Educators' Perceptions of NRT Misuse

What has been the impact of high stakes achievement testing on curriculum and testing practice? How serious is the problem of cheating on Standardized achievement tests? What steps can we take to improve the validity of test-based information for a variety of educational purposes?     

Mathematics Teacher Educators' Perceptions and Use of Cognitive Research

Instructors (N = 204) of elementary mathematics methods courses completed a survey assessing the extent to which they value cognitive research and incorporate it into their courses. Instructors' responses indicated that they view cognitive research to be fairly important for mathematics education, particularly studies of domain‐specific topics, and that they emphasize topics prominent in psychology studies of mathematical thinking in their courses. However, instructors reported seldom accessing this research through primary or secondary sources. A mediation analysis indicated that mathematics methods instructors' perception of the importance of the research predicts their incorporation of it in their courses, and that this relation is partially mediated by their accessing of it. Implications for psychologists who have an interest in education and recommendations for facilitating the use of cognitive research in teacher preparation are discussed.     

Pre-Service Early Childhood Educators' Perceptions of Math-Mediated Language

This study argues that maximizing early childhood educators' abilities to create social opportunities for co-construction of knowledge rests on two understudied assumptions, one theoretical and one empirical. Theoretically this study rejects the notion of language as an impartial conveyor of knowledge in favor of one in which math and language interact. This alternative framework is termed Math- Mediated Language (MML) and argues that the perception of common terms that adults possess is an important part of the knowledge that practitioners possess about linking conceptually related linguistic and mathematical knowledge. Empirical findings from a survey recording participants' reactions to seven categories of terms with mathematical meanings and three categories of distracter terms were analyzed. The data indicated that when asked to think about math, practitioners more readily accessed words for operation terms than relational terms. Additionally, participants demonstrated stronger tendencies toward additive terms conveying addition or subtraction concepts over multiplicative ones conveying multiplication or division concepts. The findings point to patterns in the ways that participants view mathematical language demonstrating that language interacts with even simple interpretations of basic mathematical terminology. The implications of this are that practitioners interpretations of everyday language may influence their ability to see opportunities for teaching mathematical concepts not only in the context of an explicit math lesson but throughout the broader early childhood curriculum.     

Pre-Service Early Childhood Educators' Perceptions of Math-Mediated Language

This study argues that maximizing early childhood educators' abilities to create social opportunities for co-construction of knowledge rests on two understudied assumptions, one theoretical and one empirical. Theoretically this study rejects the notion of language as an impartial conveyor of knowledge in favor of one in which math and language interact. This alternative framework is termed Math- Mediated Language (MML) and argues that the perception of common terms that adults possess is an important part of the knowledge that practitioners possess about linking conceptually related linguistic and mathematical knowledge. Empirical findings from a survey recording participants' reactions to seven categories of terms with mathematical meanings and three categories of distracter terms were analyzed. The data indicated that when asked to think about math, practitioners more readily accessed words for operation terms than relational terms. Additionally, participants demonstrated stronger tendencies toward additive terms conveying addition or subtraction concepts over multiplicative ones conveying multiplication or division concepts. The findings point to patterns in the ways that participants view mathematical language demonstrating that language interacts with even simple interpretations of basic mathematical terminology. The implications of this are that practitioners interpretations of everyday language may influence their ability to see opportunities for teaching mathematical concepts not only in the context of an explicit math lesson but throughout the broader early childhood curriculum.     

Perceptions of Elementary,Junior High,and High School Student Assistant Team Coordinators,Team Members,and Teachers

We combined quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate perceptions of school personnel participating in school-based problem-solving teams or student assistant teams (SATs). The primary questions asked whether differences in perception about SATs existed based on the role one played in the process (SAT coordinator, SAT member, or teacher) and/or school level (elementary, junior high, or senior high). Areas under investigation included potential problem areas, satisfaction, reasons for not referring students to the team, factors contributing to effectiveness, and suggested modifications. Results indicated that differences in perceptions related to these areas existed based on role and level; factors contributing to differences were identified. Possible explanations for these differences are discussed, and implications for local school districts are presented.     

Early Childhood Educators' Perceptions of Nature,Science, and Environmental Education

This study examined early childhood educators' perceptions about nature, science, and environmental education. Preservice early childhood teachers (n = 195) and early childhood professionals currently practicing in the field (n = 162) rated the importance of providing specific nature/science experiences for young children, the importance of specific nature/science learning outcomes, and their confidence implementing specific activities. Research Findings: Consistent with our hypotheses, both professionals and students rated the curricular domain of nature/science as the least important for young children in terms of experiences and learning outcomes in comparison to other curricular domains. Similarly, both professionals and students reported that they were least confident implementing nature/science activities compared to activities in other curricular domains. Qualitative analysis of open-ended questions yielded themes related to definitions of nature, specific activities in and about nature that can promote children's learning and development, and what educators need to know and be able to do in order to be effective “nature educators.” Practice or Policy: Preservice and in-service teacher professional development would benefit from (a) the inclusion of content on nature, science, and environmental education, including the interrelatedness of human and natural systems; (b) a focus on place-based education and/or emergent curriculum; and (c) the provision of experiences in nature that help teachers to develop confidence implementing activities in nature. [Supplementary material is available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Early Education & Development for the following free supplemental resource: Appendix A: Teacher Survey Questions.]     

African American Counselor Educators' Job Satisfaction and Perceptions of Departmental Racial Climate

Forty‐eight African American counselor educators completed the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire‐Short Form (D. J. Weiss, R. V. Dawis, G. W. England, & L. H. Lofquist, 1967), the Racial Climate Scale (R. J. Watts & R. T. Carter, 1991), and a biodata questionnaire. Results indicated that African American counselor educators' perceptions of departmental racial climate predicted their level of job satisfaction. However, African American counselor educators' job satisfaction was not related to their academic rank and tenure status. Implications for counselor education and future research are discussed.     

A Survey of General and Special Education Teachers' Perceptions and Inservice Needs Concerning Inclusion

To improve educational services to students with disabilities, the United States government has mandated that each state develop a Comprehensive System of Personnel Development. The following article highlights the results of a state-wide needs assessment conducted by one state's Department of Education in order to tailor their system of personnel development. Four percent of the state's general educators, and 6% of the state's special education teachers completed the surveys for a total of 289 surveys. Perceptions of ability to positively affect students, understanding of inclusion, self-efficacy in serving students in inclusive settings, the need for inservice training in various areas, and the availability of supports to promote inclusion were examined for both special and general education teachers. In every area assessed, special education teachers rated their efficacy, ability, understanding, and resources higher than general education teachers. These results are discussed in terms of meeting professional development needs for both groups of teachers.     

Classroom Activities and Areas: Regularity of Use and Perceptions of Adaptability by General Early Educators

This report describes a mail survey of general early educators from Head Start, public school pre-kindergarten, public school kindergarten, and community preschool/child care programs. The purposes were to secure information about the availability of classroom activities and areas, and to obtain the respondents' perceptions of the ease with which activities and areas could be adapted to accommodate children with disabilities. Of the 893 mailed questionnaires, 483 (54.1%) were returned and coded. The respondents reportedly used a wide range of classroom activities and areas, and they rated those activities and areas as moderately easy to adapt. Also, respondents from mainstreamed programs used slightly more activities and perceived the activities as easier to adapt than did respondents from non-mainstreamed programs. The findings appear to indicate that placement of children with disabilities in segregated programs cannot be justified on grounds that integration will restrict the range of activities available to typically developing children, or on the grounds that the adaptations are perceived by program staff as too difficult to be accomplished.     

一般否定和特指否定

一般否定和特指否定没有一定的界线,有时它们还可以相互转换,要根据上下文来作出正确的判断.     

一般的历史与特殊的历史——论侯外庐《中国古代社会史论》的历史地位

侯外庐的《中国古代社会史论》是马克思主义历史学在发展过程中不断反思自己的失误后走向新的发展阶段的标志,它把马克思主义历史理论与中国历史发展的实际相结合,提出文明发展的多线论,打破生硬套用马克思主义理论的局面,真正走进中国历史资料库,着力揭示中国历史的具体特征,在史学理论和方法论上具有开创性的意义,为马克思主义史学理论中国化开辟了道路。     

专才教育与通才教育的辩证思考--关于"从专才教育转向通才教育"的讨论

专才教育与通才教育是两种基本的教育模式。在我国教育系统中,目前比较盛行“从专才教育转向通才教育”的提法,这应当引起我们的认真思考。从实践经验上看,专才教育和通才教育模式各有长短,过分强调通才教育容易导致肤浅;从我国现实来说,社会需要的也不全是通才,目前大学生就业难在一定程度上还是由于专业化程度不高造成的;从学习者的个体差异来说,宽分类和高模糊容忍性的学生更适合于接受通才教育,窄分类和低模糊容忍性的学生更适合接受专才教育;专才教育和通才教育要因人而异。     

Understanding the Everyday Practice of Individualized Education Program Team Members

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 states that individualized education program (IEP) teams are composed of members with distinct identities, roles, expertise, and histories. Although team members must work together to implement educational and related services for learners with special needs, little is known about how these members actually accomplish this throughout the school year. This study examined the practice of members on two elementary IEP teams through analysis of data from a yearlong case study using the communities of practice (CoP) framework. Contrary to idealized conceptualizations of IEP team practice as being equitable and occurring in meetings, the practice of members on both teams was controlled by a few team members and occurred during concise exchanges throughout the day. These findings underscore opportunities for innovating the practice of IEP team members to improve services for students with special needs.     

School Counselors' Perceptions of Their Academic Preparedness and Job Activities

School counselors are trained in academic preparation programs for future job activities. However, job expectations taught in such programs can differ from actual school counseling activities. This article reports the findings of a national survey of school counselors' (N = 1,052) perceived preparation and practice.     

论通识教育教学团队的建设与管理

通识教育是大学教育的重要内容,师资力量不足及由此而衍生的一系列问题是目前我国大学通识教育所面临的挑战之一。部分通识教育课程具有跨学科的特点,建设通识教育教学团队将有助于提高通识教育课程质量,缓解师资力量不足的困境。     

试论档案工作人员的综合素质

跨入21世纪的档案工作人员，面临着新的机遇与挑战，本在论述档案的性质和档案工作的重要性的基础上,进一步论述了档案工作人员的政治、思想、业务等综合素质，而只有具备了诸多素质才能适应飞速发展的形势，跟上时代的步伐，完成档案工作人员肩负的历史重任。