Education,employment and school religious denomination in Scotland in the 1950s

Newly available survey data allow the investigation of the educational and employment opportunities open to Roman Catholics in Scotland in the mid-20th century. Previous research has shown that Catholic disadvantage in education and the labour market in the early 20th century had weakened or vanished by the end of the century, and that the main change in that respect had come with the advent of comprehensive secondary schooling in the 1960s. However, the extension of Catholic secondary schooling started in the 1920s. The data used here allow an investigation of whether the Catholic disadvantage was mitigated by these earlier reforms, and thus allow an assessment of whether a selective school system was able to overcome an important dimension of social disadvantage. The data come from a cohort study of a representative sample of people born in 1936 (first surveyed in 1947 and followed up annually to 1963). Evidence is available on social background, on cognitive ability measured at age 11, on secondary school courses, on educational achievement after leaving school, and on social-class status at age 27. The conclusions are that the continued social disadvantage of Catholics was not due to any aspect of the school education which they had received.     

The experience of school in Scotland, 1970s to 1990s

Reforms to secondary schooling in the 20th century are most commonly discussed in relation to structures—the extension of secondary education to all students in the first half of the century, and the ending of selection into different kinds of school after the 1960s. Yet reformers also sought to give students a more satisfactory experience of school. Understanding statistically the changing experience which students had of secondary school following the reforms of the 1960s requires a lengthy time series of survey data collected contemporaneously and the capacity to link that information to evidence on attainment and on demographic factors such as sex and socio-economic status. Data from a unique series of such surveys in Scotland is used to investigate whether secondary schools became more humane in this period, whether students were more engaged with their schooling, and whether they thought that schools prepared them for life after they left. The conclusions are that the long-term aspirations of reformers to make schooling more satisfactory for students were broadly achieved. There were indeed improvements of experience and sentiment of these kinds, and they extended to students at all levels of attainment, to both sexes, and to all levels of socio-economic status.     

南亚大国之梦与印度高等教育的发展

印度在近代曾一度沦为英国殖民地,独立后一直致力于增强国力并谋求在国际上的地位。为树立其大国形象,印度政府大力发展高等教育,以此为基点带动整个国民经济的发展,取得了较大的成绩,但同时过分倾斜的高等教育政策也使整个教育发展走向畸形的道路。分析印度高等教育发展过程中的成绩与问题,有助于对我国高等教育的发展进行反思,保证我国高等教育沿着健康向上的轨道发展。     

二十世纪西方教育思潮述评

20世纪西方教育思潮,对东西方国家的教育理论与实践均产生了深刻的影响,并在总体上引领着世界教育的潮流。纵观20世纪整个西方教育发展的历程,不难发现,各种教育思潮之论争,其实质乃是科学与人文、现代与后现代之争。20世纪上半叶,西方教育思潮的演进以科学与人文的论争为线索,而下半叶则以现代与后现代的论争为主要特征。     

21世纪初中国职业教育政策的价值选择

为了促进就业和经济发展,提高国家竞争力,21世纪初的中国职业教育政策在价值选择上更加重视职业教育对社会的适应与服务,坚持职业培训与职业学校教育并重,积极寻求政府干预与市场介入的适度平衡, 以发展农村和西部地区职业教育为重点,建立适应市场变化的职业教育新体系。     

Social class,gender and secondary education in Scotland in the 1950s

Newly accessible data from the Scottish Mental Survey 1947 are used to investigate the legacy in the 1950s of reforms to Scottish secondary schooling in the first four decades of the 20th century. These reforms had sought to extend opportunity for post‐primary education beyond the children of the professional middle class who had formed the largest part of the clientele of older secondary schools. The reforms also provided unprecedented opportunities to girls. The findings of the analysis are that the widening of opportunity was maintained in the stable, selective system of the 1950s. A broadly homogeneous system of academic secondary education had been created for about 45% of the age group, by means of selection at age 12. Social class continued to influence pupils’ progress in this secondary sector, but not to any different extent in the older or the newer schools. Progress in secondary school was not related to gender except in science.     

20世纪美国职业教育理论与实践的嬗变

美国职业教育的发展历史可以分为三个阶段:第一阶段从20世纪初到20世纪80年代,职业教育针对特殊的弱势群体,培养学生具体的工作技能;第二阶段从20世纪80年代至20世纪末,职业教育面向所有的学生,培养学生特定的工作技能;第三阶段从21世纪初至今,职业教育呈现出与普通教育相融合的趋势,越来越具有灵活性.     

The Role of Education Redefined: 18th century British and French educational thought and the rise of the Baconian conception of the study of nature

The idea that science teaching in schools should prepare the ground for society's future technical and scientific progress has played an important role in shaping modern education. This idea, however, was not always present. In this article, I examine how this idea first emerged in educational thought. Early in the 17th century, Francis Bacon asserted that the study of nature should serve to improve living conditions for all members of society. Although influential, Bacon's idea was not easily assimilated by educational thinkers who remained committed to the traditional aims of teaching about nature. Yet in the second half of the 18th century a change has occurred; educational thinkers started to embrace Baconian ideas and therefore argued that science teaching should be oriented towards generating future scientific progress. Analysing the work of 18th century French and British educational thinkers, this article links the emergence of this new view to developments in the understanding of natural philosophy and to a rising interest in it. It is argued, however, that in themselves, these developments could not adequately explain why Baconian ideas started to influence educational theory in the time in which they did. It is maintained that the incorporation of Baconian ideas into educational thought resulted from a fundamental theoretical shift in the understanding of the role of education itself.     

教育科学化的早期探索——欧美教育科学研究运动简析

19世纪后期至20世纪初期,欧美出现的教育科学研究运动是教育研究领域一次具有深远意义的运动它的出现与这个时期欧美社会新的发展和教育的深刻变革,以及人们对科学、科学与教育关系的认识有密切的联系。根据欧美教育科学研究运动中一些突出的事件加以划分,其发展可以分为四个阶段,且每个阶段都有其显著的特点。19世纪末至20世纪初期,欧美出现的教育科学研究运动是现代科学研究思想和方法在教育研究领域里的初次运用和实践,其所关注的领域和所争论的问题值得今天反思与借鉴。     

College tuition costs and early career socioeconomic achievement: do you get what you pay for?

The effects of college tuition costs on early career educational, occupational and economic achievements were estimated for a national sample of black and white college students. The findings suggest that attending a relatively high tuition college has a net positive influence on such outcomes as educational attainment, occupational status, income and women's entry into sex-atypical careers. These effects remained significant even when controls were made for student background characteristics (e.g., socioeconomic origins, secondary school achievement, educational and occupational aspirations); the academic selectivity, private/public control, size and graduate orientation of the college attended; and one's specific college experiences (e.g., academic major, academic achievement and social involvement). The findings are discussed in terms of several plausible causal mechanisms.     

教育广播的新形式:网络知识电台——兼论教育广播的发展变迁

文章首先梳理了从20世纪初期到建国后教育广播的发展变迁,指出20世纪的大部分时间我国都处于教育资源匮乏的状态,广播作为当时重要的知识传播工具被广泛应用于学校教育和社会教育,在降低国民文盲率、为国家培养人才方面发挥了重要作用;但20世纪末,教育广播逐渐走向衰落。接着,文章重点介绍了网络知识电台,指出它作为教育广播的新形式,延续和拓展了广播的教育功能,并分析了它的优势、功能和存在的问题。最后,文章针对教育广播的未来发展提出了相关建议,以期为我国教育广播事业的改革发展提供新思路。     

20世纪下半叶教育哲学学科建设的本土探索

20世纪下半叶中国教育哲学的发展经历了中断、重建和发展三个阶段。这一时期,中国大陆研究者对教育哲学的研究对象、学科性质、学科体系以及研究方法等进行了探索。回顾20世纪下半叶中国教育哲学的学科建设,可以发现当前中国教育哲学发展亟待解决的四个问题：教育哲学与教育实践的关系,教育哲学学术品位的提升,教育哲学工作者国际视野的开阔以及中国教育哲学学派的形成。     

20世纪上半叶中国学者对教育哲学学科建设的探索

20世纪上半叶中国教育哲学的发展经历了引进、初创和成型三个阶段。这一时期,中国学者对教育哲学的存在根据、定义、作用、学科性质、研究对象、学科体系、研究方法和中国教育哲学的发展方向等进行了探索。回顾20世纪上半叶中国教育哲学学科建设,可以发现当前中国教育哲学的发展亟待解决五个问题:能否建立一门共认的教育哲学,教育哲学与哲学的关系,教育哲学在中国的生存基础,教育哲学与中国传统教育哲学思想的关系,中国教育哲学学派的形成。     

革新开放以来越南高等教育的国际化

越南高等教育的国际化始于20世纪初,具有地位的不对等性、目的的庞杂性、思想的超前性等特征。革新开放后,越南高等教育的国际化在主导地位、交流层次、交流内容上都有了较大提升,但仍存在国内教育吸引力不足、合作项目层次较低、合作项目质量较差等缺陷。     

略论20世纪教育思想的演进

本文扼要分析和论述了２０世纪世界主流教育思想演进的基本过程和主要特征,简略展现了一百年来教育思想领域取得的重大显示了２０世纪是教育科学空前繁荣、教育的地位和作用越来越重要的时代 。     

Perceived Local Job Prospects and School Connectedness in a Struggling Rural Economy: A Life-Course Perspective

Late in first decade of the 2000s, the closing of pulp and paper mills in the rural northeastern United States contributed to economic decline in the region and to rising concerns about population decline due to out-migration among local emerging adults in search of occupational or educational opportunities. In this context, and drawing on a life-course framework, the present study used four waves of panel data from the population of 7th- and 11th-grade public school students in a rural northeastern U.S. county to explore whether the county unemployment rate was related to perceived local job prospects; school connectedness was related to subsequent perceived job prospects; and the effects of county unemployment and school connectedness on perceived local job prospects varied by age cohort. Initially, changes in respondents’ perceptions about local job prospects paralleled shifts in local unemployment similarly for both cohorts; yet after the older cohort respondents had completed high school, their perceived local job prospects fell sharply, while perceptions among the younger cohort respondents, who were still in high school, remained stable. Among the older cohort respondents only, school connectedness was associated with subsequent positive perceptions about local job prospects net of relevant controls. Same-age cohort comparisons, evaluated when each cohort was in 12th-grade, showed no differences in the short-term effects of school connectedness on perceived local job prospects, despite variations in the age-linked timing of the most dramatic rise in unemployment during the study. The results highlight the lasting importance of school connectedness for teens raised in struggling rural economies.     

A historical overview of educational psychology

A historical review of educational psychology might improve understanding of current status and problems. Before American development of the field, the Greeks, Juan Vives in the 16th century, and Pestalozzi and Herbart in the 19th century applied psychological views to educational problems. Despite the absence of scientific psychology in 19th century America, normal schools offered courses purporting to be psychological in content; these courses were supported by textbooks on the subject. James began, and Thorndike developed, the discipline that by the mid-1920s had assumed much of its current form. Journals and academic departments appeared in the first quarter of the century also. The continuing search through the middle of the century for a satisfying professional organization reflected educational psychology's difficulties in establishing an identity. It is not clear even today that the field has “crystallized,” as one writer described it in the 1920s.