Towards an inclusive school culture — but what happened to Elton's ‘affective curriculum’?

The inclusion debate is no longer concerned merely with the extent to which mainstream schools are able to accommodate all children regardless of need but increasingly focuses on institutional improvement in understanding the range of their needs. In spite of our better understanding of how children learn and of how their emotional and social realities can be used as a source of learning that is relevant to the needs of all, 'difficult' children continue to be seen by many as impeding their teachers' pedagogical effectiveness and as damaging the educational chances of others. In this article, Gerda Hanko, an education consultant and staff development tutor who has substantial experience in teaching and teacher training, offers an overview of the development of practical approaches to professional development which, by deepening teachers' insight into emotional and social factors in children's learning, have been shown to supersede the need to exclude the disaffected — as already suggested in the Elton Report. Gerda Hanko's own publications, initially developed under the auspices of a London Institute of Education associateship when she was Head of Education at a teacher training institution, promote collaborative problem-solving approaches among staff — ideas that she takes forward in this paper.     

学科教学知识再探三题

目前国内外关于学科教学知识的研究有三个问题需要进一步澄清:学科教学知识是否可以传递,学科教学知识的形成是否是各要素平均作用的结果,如何在教师培训中促进教师学科教学知识的发展。正确认识到教师的学科教学知识具有一定的可传递性,其形成不是各要素平均作用的结果,在不同阶段的构建具有量和质的变化,对于深入探究教师专业发展以及开展有效的教师培训具有指导意义。     

教师职前教育理论与实践关系的哲学审思

教师职前教育中理论与实践的关系是一个常说常新的老问题。在诸多解释路径中返回到哲学源头,从实践、实践智慧、认知的知识和明智的知识的差异中检视理论与实践的发生空间、思量对象、活动本性和作用机理,并通过高观点下的哲学审视,可以挖掘出理论与实践问题的根源所在,从而达致一种对教师职前教育理论与实践关系认识的自为超越。     

Teachers' Conceptions of Education: A Practical Knowledge Perspective on 'Good' Teaching

Research on teachers' practical knowledge is considered to be an alternative to several other research approaches to teaching which study teaching from a limited point of view and from an outsider's perspective, often with the aim of exerting control over teachers. It is argued that research on teachers' practical knowledge takes into account in a better way what really matters in teaching because it emphasizes the knowledge and beliefs of teachers themselves about teaching. In this study, the issue of 'good' teaching is highlighted from a perspective on teaching based on teachers' practical knowledge. The conceptions of education of eight experienced teachers were investigated with a multi-methodical approach. Teachers' conceptions of education consist of their views on the objectives of education, the contents of the curriculum, and the role of the teacher and the students in the teaching and learning process. Several contextual factors and teachers' interpretations of these factors seem to exert influence on teachers' conceptions of education, such as the schools in which they work, the characteristics of the students and subjects they teach, and general developments in society. It is concluded that it is difficult to give a precise definition of good teaching from a practical knowledge perspective because of the personal and context-embeddedness of teachers' practical knowledge. However, the results indicate that research on teachers' practical knowledge adds new information to the discussion of good teaching when compared with the results of more traditional research approaches to teaching.     

不同层级教师专业发展道路的个案研究

新课程改革以来,教师发展研究从理论论述迅速发展到实践层面,受到广大教师群体的重视。教师专业发展的不同层级的个案研究显示,校本教研是教师群体专业成长的最好途径,而教师个体也可以通过适合自己的研究,达致教师专业发展的良好状态。参与教师专业发展的各种力量,对于教师发展具有不同的作用。教研员应立足于地区性的教师专业发展的促进,校长在教师专业发展中应起到引领和管理的作用,学科教研组是教师专业知识交流和成长的核心地带,教师个人通过行动研究可以达致专业发展的目的。     

美国经验对我国教师专业发展的启示

美国的教师专业发展在世界上处于相对成熟的阶段,其教师专业发展是建立在教师自主建构教师知识、社会认知学习理论和成人学习理论基础上的,并在此基础上衍生出网络学习、教师研究、教师学习小组和大学与中小学合作等教师专业发展途径,这些经验对帮助我国教师专业发展具有深刻的借鉴意义。     

Responding to the challenge of providing stronger research base for teacher education: research discourses in the Norwegian national research school for teacher education

Background and purpose: The purpose of this article is to shed light on how the research projects of 140 PhD candidates in the National Research School for Teacher Education in Norway (NAFOL) respond to the challenges faced by Norwegian teacher education regarding the demand for higher competence and a stronger research base. The concept of NAFOL is of interest from an international perspective because of its focus on facilitating teacher educators to achieve a PhD. Since 2001, Norwegian educational policy has had a strong focus on strengthening teacher education and making it more research-based than before. From 2017, all new teachers in Norway are expected to take a master’s degree. In order to accomplish this, there is a need for many new supervisors with a PhD in teacher education institutions. NAFOL is a unique project: a consortium of 23 participating network institutions within teacher education. The research school includes 140 research fellows, all of whom wish to achieve a PhD suitable for work in teacher education. The research school is funded by the Norwegian Research Council, originally for a project period from 2010 to 2016. The research school has had a positive external midway evaluation, and the project period has been extended with four cohorts of students to the end of 2021. However, this study is the first one looking into the research projects of this young generation of teacher education researchers. The research question posed in this article is: how do the research projects of the NAFOL PhD candidates contribute to the research base in teacher education? Main argument: The main argument in this article is that the potential impact of this research school is dependent on the quality of the large number of PhD projects connected to teacher education and education in general developed within the research school. The quality is likely to be good because, among other reasons, these projects are scrutinised by the research school community. The challenges these research projects face, located as they are between solidarity regarding grants from the funds financing the PhD candidates, solidarity with the aims of education, and the wish to contribute to innovation, might prove to be able to be met. These research projects have the potential to create innovation in teacher education research through ‘border crossing’ between different educational discourses, as well as through creating new knowledge in meta-studies based on the results from several projects. Sources of evidence and method: In this article, project abstracts from 140 PhD candidates participating in NAFOL are analysed in terms of their theme and problem formulation. The analysis is inspired by discourse analytical thinking – namely that in a certain situation, several conditions for action exist. In this study, these conditions for action are made apparent in the choice of theme and problem formulation in the research projects. The content analysis is focused on ‘signal words’, because these words might signal positioning in different educational discourses. Results: In the study, three main discourses can be seen as influencing the choice of topic and the problem formulation in the projects: a goal-oriented educational discourse, a ‘Bildung’ (i.e. character formation, or personal growth – ‘danning’ in Norwegian) and democracy discourse, and a critical knowledge-producing discourse. These discourses are constituted when the PhD candidates start their research projects but the conditions for action are ever-changing and, hence, the findings in this study cannot, of course, be considered as ‘final’. The development of these discourses within the research community of NAFOL is one way of scrutinising the research projects in order to make a contribution to qualified teacher education research. Conclusion: ‘Border crossing’ between discourses in research projects concerned with what might be, and what can make a difference in a knowledge society could be a key way of enhancing the future for a young generation of researchers in teacher education. The research projects carried out by the PhD candidates in NAFOL have the potential to develop both new knowledge and new discourses of importance for Norwegian teacher education, as well as for a broader international context regarding professional development in teacher education and education in general. The view of the teacher education profession – and on what a teacher educator can be – could become more fully informed than before the candidates’ participation in the research school.     

Teachers' in-flight thinking in inclusive classrooms

This article explores the thinking of five junior high school teachers as they teach students with learning difficulties in inclusive classrooms. Insights into the ways these teachers think about students in these inclusive secondary school contexts were obtained through triangulating data from semistructured interviews, stimulated recall of in-flight thinking, and researcher field notes. Exploration of teachers' in-flight thinking (i.e., the thinking of teachers as they engaged in classroom teaching) revealed a knowledge of individual students that was not related to categorical notions of learning difficulties. This research has implications for the practice of teaching in inclusive settings as well as for teacher preparation. Specifically, it suggests that attention to student differences should be replaced by the development of teachers' knowledge about individual students as a rich source of practical knowledge and the basis for developing effective instructional techniques.     

教师教育中的理解与视域融合

教师教育的意义不在其所传播的话语中,也不存在于教师身上,它存在于教师与其他教育者的视域融合之中。在教师教育中,教师与教育知识都是处于历史之中,教师的专业发展与教育知识的增长变化一起构成一种内在的相互作用,在这种相互作用中教师与教育知识构成一个统一体,构成一种运动关系的效果历史。任何教育知识的理解与接纳都是教师运用自己的语言的自我理解与接纳。他们的视野与教师教育的课程安排间的融合与抗拒,推进了教师理解的创造性发展。视域融合并不完全是一种"共享"、共识,它一直包含着一种深刻地质疑与批判。     

教师专业自主:何以可能与如何可能

教师专业自主已成为当前教师专业化运动的重要发展趋势。教师专业自主的存在成为可能,主要是基于权力、知识、伦理和环境四方面的基础。实践中的教师专业自主得以实现,则是赋权增能的必然结果,是摆脱赋权与规训相互纠缠的产物,也需要实现由外在角色规定向内在身份认同的转变。     

教师知识研究的进展和趋势

教师知识是教师专业发展的重要基础。我国研究者在借鉴国外研究成果的基础上,对教师知识的结构、教师的学科教学知识、教师的实践性知识、教师的本土知识、教师知识与教师专业发展等问题展开研究,这一系列的研究促进了国内教师知识研究的繁荣,并且呈现出三大趋势:研究方法趋于实证化、研究视角更加多样化以及研究日渐本土化。     

新时期教师专业发展途径探究

教育教学质量的提高取决于教师专业发展的水平。开展教研科研,开发校本课程,提升专业素质,挖掘隐性知识等,都是教师专业发展的有效途径。     

试论日常教学生活与教师个人教育哲学的养成

日常生活世界的讨论,促成了教育研究领域中关于教师日常教学生活研究的兴起。在教师专业化背景下,探讨日常教学生活与教师个人教育哲学养成之间的关系成为一项新的课题。从个人知识、个人观念与个人理论层面审视教师个人教育哲学的养成,是一条可行而有效的分析路径。     

教师文化初探

教师文化是由教师独特的知识体系、个人信仰、思维方式及价值观念系统等构成的复合整体。教师文化是支配教师行为方式的深层精神因素,因此,教师文化研究对于教师专业发展及教育改革的推进具有重大意义。在教师文化研究中应该避免“外部锻造”式的角色界定和灌输式的文化建设路径。     

Computer-Mediated Communication Environments in Teacher Education: Computer Conferencing and the Supervision of Student Teachers

The use of computer conferencing environments with student teachers and their supervisors was implemented during teaching practice and evaluated for four teacher education programs. Computer conferencing can be contrasted with the more common supervision methods, such as face-to-face conferences between the student teacher and the cooperating teacher, or between a group of student teachers and their supervisor at the teacher education institute. In our evaluation, we focused on participants' opinions of computer conferencing and their participation, activities and educational outcomes. During their field experiences, student teachers used computer conferencing primarily to exchange emotional support when they recognised similar experiences among their peers. It was less used for reflecting on their teaching and exchanging pedagogical content knowledge, including instructional methods and designs, classroom management strategies, general and instructional theories, and aspects of the teaching profession. This finding led to the conclusion that more attention should be paid to the structure of student teachers' learning environment, because more coaching and instruction of student teachers in their systematic and reflective use of computer conferencing leads to more varied and extensive communication     

Teacher Research Experiences, Partnerships With Scientists, and Teacher Networks Sustaining Factors From Professional Development

This study examined some long-term impacts of a professional development program, Teachers in the Woods. Several outcomes of the program were acknowledged by participants as having been valuable: a network of like-minded teachers, a network of scientists and teachers, and an increase in teachers' ecological knowledge and field skills. The authors made 3 observations with regard to professional development. First, engaging teachers in real-world field science research is an effective way for them to gain ecological knowledge and skills. Second, the collegiality among teachers and scientists developed during the period of field work can enhance science learning. Third, collegiality among teachers provides opportunities to discuss pedagogy-related issues. Both aspects of collegiality provide support mechanisms that sustain teachers' efforts to modify their teaching practices.     

把“说课”引入专业课教学的建议

“说课”是一种新型教学研究活动。它要求教师既要有深厚的文化专业知识,又要有良好的教育教学理论知识,更需要有较强的理论联系实际的应用能力和研究能力。把说课引入专业课教学,对提高专业教师教学能力、搞活和丰富教研活动、提高教学质量不失为一种有效途径。     

论校本教研与教师专业成长

作为行动研究的校本教研对于教师专业成长有着重要的促进作用;教师的专业成长亦对校本教研有着积极的反哺效应;综合而言,我们认为,校本教研是教师专业成长的一条有效路径。     

中学数学教师的教师知识来源的调查研究

本研究通过问卷调查了不同来源对中学数学教师的教师知识发展的重要程度。研究结果显示:自身教学经验与反思、和同事的日常交流是最为重要的职后的教师知识来源,而入职后的学历教育是最不重要的教师知识来源。在职前的各种教师知识来源中,教育见习实习、微格教学是职前比较重要的教师知识来源,而数学专业课、教育类课程是最不重要和次重要的教师知识来源。根据这些结果,我们提出了在教师教育中促进教师知识发展的建议。