthetic postconditioning and to determine whether PI3K/Akt signaling modulates the expression of pro-and antiapoptotic proteins in sevoflurane postconditioning.Isolated and perfused rat hearts were prepared first,and then randomly assigned to the following groups:Sham-operation(Sham),ischemia/reperfusion(Con),sevoflurane postconditioning(SPC),Sham plus 100 nmol/L wortmannin(Sham+Wort),Con+Wort,SPC+Wort,and Con+dimethylsulphoxide(DMSO).Sevoflurane postconditioning was induced by administration of sevoflurane(2.5%,v/v) for 10 min from the onset of reperfusion.Left ventricular developed pressure(LVDP),left ventricular end-diastolic pressure(LVEDP),maximum increase in rate of LVDP(+dP/dt),maximum decrease in rate of LVDP(?dP/dt),heart rate(HR),and coronary flow(CF) were measured at baseline,R30 min(30 min of reperfusion),R60 min,R90 min,and R120 min.Creatine kinase(CK) and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) were measured after 5 min and 10 min reperfusion.Infarct size was determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining at the end of reperfusion.Total Akt and phosphorylated Akt(phospho-Akt),Bax,Bcl-2,Bad,and phospho-Bad were determined by Western blot analysis.Analysis of variance(ANOVA) and Student-Newman-Keuls' test were used to investigate the significance of differences between groups.The LVDP,±dP/dt,and CF were higher and LVEDP was lower in the SPC group than in the Con group at all points of reperfusion(P0.05).The SPC group had significantly reduced CK and LDH release and decreased infarct size compared with the Con group [(22.9±8)% vs.(42.4±9.4)%,respectively;P0.05].The SPC group also had increased the expression of phospho-Akt,Bcl-2,and phospho-Bad,and decreased the expression of Bax.Wortmannin abolished the cardioprotection of sevoflurane postconditioning.Sevoflurane postconditioning may protect the isolated rat heart.Activation of PI3K and modulation of the expression of pro-and antiapoptotic proteins may play an important role in sevoflurane-induced myocardial protection.     

复方甘草甜素(美能)注射液治疗慢性乙型肝炎临床疗效观察

[目的]观察复方甘草甜素(美能)对慢性乙型肝炎的治疗作用.[方法]将病人随机分为为两组,治疗组10例,用美能40 m l/d.iv.3周后改为口服美能片75 mg,每日3次.对照组1 0例,使用甘利欣150 mg/d,VD.3周后改为口服甘利欣100 mg,每日3次.[结果]治疗组治疗后症状缓解率75%;血清ALT水平由306.70±229.33 u/L降为105.00±86.11 u/L;血清AST水平由137.90±71.44 u/L降为64.30±34.93 u/L;血清SB水平由31.80±28.90 umol/L降为16.20±3.43 umol/L.对照组治疗后症状缓解率为66.7%;血清ALT水平由208.20±160.13 u/L降为77.20±65.92 u/L;血清AST水平由92.60±61.19 u/L降为51.20±31.38 u/L;血清SB水平由20.60±5.08 umol/L降为11.70±2.06 umol/L.[结论]复方甘草甜素(美能)的临床疗效与国内同类产品(甘利欣)相仿,具有较好的保肝、降酶作用,有一定的优势.     

Stereoselective glucuronidation of carvedilol by Chinese liver microsomes

Objective: To study the stereoselective glucuronidation of carvedilol (CARV) by three Chinese liver microsomes. Methods: The metabolites of CARV were identified by a hydrolysis reaction with β-glucuronidase and HPLC-MS/MS. The enzyme kinetics for CARV enantiomers glucuronidation was determined by a reversed phase-high pressure liquid chromatogra-phy (RP-HPLC) assay using (S)-propafenone as internal standard after precolumn derivatization with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosylisothiocyanate. Results: Two CARV glucuronides were found in three Chinese liver microsomes incubated with CARV. The non-linear regression analysis showed that the values of Km and Vmax for (S)-CARV and (R)-CARV enantiomers were (118±44) μmol/L, (2 500±833) pmol/(min·mg protein) and (24±7) μmol/L, (953±399) pmol/(min·mg protein), respectively. Conclusion: These results suggested that there was a significant (P<0.05) stereoselective glucuronidation of CARV enantiomers in three Chinese liver microsomes, which might partly explain the enantioselective pharmacokinetics of CARV.     

Relationship between resistin level in serum and acute coronary syndrome or stable angina pectoris

Objective To investigate the relationship between serum resistin level and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or stable angina pectoris (SAP). Methods Sixty-five patients, with coronary artery disease, were enrolled and divided into three subgroupsacute myocardial infarction (AMI), unstable angina pectoris (UAP) and SAP, and 26 healthy people were recruited as controls in the cross-sectional study. Serum resistin levels were determined by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), and WBC (white blood cell count), hsCRP (high sensitive C-reaction protein), CKmax (maximum ofcreatinkinase), CK-MBmax (maximum of isozyme of creatinkinase) and cTnImax (maximum oftroponin) were measured by standard laboratory methods. Results The serum resistin levels were 4 folds higher in AMI patients, 2.43 folds in UAP patients and 1.12 folds in SAP patients than in the healthy controls (P＜0.05). The resistin levels were also significantly different between AMI [(8.16±0.79) ng/ml], UAP [(5.59±0.75) ng/ml]and SAP [(3.45±0.56) ng/ml] groups (P＜0.01); WBC, hsCRP, CKmax, CK-MBmax and cTnImax were significantly increased in AMI patients over UAP and SAP patients. Spearman analysis showed that serum resistin levels were positively correlated with WBC (r=0.412, P=0.046), hsCRP (r=0.427, P=0.037), CKmax, CK-MBmax and cTnImax (r=0.731, 0.678, 0.656; P＜0.01). ConclusionSerum resistin levels increased with inflammatory factors and myocardial impairment. The results suggest that human resistin might play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and AMI as an inflammatory factor.     

Improvements in anatomy knowledge when utilizing a novel cyclical “Observe‐Reflect‐Draw‐Edit‐Repeat” learning process

Innovative educational strategies can provide variety and enhance student learning while addressing complex logistical and financial issues facing modern anatomy education. Observe‐Reflect‐Draw‐Edit‐Repeat (ORDER), a novel cyclical artistic process, has been designed based on cognitivist and constructivist learning theories, and on processes of critical observation, reflection and drawing in anatomy learning. ORDER was initially investigated in the context of a compulsory first year surface anatomy practical (ORDER‐SAP) at a United Kingdom medical school in which a cross‐over trial with pre‐post anatomy knowledge testing was utilized and student perceptions were identified. Despite positive perceptions of ORDER‐SAP, medical student (n = 154) pre‐post knowledge test scores were significantly greater (P < 0.001) with standard anatomy learning methods (3.26, SD = ±2.25) than with ORDER‐SAP (2.17, ±2.30). Based on these findings, ORDER was modified and evaluated in the context of an optional self‐directed gross anatomy online interactive tutorial (ORDER‐IT) for participating first year medical students (n = 55). Student performance was significantly greater (P < 0.001) with ORDER‐IT (2.71 ± 2.17) when compared to a control tutorial (1.31 ± 2.03). Performances of students with visual and artistic preferences when using ORDER were not significantly different (P > 0.05) to those students without these characteristics. These findings will be of value to anatomy instructors seeking to engage students from diverse learning backgrounds in a research‐led, innovative, time and cost‐effective learning method, in the context of contrasting learning environments. Anat Sci Educ 10: 7–22. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.     

Freedom of Speech: Its Exercise and Its Interpretation

Common Sense and the Curriculum. By R. Barrow. Pp. 169. London: Allen and Unwin, 1976. £5.25 hardback (£2.50 paperback).

Curriculum: An Introduction. By David Jenkins and M. D. Shipman. Pp. ix, 133. London: Open Books, 1976. £1.25.

Designing the Curriculum. By Hugh Sockett. Pp. ix, 133. London: Open Books, 1976. £1.25.

Changing the Curriculum. By Barry MacDonald and R. Walker. Pp. x, 134. London: Open Books, 1976. £1.25.

Curriculum Evaluation. By David Hamilton. Pp. viii, 136. London: Open Books, 1976. £1.25.

Knowledge and Schooling. By Richard Pring. Pp. viii, 134. London: Open Books, 1976. £1.25.

Rational Curriculum Planning: Four Case Studies. Edited by Jack Walton, John Welton. Pp. 172. London: Ward Lock Educational, 1976. £2.75.

Developments in Mathematics Teaching. By F. R. Watson. Pp. ix+142. London: Open Books, 1976. £1.75.

On the Meaning of The University. Ed. Sterling M. McMurrin. Pp. 123. Salt Lake City: Univ. of Utah Press, 1976. $8.

Education in the West of England 1066–1548: Cornwall, Devon, Gloucestershire, Somerset, Wiltshire. By Nicholas Orme. Pp. xiii, 239. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1976. £7.50.

The Scottish Sixth. By A. Mcpherson and G. Neave. Pp. 170. Windsor, Berks: N.F.E.R. Publishing Company, 1976.

Myth and Literature. By William Righter. Pp. 132. London and Boston: Routledge &; Kegan Paul, 1975, £3.50.

Daydreaming and Fantasy. By Jerome L. Singer. Pp. 281. London: George Allen &; Unwin Ltd., 1976. £4.50.

The Creative Vision: A Longitudinal Study of Problem Finding in Art. By J. W. Getzels and M. Csikszentmihalyi. Pp. 293. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 1976. £14.30.     

Effects of pH management during deep hypothermic bypass on cerebral oxygenation: alpha-stat versus pH-stat

Objective: There is a remarkable lack of scientific evidence to support the option to use alpha-stat or pH-stat management, as to which is more beneficial to brain protection during deep hypothermic CPB. This study examined cortical blood flow (CBF), cerebral oxygenation, and brain oxygen consumption in relation to deep hypothermic CPB with alpha-stat or pH-stat management. Methods: Twenty-two pigs were cooled with alpha-stat or pH-stat during CPB to 15℃ esophageal temperature. CBF and cerebral oxygenation were measured continuously with a laser flowmeter and near-infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Brain oxygen consumption was measured with standard laboratory techniques. Results: During CPB cooling, CBF was significantly decreased, about 52.2%±6.3% (P＜0.01 vs 92.6%±6.5% of pH-stat) at 15℃ in alpha-stat,whereas there were no significant changes in CBF in pH-stat. While cooling down, brain oxygen extraction (OER) progressively decreased, about 9.5%±0.9% and 10.9%±1.5% at 15 ℃ in alpha-stat and pH-stat, respectively. At 31℃ the decreased value in pH-stat was lower than in alpha-stat (29.9%±2.7% vs 22.5%±1.9%; P＜0.05). The ratio of CBF/OER were 2.0±0.3 in alpha-stat and pH-stat, respectively; it was kept in constant level in alpha-stat, and significantly increased by 19℃ to 15℃ in pH-stat (4.9±0.9 vs 2.3±0.4; P＜0.01). In mild hypothermia, cerebral oxyhemoglobin and oxygen saturation in alpha-stat were greater than that in pH-stat (102.5%±1.4% vs 99.1%±0.7%; P＜0.05). In deep hypothermia, brain oxygen saturation in pH-stat was greater than that in alpha-stat (99.2%±1.0% vs 93.8%±1.0%; P＜0.01), and deoxyhemoglobin in pH-stat decreased more greatly than that in alpha-stat (28.7%±6.8% vs 54.1%±4.7%; P＜0.05). Conclusions: In mild hypothermic CPB, brain tissue oxygen saturation was greater in alpha-stat than in pH-stat. However, cerebral oxygenation and brain tissue oxygen saturation were better in pH-stat than in alpha-stat during profound hypothermia. PH-stat strategyprovided much more oxygen to brain tissue before deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.     

Isaac Ironside 1808–1870: The motivation of a radical educationist

Structuralism and Education. By Rex Gibson. Pp. viii, 166. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1984. £3.95.

Dimensions of Moral Education. By Robert E. Carter. University of Toronto Press. £23 cloth, £8.50 paper. 242 pp.

The Development of Social Knowledge. Morality and Convention. By Elliot Turiel. Pp. viii, 240. Cambridge University Press, 1984. £20.00 (Hardback), £7.95 (Paperback).

Personal and Social Education in the Curriculum. By Richard Pring. Pp. 184. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1984. £4.25

Development, Experience and Curriculum in Primary Education. By W.A.L. Blyth. Croom Helm Teaching 5–13 Series. 1984. Pp. 172. £6.95

Education and the City: Theory, History and Contemporary Practice. Edited by Gerald Grace. Pp. xiii, 302. London: Routledge &; Kegan Paul, 1984. £8.95.

Education As Social Policy. By Janet Finch. Pp. viii, 284. Harlow: Longman Group Ltd., 1984.

Navajo Infancy: An Ethological Study of Child Development. By James S, Chisholm. Pp. XII, 267. New York: Aldine Publishing Co. 1983. $29.95.

Soviet Education in the 1980s, Edited by J.J. Tomiak, Pp.x, 326. London, Croom Helm, 1983. £17.95.

The Crisis of the University. By Peter Scott. Pp. viii, 277. Beckenham: Croom Helm, 1984. £16.95 hardback, £8.95 paperback.

The Mathematicians’ Apprenticeship: Science, Universities and Society in England 1560–1640. By Mordechai Feingold. Pp. viii, 248. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. £22.50.

A Guide to English Educational Terms. By Peter Gordon and Denis Lawton. Pp. xvii, 220. London: Batsford, 1984. £7.50.     

Active Families in the Great Outdoors: a program to promote family outdoor physical activity

This study evaluated a 4-week program to increase the time families spent engaging in outdoor activity. Parents were provided strategies to increase family outdoor activity and locations to be active. Sixteen families completed the program. Duration and number of family outdoor activity bouts per week, type of activities, locations, and family member attendance were measured using logs. Pre/post surveys were conducted to determine the usefulness of providing educational resources and maps. Compared to baseline (216.1±127.3 min/week), family outdoor activity for weeks 1 (316.1±180.2 min/week), 2 (351.1±209.1 min/week), and 4 (317.5±186.8 min/week) were significantly greater at follow-up. At follow-up, parents reported increased regular exercise and encouragement for their child to be active. Children reported adults engaged in physical activity with them and increased transportation to places to be active. This novel program increased family outdoor activity levels and contributes to limited research on strategies to increase outdoor activity in youth.     

The Standing Conference on Studies in Education

Dimensions of Discipline: Rethinking Practice in Secondary Schools. David Gillborn, Jon Nixon and Jean Rudduck. Pp 132. Index. Department for Education, Sanctuary Buildings, Great Smith Street, London SW1P 3BT for HMSO, 1993. £9.95. ISBN 0–11–270805–6.

Education and Public Policy in Australia. By Simon Marginson. Pp xv, 286. Index. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1993, £35.00 hardback; US $53.95. ISBN 0–521–43345–2.

Naming Silenced Lives: Personal Narratives and Process of Educational Change, edited by Daniel McLaughlin and William G. Tierney. New York and London: Routledge, 1993. Pp. 249., £35 hard, ISBN 0 415 90516 8.

Histoire de l'Agrégation: contribution à I'histoire de la culture scolaire by André Chervel. Institut National de Recherche Pédagogique and Editions Kimé, Paris: 1993. Pp. 289. ISBN 2–7342–0357‐X (INRP)/2–908212–5‐X (Kimé). Price: 170 French francs.

A History of Music Education in England 1872–1928. By Gordon Cox. Scolar Press, Aldershot; 1993. Pp. 196. £35. ISBN 0–85967–978–0.

Teaching and Learning in the Secondary School. Edited by Bob Moon and Ann Shelton Mayes, Pp. ix. 386. Index. London and New York: The Open University, 1994, £10.99. ISBN 0 415 10250 2.

Parents and Schools. Edited by P. Munn. Pp vii, 182. London: Routledge, 1993. £12.95 Paperback. ISBN 0–415–08926–3. Routledge Educational Mangement Series.

Grant Maintainted Schools: Education in the Market Place. John Fitz, David Halpin and Sally Power. Pp x, 125. Index. London: Kogan Page 1993. Flexicover: £14.95. ISBN 0 7494 1067 1. Kogan Page Educational Management Series.

How Fathers Care for the Next Generation: A Four‐Decade Study. By John Snarey, Pp. xii +40 Cambridge, Mass., and London, England. Harvard University Press, 1993. Cloth £27.95/$41.95. ISBN 0–674–40940‐X.

International Handbook of Research and Development of Giftedness and Talent. Edited by K. A. Heller, F. J. Mönks and A. H. Passow. Pp. xvi, 964. Index. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1993. £110. ISBN 0–08–041–398–6.

The Economics of Education. Geraint Johnes. Pp 247. Index. London: Macmillan Press, 1993. £12.99 paperback. ISBN 0–333–56835–4 hc; 0–333–56836–2 pb.

Encouragement Works Best; Positive Approaches to Classroom Management. By Frank Merrett. Pp. viii, 136. London: David Fulton Publishers, 1993. £10.99 (pbk) ISBN 1–85346–254–3.

The Origins and Development of High Ability: Ciba Foundation Symposium 178. Edited by Gregory R Bock and Kate Ackrill. Pp viii + 258. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 1993. £45.00. ISBN 0–471–93945–5.

Distance Education for Teacher Training. Edited by Hilary Perraton. Pp viii, 411. Index. London, Routledge 1993. £40 hardcover. ISBN 0–415–09465–8.

Educational Provision for our Youngest Children. European Perspectives. Edited by Tricia David. Pp x 193. Index. London: Paul Chapman Publishing, 1993. £15.95. ISBN 1 85396 204 X.

Researchon Teacher Thinking: Understanding Professional Development. Edited by Christopher Day, James Calderhead, and Pam Denicolo. 256 pages. London: Falmer Press, 1993. Cloth £38 Paperback £13.95. ISBN Cloth 0 75070 177 3 Paper 0 75070 178 1

The Order of Knowledge. Geoffrey Powell. Pp 154. Aldershot: Avebury, 1993. £35.00 hardback ISBN 1 85628 555 3. Avebury Series in Philosophy.     

Conferences past and future

Education and Enquiry. By John Anderson, edited by D. Z. Phillips. Pp. 240. Blackwell, 1980, £21.00 hardback, £5.25 paperback.

Injustice, Inequality and Ethics. By Robin Barrow. Pp. xii, 204. Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books, 1982. £18.95 (cloth) and £4.95 (paper).

Universities, Politicians and Bureaucrats: Europe and the United States. Edited by H. Daalder and E. Shils. Pp. viii, 511. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. £37.50.

Conflict and Compromise: Class Formation in English Society 1830–1914, A Comparative Study of Birmingham and Sheffield. By Dennis Smith. Pp. xiv, 333. London: Routledge &; Kegan Paul, 1982. £17.95.

English Education, Social Change and War 1911–20. By Geoffrey Sherington. Pp. xiii, 194. Manchester University Press, 1981. £14.50.

The Sociology of Childhood: Essential Readings. Edited by Chris Jenks. Pp. 290. Batsford Academic Books, 1982. £6.95 paperback.

Hooligans or Rebels? By Stephen Humphries. Pp. viii, 279. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981. £12.50.

A New Case for the Liberal Arts. By D. G. Winter, D. C. McClelland and A. J. Stewart. Pp. xxvii, 247. London: Sage Publications, 1981. £14.75.

Sources for English Local History. By W. B. Stephens. Pp. xvi, 342. Cambridge: University Press, rev. ed., 1981. Hard covers £25.00, paperback £8.95.

Innovation in the Science Curriculum. Ed. by John Olson. Pp. 178. London: Croom‐Helm, 1982. £12.50.

Brightest and Best. By W. P. Gothard. Pp. 270. Driffield: Nafferton, 1982. £10.95.

Verbal Deficit: A Critique. By J. C. B. Gordon. Pp. 181. London: Croom Helm, 1982.

Multi‐lingualism and Mother‐tongue Education. By D. P. Pattanayak. Pp. xvii, 185. Delhi: O.U.P., 1982. £7.95.

Asia: the Winning of Independence. Ed. Robin Jeffrey, London, the Macmillan Press Ltd., 1981, xv, 337     

The role of education in nineteenth‐century doctrines of political economy

Human Characteristics and School Learning. By B. S. Bloom. Pp. 284. New York. McGraw‐Hill, 1976. £8.20.

Child Language, Learning and Linguistics. By David Crystal. Pp. 106. London: Edward Arnold, 1976. £4.25. Paper £1.95.

Schools Council Working Paper No. 60: Examinations at 18+—The N and F Studies. Pp. 272. London: Evans/Methuen Educational, 1978. £4.50.

In and Out of School (The ROSLA Community Education Project). By R. White &; D. Brockington. London: RKP, 1978. 200pp. Hardback £4.50, Paperback £2.25.

County Grammar School: A History of Ludlow Grammar School Through Eight Centuries Against its Local Background. By David J. Lloyd, 1977.

Adolescence and Youth in Prospect. Edited by John P. Hill and Franz J. Monks. Pp. 216. IPC Science and Technology Press, Ltd., Guildford; 1977. £6.80.

Resource‐Based Learning. By N. Beswick. Pp.xiv+264. Heinemann, London, 1977. £6.50.

Instead of Education. Ways to help people do things better. By John Holt. Pp. 252. Penguin Books, 1977. 8op.

Philosophical foundations for the curriculum. By Allen Brent, pp. 233. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1978. £7.50 hardback, £3.50 paperback.

The Politics of Curriculum Change. By Tony Becher and Stuart Maclure. Pp. 192. London: Hutchinson, 1978, £2.95.

Power and the Curriculum: Issues in Curriculum Studies. Edited by Colin Richards. Pp. 170. Driffield: Nafferton Books. 1978. £2.95.

The Nineteenth Century Woman: Her Cultural and Physical World, Edited by Sara Delamont and Lorna Duffin. Pp. 213. London: Croom Helm 1978: £7.50.

The training of teachers in England and Wales 1800—1975. By H. C. Dent. Pp. viii, 163. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1977. Paperback £2.35.

American Education: An Introduction to Social and Political Aspects. By Joel Spring. Pp. vi, 234. New York and London: Longman, 1978: £4.50.     

The educational researches of the Manchester statistical society, 1830–1840

Case Studies in Curriculum Administration History. Edited by Henning Haft and Stefan Hopmann. Pp. ix, 206. Index. Basingstoke: The Falmer Press, 1990. £10.95. ISBN 1–85000–858–2.

Education, Work and Pay in East Africa. By Arthur Hazlewood with Jane Armitage, Albert Berry, John Knight and Richard Sabot. Pp. xxxiv, 337. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. £37.50. ISBN 0–19–828685–6.

Constructing the Subject: Historical origins of psychological research. By Kurt Danziger. Pp. ix, 254. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0–521–36358–6. £25 h/b.

Education, Training and Employment, Volume 1: Educated Labour ‐ The Changing Basis of Industrial Demand, Volume 2: The Educational Response. Edited by Geoff Esland. Vol. 1 pp. xviii + 329, Index. ISBN 0–201–54424–5; Vol. 2 pp. xx + 373, Index. ISBN 0–201–54430‐X. Wokinghanv. Addison‐Wesley in association with The Open University, 1991. £12.95 each.

The Philosophy of Mathematics Education. By Paul Ernest. Pp. xiv, 329. Index. Basingstoke: The Falmer Press, 1991. £30 cloth; £13.95 paper. ISBN 1–85000–666–0 (cloth); 1–85000–667–9 (paperback). Studies in Mathematics Education.

Ethnic Differences. By J. Perlman. Pp. 321. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. £12.95. ISBN 0–521–38975–5.

Education and the Global Concern. By Torsten Husén. Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press, 1990. Pp. xii, 162. ISBN 0–08–040489–8.

Technical Education and the State Since 1850. Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Edited by Penny Summerfield and Eric J. Evans. Pp. 223. Manchester University Press, 1990. £29.95. ISBN 0–7190–2967–8.

The High Status Track. Edited by Paul William Kingston and Lionel S. Lewis. Pp. xxxiv, 254, Index. New York: State University of New York Press, 1990. $54 cloth/ $17.95 paper. ISBN 0–7914–0010–7.

Emily Davies and the Liberation of Women 1830–1921. By Daphne Bennett. London: André Deutsch, 1990. Pp. 251. £15.95 ISBN 0–233–981194–1.

A Higher Education: The CNAA and British Higher Education 1964–1989. By Harold Silver. Pp. 294. London: Falmer Press, 1990. ISBN 1–85000–701–2 £12.95 p/b.

The Social Psychology of the Primary School. Edited by Colin Rogers and Peter Kutnick. Pp. 259. London: Routledge, 1990. ISBN 0–415–02400–5, hardback £35.

Classroom Ethnography. By Martyn Hammersley. Pp. xi, 164, Index. Buckingham: Open University Press and Toronto: OISE Press, 1990. £9.99 ISBN 0–7744–0354–3. In the series Modem Educational Thought.

Access and Alternative Futures for Higher Education. Edited by Gareth Parry and Clive Wake. Pp. xv, 228. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1990. ISBN 0–340–51919–3. £12.95 p/b.

Education and the Good Life. By John White. London: Kogan Page, 1990. Pp. 188. ISBN 0–7494–0096‐X. £22.50 hardback.

Girls in their Prime: Scottish Education Revisited. Edited by Fiona M. S. Paterson and Judith Fewell. Pp. 168. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1990. £8.50. ISBN 0–7073–0578–0.     

T. S. Eliot and educational aims

Priorities in Religious Education. Edited by Brenda Watson. Pp viii, 210+. Index. London: Falmer Press, 1992. £12.95 paperback. ISBN 0–75070–017–3.

The Victorian Governess by Kathryn Hughes. Pp. xvi, 256. London and Rio Grande: The Hambledon Press, 1993. £25 hardcover. ISBN 1–85285–002–7.

The Church Colleges 1918–1939: The Struggle for Survival. By Mark Lofthouse. Rearsby: J. Billings, 9 Church Leys Avenue, LE7 4YF. Pp. xviii, 116, £12 hardback, £6.50 paperback. ISBN 0 9520022 0 5 hardback, 0 9520022 1 3 paperback.

The Rationality of Feeling: Understanding the Arts in Education by David Best. Pp 211. London &; Washington DC: The Falmer Press (A member of the Taylor &; Francis Group), 1992. £13.95. ISBN 0 75070 056 4 (cased) &; 0 75070 057 2 (paper). Series: The Falmer Press Library on Aesthetic Education (Editor: Peter Abbs)

The Braid of Literature: Children's Worlds of Reading. Shelby Anne Wolff and Shirley Brice Heath. London: Harvard University Press, October 1992. £19.95. ISBN 0–674–08040–8

Quality Assurance in Training and Education. By Richard Freeman. London: Kogan Page, 1993. Pp. 176. £14.95. ISBN 0–7494–0868–5 (pbk)

Effective Schools for Disaffected Pupils by Paul Cooper. Pp x, 267. London: Routledge, 1993. £35 hardback, £11.99 paperback. ISBN 0–415–06483‐X hardback, 0–415–06484–8 paperback.

The IEA Study of Written Composition II: Education and Performance in Fourteen Countries. Edited by A. C. Purves. Pps 290. Oxford/New York/Seoul/Tokyo. Pergamon Press 1992. £44.50/$65 hardback. ISBN 0–08–041397/8 (v. 2) International Studies in Educational Achievement, Volume 6

Education Answers Back: Critical Responses to Government Policy. Edited by Clyde Chitty &; Brian Simon. Pp xv, 181. Index. London. Lawrence &; Wishart, 1993. £9.99 flexicover. ISBN 0 85315 781 2

A History of Youth, Michael Mitterauer (translated from the German by Graeme Dunphy), p. xii + 256, Blackwell, Oxford, 1992, hb £40.00 pb £13.99, ISBN hb 0631179836 pb 061179844, in series Family, Sexuality and Social Relations in Past Times, eds., Peter Laslett and Michael Anderson.

Teaching about Europe by Margaret Shennan. Pp xviii, 281. Index. London: Cassell, 1991. £35 hardcover; £12.99 paperback. ISBN 0–304–32292‐X hb; 0–304–32288–1 pbk. Cassell Council of Europe Series.

Mentoring: Perspectives on School‐Based Teacher Education. Eds. Donald Mclntyre, Hazel Hagger and Margaret Wilkin. Pp. 236. London: Kogan Page Ltd. £27.50 hardcover. ISBN 0–7494–0678‐X.

Secondary School Teaching and Educational Psychology by David Galloway and Anne Edwards. Pp x, 160. Index, Longman London and New York 1992. Paperback. ISBN 0–582–49724–8. The Effective Teacher Series.

Oxford, Cambridge and the Changing Idea of the University. The challenge to donnish domination. Ted Tapper and Brian Salter. Pp ix, 262. Buckingham: SRHE and Open University Press, 1992. £40 hardcover. ISBN 0–335–15694–0.

Education 16–19 in Transition by Eric Macfarlane. Pp xvi 136. London: Routledge 1993. £30 hardback, £11.99 paperback. ISBN 0–415–08085–1, ISBN 0–415–08086‐X (pbk). Educational Management Series. Edited by Cyril Poster.     

Studies at queen's college,Harley street, 1848–1868

Preface to the Philosophy of Education. By J. Wilson. Pp. x, 249. London: Routledge &; Kegan Paul, 1979. £9.95.

Doctrines of the Great Educators. By Robert R. Rusk. Fifth edition revised by James Scotland. Pp. viii, 310. London: Macmillan, 1979. £10.00, paperback £4.95.

Growing Up With Philosophy. Ed. by Matthew Lipman and Ann Margaret Sharp. Pp. 410. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1978. $20.00.

John Stuart Mill's Theory of Education. By F. W. Garforth. Pp. xiii, 269. Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1979. £12.00.

Teachers of Teachers: a history of the Association of Teachers in Colleges and Departments of Education. By Joan D. Browne. Pp. 277. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1979. Boards edition £9.95; paperback edition £4.95.

Understanding Educational Research: An Introduction. Fourth edition. By Deobold B. Van Dalen. Pp. 547. New York: McGraw‐Hill Book Company, 1979. £12.00.

Communicative Syllabus Design. By J. Munby. Pp. vi, 232. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978. £6.95.

Social pressures and curriculum innovation: A study of the Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project. By Mary Waring. Pp. viii, 263. London: Methuen, 1979. £4.95.

The University Teacher and his World: A Sociological and Educational Study. By Richard Startup. Pp. ix, 178. Farnborough, Saxon House, 1979. £10.50.

Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921–1934. By Sheila Fitzpatrick. Pp. x, 355. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. £15.50.

Planning in Education. By B. W. Vaughan. Pp. vii, 120. Cambridge University Press, 1979. Hardback £9.50, paperback £4.75.

The Effective Use of Reading. Edited by E. Lunzer and K. Gardiner. Pp. 337. London: Heinemann Educational Books for the Schools Council, 1979. £4.50 paper.     

Books also received

Studies in the History of Educational Theory. Vol. I, Artifice and Nature, 1350–1765. By G. H. Bantock. Pp. 309. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1980. £15.00

Higher Education and the Needs of Society. By Ulrich Teichler, Dirk Harting and Reinhard Nuthmann. Pp. 141. Windsor: N.F.E.R. Publishing Company. 1980. £3.95.

The Meritocratic Intellect: Studies in the History of Educational Research, edited by James V. Smith and David Hamilton. Pp. 142. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press. 1980. £9.50.

The City University: A History. By S. John Teague. Pp. 270. London: The City University, 1980. £5.25 casebound, £3.50 paperback.

The University and the Colleges of Education in Wales 1925–1978. By D. Gerwyn Lewis. Pp. 280. University of Wales Press, 1980.

Education and the Social Condition. By Harold Silver. Pp. viii. 213, London &; New York: Methuen, 1980. £4.50.

Perspectives on the Sociology of Education: an Introduction. By Philip Robinson. Pp. 242. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980. £4.95.

David H. Hargreaves (Ed.) Classroom Studies. Falmer Press: Educational Analysis 2, 2 (Winter 1980). Pp. 95. £5.50.

Schools in Society. By Eric Midwinter. Pp. 191. London: Batsford Academic and Education Ltd, 1980. £4.95.

Building a School System: a sociological study of Catholic Education. By Helen Praetz. Pp. xi, 178. Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press, 1980. $Aus 19.60.

Ideology and Curriculum. By Michael W. Apple. Pp. viii, 203. London and Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, Paperback edition 1980. £3.95.

Arts and the Schools. Edited by Jerome J. Hausman, assisted by Joyce Wright. New York: McGrawHill, 1980. £8.95.

Women and the Mathematical Mystique. By Fox, Brody and Tobin (Eds.). Pp. 208. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980. £3.50.

Standards, Schooling and Education. Edited by Alex Finch and Peter Scrimshae. Pp. 406. Dunton Greene, Hodder &; Stoughton Educational in association with the Open University, 1980. £5.60.

Comparative Education: Some considerations of Method. By Brian Holmes. Pp. 193. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1981. Hardback (ISBN 0–04–370101–9) £10.00, Paperback (ISBN 0–04–370102–7) £3.95.     

VEGFmRNA and eNOSmRNA expression in immature rabbits with bleomycin-induced pulmonary hypertension

INTRODUCTION Pulmonary hypertension is not rare in humanwith some heart and lung diseases. Chronic pul-monary hypertension leads to structural alterationsof the lung vessels. The pathophysiology of thisremodeling process is still poorly understood.Furthermore, the structural damage of the lungvessels limits the clinical success of vasodilatortreatment. Assuming genetic susceptibility, shearstress and inflammation are the principal pathoge-netic factors involved in lung vessel remode…