海南省幼儿生长发育指数研究

运用调查和数理统计法,对海南3~6岁幼儿1642人的身高、体重、克托莱指数人体形态指标进行了测定。研究表明,该年龄段幼儿的身体形态处于稳定增长时期,但性别间、年龄间增速不同,呈现出一定的规律;不同性别间幼儿身体形态存在差异;不同经济及地域幼儿生长、发育也是有差别的。     

2000～2010年海南省幼儿(3-6岁)身体形态及生长发育的发展趋势分析

运用调查、文献资料法、数理统计法,对海南省2000～2010年这十年中3～6岁幼儿的身高、体重、克托莱指数人体形态指标进行了测定。研究表明,该年龄段幼儿的身体形态处于稳定增长的发展趋势,但性别间、年龄间增速不同,呈现出一定的规律;不同性别间幼儿身体形态发展存在差异。不同经济及地域幼儿生长、发育也是有差别的。     

新疆锡伯族3—6岁幼儿身体形态特征及其变化规律的研究

运用调查和数理统计法,对新疆锡伯族3—6幼儿,681人的身高、体重、坐高、胸围、皮褶厚以及相关派生指标进行研究和探索,从而揭示出锡伯族幼儿的身体形态特征和变化规律,结果表明：新疆锡伯族男女幼儿身体形态各项指标呈稳定增长趋势,但性别间、年龄间增速不同,呈现出一定的规律;不同性别间幼儿身体形态存在差异;男幼儿的骨骼、肌肉、内脏器官及身体的充实度、密度的生长发育优于女幼儿。男女4—5岁组,无论是骨骼、肌肉和内脏器官及身体的充实度、密度都处于增长最快的时期。通过与全国和维吾尔族比较,锡伯族幼儿的形态相对粗壮而结实。     

出生体重与3～6岁幼儿身体形态特征相关研究

运用比较分析法,对出生体重与3~6岁幼儿身体形态特征相关研究。结果表明:出生体重与3~6岁幼儿身体形态特征存在一定的关联度,不同出生体重幼儿身体形态特征的差异,主要体现在重与轻两组幼儿。出生体重重的幼儿身体形态发育处于领先,出生体重轻的幼儿身体形态发育低于其他幼儿;不同出生体重幼儿身体形态指标,随着年龄增长而增长,但增长速度不同,体重增长速度最快,其次是身高、坐高、克托莱指数、胸围,增长速度最慢。     

2005年广西3～6岁幼儿身体形态现状分析

采用文献资料法、测量法和数理统计法,对2005年广西3~6岁幼儿身体形态现状进行研究。研究结果表明,2005年广西3~6岁幼儿身体形态的生长发育具有性别和城乡差异。城镇男幼儿的身高和胸围发育的水平较同龄女幼儿好,乡村男幼儿的人体充实度和密度大于乡村女幼儿,女幼儿的皮下脂肪厚度大于男幼儿。城镇幼儿的身体形态状态好于乡村幼儿。乡村幼儿的骨骼发育和人体纵向高度、躯干的生长较2000年广西同龄同类幼儿好,但总体上低于2000年全国水平。城镇幼儿骨骼发育和人体纵向高度、以及城镇男幼儿躯干的生长发育水平好于2000年全国水平。幼儿身体形态各指标中逐年增长速度最快的为体重,身高次之,坐高第三,胸围增长的速度最慢。     

新疆塔吉克族13-17岁中学生三项身体形态指标现状分析

采用文献资料与数理统计法，对新疆塔吉克族13—17岁中学生身高、体重、胸围三项身体形态指标及体重／身高、胸围／身高指标进行分析。结果表明，三项形态指标均随年龄的增长而增长，其增长速度因年龄、性别的差异而不同。     

武汉市3-6岁幼儿体质现状调查研究

了解和掌握武汉市3-6岁幼儿体质健康现状和变化规律。采用文献资料法、测量法、数理统计法分别从性别、年龄、城乡三个方面对武汉市948名幼儿进行研究分析。结果显示：男幼儿的身高、体重、胸围、坐高4项身体形态指标显著高于女幼儿,而且男女幼儿的4项指标均随着年龄的增长有显著性增加;乡村幼儿的坐高显著高于城镇幼儿的坐高;在身体机能指标安静心率上,3岁幼儿的安静心率显著高于4-6岁幼儿,乡村幼儿的安静心率要显著低于城镇幼儿;在身体素质指标中,立定跳远、网球掷远、坐位体前屈、10m折返跑、走平衡木完成时间和双脚连续跳在年龄上均存在显著性差异;走平衡木完成时间在性别上不存在显著性差异,其余5项指标均在性别上差异显著;立定跳远和坐位体前屈不存在城乡上的差异,其余4项指标均存在城乡上的差异,且差异显著。不同性别、年龄和城乡幼儿的体质现状存在显著性差异,3-6岁幼儿的体质发展存在关键期。     

天津市大学生形态发育现状调查与分析

对天津市19～22岁城市汉族大学生的坐高、身高、体重、胸围、肩宽、骨盆宽6项身体形态指标进行现场抽样测试,对身体形态现状、性别特征、年龄特征和形态发育6项派生指标进行综合分析研究。研究表明,天津市大学生形态发育具有显著的性别差异;其形态发育基本稳定,各年龄组之间无显著性差异。     

2010年湖北省城乡幼儿体质水平的比较分析

根据2010年湖北省国民体质监测幼儿部分的测试结果,对其形态、机能和素质等10项指标进行分析比较。结论显示:湖北省农村幼儿总体体质达标率已基本赶上城市幼儿;农村幼儿的身高同城市幼儿无显著性差异,但体重、胸围及安静心率均低于城市幼儿;农村幼儿上肢力量及平衡能力明显优于城市幼儿,下肢力量、柔韧性、敏捷性与城市幼儿无异。     

辽宁师范大学学生体质现状与对策研究

对2000年辽宁师范大学、辽宁省高校及全国学生身体形态、生理机能、身体素质的调查结果进行统计分析和比较,结果证明:我校男女大学生的身体形态、生理机能、身体素质与辽宁省高校学生体质调查统计结果基本一致,没有显著性差异。与全国高校学生相比,女生除肺活量,其它各项指标均优于全国学生,且身高、体重、胸围、50m跑、立定跳远5项指标均存在非常显著性差异(P<0.01);而我校男生的身高、体重、胸围、50m跑及立定跳远5项指标均优于全国学生,除胸围外其它各指标均存在显著性差异(P<0.01),肺活量和1000m跑2项指标均低于全国学生,1000m跑与全国男生相比(P<0.01)有着非常显著性的差异。据此提出增强我校大学生体质水平的建议和对策。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

对欧洲足球技战术发展趋势的思考

结合欧洲足球技战术的发展特点,就鲁能泰山足球队的体能训练、技术训练、防守阵型、进攻方式、定位球、职业态度、球星培养等诸方面所存在的不足进行了分析,提出相应的改进意见。