Evaluation of True Criterion Validity for Unidimensional Multicomponent Measuring Instruments in Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies offer unique opportunities to identify the specificity variance in the components of a psychometric scale that is administered repeatedly. This article discusses a procedure for evaluation of the relationship between true scale scores and criterion variables uncorrelated with measurement errors in longitudinally presented measures comprising unidimensional multicomponent instruments. The approach provides point and interval estimates of the true scale criterion validity with respect to a criterion that is assessed once or repeatedly, as well as a means for testing temporal stability in this validity. The outlined method is based on an application of the latent variable modeling methodology, is readily applicable with popular software, and is illustrated using empirical data.     

Scale Reliability Evaluation Under Multiple Assumption Violations

A latent variable modeling approach to evaluate scale reliability under realistic conditions in empirical behavioral and social research is discussed. The method provides point and interval estimation of reliability of multicomponent measuring instruments when several assumptions are violated. These assumptions include missing data, correlated errors, nonnormality, lack of unidimensionality, and data not missing at random. The procedure can be readily used to aid scale construction and development efforts in applied settings, and is illustrated using data from an educational study.     

Improved Estimation of Maximal Reliability for Unidimensional Multicomponent Measuring Instruments in Repeated Measure Studies

In repeated measure studies with unidimensional scales, measurement invariance, and specificity stability over time, the specificity variance in each instrument component can be identified. This article describes for that setting an improved point and interval estimation procedure for the maximal reliability coefficient associated with a given set of homogeneous measures. The method is developed within the framework of latent variable modeling and can also be readily used in longitudinal studies for improved point and interval estimation of individual measure reliability and scale reliability at each assessment occasion. The procedure is based on empirically testable conditions and is illustrated with an example.     

Evaluation of Validity and Reliability for Hierarchical Scales Using Latent Variable Modeling

A latent variable modeling method is outlined, which accomplishes estimation of criterion validity and reliability for a multicomponent measuring instrument with hierarchical structure. The approach provides point and interval estimates for the scale criterion validity and reliability coefficients, and can also be used for testing composite or simple hypotheses about these coefficients. The proposed method is illustrated with a numerical example.     

机械强度的模糊可靠度设计的研究

本文将机械强度变量的模糊性和随机性有机地结合起来,建立了该模糊变量的概率密度函数,从而将模糊可靠性设计转化成常规可靠性设计,并进行了实例计算。     

一种基于有向图的复杂系统可靠度计算方法

复杂系统的可靠度计算是可靠性工程研究的主要内容,传统的偏微分方程、概率统计和矩阵计算等运算较复杂,工程应用推广较差。作者提出一种基于有向图的复杂系统可靠度计算方法,该方法通过对成熟的系统可靠性框图进行改造、扩展和转化,使之变为直观、便于计算的有向带权图,从而有效解决复杂系统的可靠度计算困难问题。     

Maximal Reliability and Composite Reliability: Examining Their Difference for Multicomponent Measuring Instruments Using Latent Variable Modeling

A latent variable modeling method for examining the difference between maximal reliability and composite reliability for homogenous multicomponent measuring instruments is outlined. The procedure allows point and interval estimation of the discrepancy between the reliability coefficients associated with the optimal linear combination and with the popular unit-weighted sum of the scale components. The approach permits a researcher to make an informed choice if needed between the maximal reliability and composite reliability coefficients and concepts in an empirical setting as indexes of quality of measurement with an instrument under consideration. The discussed method is illustrated using numerical data.     

复杂系统可靠性的模拟算法研究

本文对复杂系统的可靠性进行模拟研究,给出了系统的可靠性、可靠寿命以及可靠性置信下界等可靠性指标的模拟计算公式.计算方法简单实用,是复杂系统可靠性评定的一种有效方法.     

电子设计自动化条件下的可靠性设计

随着CAD／CAM和EDA技术的发展与推广应用，电子设计自动化给产品开发设计提供了强有力的支持，但“哥伦比亚号”航天飞机的失事告诫人们，设计自动化并不等于设计没有可靠性问题．基于此，对电子设计自动化条件下可靠性设计的重要性及如何开展可靠性设计进行了论述．     

Evaluation of Maximal Reliability for Unidimensional Measuring Instruments With Correlated Errors

A latent variable modeling method for studying maximal reliability of unidimensional multicomponent measuring instruments with correlated errors is outlined. In the presence of correlation between 2 residual terms, the procedure allows one to point and interval estimate the reliability of the linear combination of the scale components that possesses the highest possible reliability coefficient. The approach is readily applicable with popular latent variable modeling software and also provides an alternative scoring rule to the widely used overall sum score for homogeneous psychometric scales. The discussed method is illustrated with a numerical example.     

机械零部件的可靠性设计分析

可靠性设计已广泛应用于机械零件设计.分析了机械零部件传统设计方法与可靠性设计方法在设计思想、设计原理上的区别,介绍了机械零件强度设计的应力-强度干涉理论,讨论了机械零件强度可靠度计算的一般表达式,并给出了机械零件可靠度设计的工程实例分析.通过实例设计结果的分析比较,说明可靠性设计的可行性与实用性.     

机械零部件的可靠性优化设计

运用可靠性理论与最优化设计技术，提出了机械零部件的可靠性优化设计方法，建立了可靠性优化设计数学模型。文中以某内燃机气门弹簧设计为例，在满足可靠度约束及结构几何约束的条件下，以体积最小作为优化目标函数进行可靠性优化设计，得到了比常规设计更为合理的设计结果。实例证明该方法在机械零部件的设计中是可行的，具有实用价值。     

Latent Markov Factor Analysis for Exploring Measurement Model Changes in Time-Intensive Longitudinal Studies

When time-intensive longitudinal data are used to study daily-life dynamics of psychological constructs (e.g., well-being) within persons over time (e.g., by means of experience sampling methodology), the measurement model (MM)—indicating which constructs are measured by which items—can be affected by time- or situation-specific artifacts (e.g., response styles and altered item interpretation). If not captured, these changes might lead to invalid inferences about the constructs. Existing methodology can only test for a priori hypotheses on MM changes, which are often absent or incomplete. Therefore, we present the exploratory method “latent Markov factor analysis” (LMFA), wherein a latent Markov chain captures MM changes by clustering observations per subject into a few states. Specifically, each state gathers validly comparable observations, and state-specific factor analyses reveal what the MMs look like. LMFA performs well in recovering parameters under a wide range of simulated conditions, and its empirical value is illustrated with an example.     

基于人工鱼群算法的复杂系统可靠性优化

由于复杂系统可靠性函数常常具有非线性的特点,因此设计既要满足可靠度又要使系统成本最小,成了优化设计中的难点。针对这一问题,提出了基于群体智能-人工鱼群算法（Artificial Fish School Algorithm,AFSA）的优化方法。给出了基于鱼群算法的可靠性的求解策略,详细探讨了鱼群算法在系统的可靠性优化计算中应用的可行性．并对非串-并联系统的可靠性分配的可靠性优化设计问题进行分析计算。结果表明该算法具有较强的局部搜索能力和较高的搜索效率,论证了该算法在复杂系统可靠性优化中的可行性和有效性。     

A Comparison of Latent Growth Models for Constructs Measured by Multiple Items

A multiple testing approach is outlined that can be used to examine the assumption of underlying normal variables in latent variable models with categorical indicators. The method is based on an application of the increasingly popular Benjamini–Hochberg multiple testing procedure, and is readily applicable with widely circulated software. The discussed method is especially useful for ascertaining this assumption that is very often made in research based on structural equation modeling using models containing discrete outcomes. The described approach is illustrated with numerical data.     

压力容器的可靠性设计

针对压力容器的常规设计存在的不足，应用可靠性理论中的强度一应力干涉模型，将可靠性方法运用于压力容器设计，提出了可靠性设计目标，阐述了设计的具体步骤，并针对强度和应力分布的实际情况，给出了设计实例。     

文学教育的工具情结

文学教育的工具情结使文学教育缺乏独立性,被世俗功利所牵制。文学教育不应该追求“当世之用”,应该发挥其传承民族精神、提升个体灵魂的“无用之用”。     

The Reliability of Observations of Talkativeness and Social Contact among Nursery School Children by the “Short Time Sample” Technique

In 1958, Page conducted a large multiple experiment: 74 teachers gave one class its normal quiz, scored and graded it in the usual way, assigned three comment treatments to students in stratified-random blocks, and then reported scores from the next objective quiz. There was a highly significant effect of comments. Others have borrowed some study features, with results that have appeared mixed. Here, a critical overall analysis shows much agreement with the ordered hypothesis of comments and with specified comments over no comments (p < .01). Despite great variety of designs and subtlety of effect, results broadly support teachers who comment. A typical effect size is demonstrated for ranks, and lessons are taken about the proper strategies for designs and the future of such research.     

机械零件的模糊可靠性优化设计

运用模糊可靠性设计理论和最优化设计技术。对设计变量和随机变量和模糊变量的机械零件可靠性优化设计作了探讨。对隶属函数的选择方法进行了分析。推导了模糊可靠的计算公式。建立了机械零件的可靠性优化设计数学模型。并给出了设计实例。     

印刷电路板设计的可靠性研究

从电子产品设计的实用性出发,根据印刷线路板设计的合理性要求,对印刷线路板设计的可靠性进行分析和研究。