商务英语专业学生写作中的母语负迁移研究及其认知分析

在语言习得过程中,母语的迁移对习得者语言能力的影响是不可避免的.当母语与目标语的规则相近时,迁移通常是正面的;反之,则容易导致负面的迁移.而负迁移往往导致学生输出性语言错误的产生.以学生的写作文本为语料,收集学生的写作错误并进行分析,探讨母语对学生英语写作的负迁移及其认知原因,以期对二语写作教学有所启发.     

动名兼类词的动词意义与名词意义关系初探

以《高等学校外国留学生汉语言专业教学大纲》词汇表一年级词汇中的84个标注为动名兼类词的双音节词为研究对象,对动名兼类词的动词意义与名词意义的关系进行了探讨。研究发现,动名兼类词的名词意义大多是动词经过“转指”和“自指”后获得的,“转指”是动词获得名词意义的重要方式,主要有8种情况;动名兼类词的名词意义显著度存在着差异。意义标准在判定动名兼类词时具有重要作用。     

西班牙学生汉语定语使用情况考察分析

本文以作文语料为基础,考察西班牙学生汉语定语使用情况。研究发现：中级I阶段西班牙学生单定语结构使用率和正确率均显著高于双定语结构。该阶段的主要偏误是“的”的误加、遗漏与错位,其次是量词充当定语成分时误代、遗漏与误加,再次是定语的错位。偏误原因主要是母语负迁移。本文针对以上偏误特点,提出了教学建议。     

A virtual experience to strengthen students' understanding of inference in experimental design

Although our students correctly define the terms p‐value, Type I and Type II errors, they sometimes misinterpret results from real data. In this work we present an assignment intended to clear up these misconceptions.     

On Discerning Critical Elements, Relationships and Shifts in Attaining Scientific Terms: The Challenge of Polysemy/Homonymy and Reference

Words with well-known meaning in colloquial language often make up an educational challenge when introduced as terms with formal scientific meaning. New connections must be established between the word, already constrained by existing meaning and reference, and the intended formal scientific meaning and reference. A two-dimensional semantic/semiotic analysing schema (acronym 2-D SAS) has been developed to clarify a given word/term in a structured mode both according to non-formal senses and referents and formal scientific meaning and referents. The schema is constructed on ideas from semantics, semiotics and history and philosophy of science. The approach is supposed to be a contribution to make a fine-gained analysis of the structure and dynamics of conceptual change. The role of referents and referent change in conceptual change is highlighted by analysing the character of the recurrent mix-up of the terms heat and temperature among students at different educational levels.     

英语广告语篇中人称外指对连贯的作用

指称是所指与被指之间的关系.它分为篇章性和情景性指称两种,也就是说,指称对象存在于语篇内或语篇外.从而,指称被分为内指和外指.内指所指对象的确定是对语篇内指称的语义理解,而外指所指对象的确定是对语篇预期意义的语用推导.Halliday和Hasan认为内指可将语篇连接在一起,衔接是作为一个语言学概念来说明这种语义关系.全文通过分析广告语篇中的人称外指阐述了衔接是语句中语言成分间的语义关系,连贯则依靠读者对语篇中语句间语用关系的假设或理解.就外指而言,连贯是通过情境中对外指的理解和其他假设的语境效果的加强来实现的.     

Debatable topic or not: Do we have the right to argue?

Are certain controversial issues, even though being part of the public debate, more open to discussion than others? We asked 80 French 6, 8, 10 and 12 graders respond to two letters. These letters dealt with either integration of immigrant students at school, or the right to smoke in public places. In France, there is a politically “correct” (officially dominant and valued) social position regarding immigration which could limit a person's willingness to discuss the issue. In contrast, the smoking issue is widely open to discussion, and most ideas and opinions related to it are socially acceptable. The analysis of certain textual operations characterizing the referent degree of openness to discussion (counter-argumentation, conditional modifiers, …), as well as the number of arguments produced, demonstrated the referent influence on the argumentative text. The non debatable referent, target of reigning socially dominant and politically “correct” position, resulted in an impoverished discourse containing few arguments (primarily ones that support the dominant opinion) in which the speaker distanced himself/herself from his discourse by the use of enunciative position (I think that…) and restrictions (only in a case where…). Referents open to discussion, not limited by social pressure, were conducive to a rich and nuanced discourse. In this case, the arguments were numerous and varied, and the speaker openly took a stand and expressed personal value judgments.     

Quelques Erreurs Pouvant être Liées à Une Difficulté à Concevoir un Ensemble Comme un Objet Distinct De Ses éléments Chez Des étudiants Et Des étudiantes Universitaires

As a first step of a project on learning difficulties in elementary set theory, we carried out a study aimed at identifying some of the difficulties encountered by a group of 21 mathematics majors taking a course on logic and set theory. In this paper, we shall discuss one of the difficulties that we observed, namely a difficulty in conceiving a set as an object distinct from its elements, i.e. failing to fully grant sets the status of objects. This difficulty may be related to the following three types of errors that we observed in the students' first assignment: (1) confusing belonging and inclusion, (2) confusing the union of sets A, B, C, ... with the set whose elements are A, B, C, … and (3) adding or deleting curly brackets. We shall present excerpts from the students' work illustrating these three types of errors and explain how they may be related to a difficulty in conceiving a set as an object distinct from its elements.     

Social identity theories and educational engagement

There is a large body of research in studies of schooling, particularly ethnographic case studies, which posits that collective action among students undermines engagement in school and contributes to educational inequality. In this paper I review studies of engagement from a social identity theory perspective. To what extent can collective action explain why some student groups are less engaged than others? I discuss four approaches to identifying social identity‐related problems of engagement frequently used in prior research. While researchers often find problems of engagement among low‐academic‐status students, research on educational engagement has had difficulty locating the underlying causes of inequality in student engagement. Social identity theories of educational engagement are inherently theories of collective action. I conclude that a fifth approach, large‐scale observational studies of monitoring and sanctioning, provides the best framework for identifying both the prevalence of, and solutions to, this particular source of disengagement.     

大学英语网络自主学习行为调查与分析

学习行为已成为影响网络环境下英语自主学习有效性的关键因素之一。本文以360位在校大学生为样本,从主动性、独立性和有效性3个方面对自主学习行为现状进行调查研究,发现学生学习的动机、信息素养和学习策略等因素对学习行为影响较大。在调查结果的基础上,针对上述影响因素中存在的问题,探究解决方法以帮助学生提高学习效率。     

借喻借代之争说明了什么

横跨两个世纪的借喻与借代的异同之争,掩盖着三个深刻的理论问题：一是比喻的相似性与借代的相关性是事物本身的客观属性,而非语言的属性,体现在思维中,则是一个求“真”的认识论或认知心理学问题,而非语言学问题；二是修辞学的研究客体≠研究对象,二者应有明确的区分；三是修辞内外结构的复杂性决定了辞格层次的复杂性,故应对修辞规律(广义辞格)、方法技巧(对辞格的能动把握)进行清理整顿,以建立有序的类聚系统。     

Errors in <Emphasis Type="Italic">The Feynman Lectures on Physics</Emphasis>

We discuss some errors in The Feynman Lectures on Physics related to the concept of symmetry. We also suggest a possible correction to Fig.1.4 of Vol. I. The discussion may be useful for students of crystallography, solid state physics and solid state chemistry.     

文言课文注解补正

职业教育、成人教育的《语》课本中的言注释尚未达到准确，明晰的要求。该注未注，注而不详，注而不确，注而有误的时有所见．严重影响了课本的质量。中列举注释上取舍失当，表达欠妥的例子，意在探讨注释时常见的失误所在，以期引起警觉，也可供课本再版时修订参考之用。     

Evaluating the impact of dyslexia laws on the identification of specific learning disability and dyslexia

Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that impacts word reading accuracy and/or reading fluency. Over half of the states in the USA have passed legislation intended to promote better identification of individuals with dyslexia. To date, no study has been conducted to investigate the potential impact of state laws on the identification of specific learning disability (SLD), and limited data has been presented on the rate at which students in public school settings are identified with dyslexia. The first aim of the current study was to determine if any detectable changes in the identification rates of SLD have occurred in states implementing dyslexia laws because most states do not report number of students identified as dyslexic but rather those students identified with an SLD. The second aim of the study was to characterize the rate of identifying dyslexia in the two states (Texas and Arkansas) that require public schools to report the number of students identified with dyslexia. The third aim was to characterize the identification rate across first to 12th grades. Current SLD rates range from 3.2 to 8.5% in all 50 states. Analysis of SLD prevalence rates did not vary between states with and without dyslexia laws in place. Moreover, there was no change in the identification of SLD once states had implemented these laws. Rates of dyslexia in Arkansas and Texas were less than 5%. Given the persistent levels indicating lack of reading proficiency, our review of data suggests that overall students with dyslexia are being underidentified.     

Comparing State SAT Scores: Problems, Biases, and Corrections

Comparing SAT scores among states using regression analysis leads to biased results because states differ in the proportion of students taking the exam. When the proportion of students taking the exam is included in the regression equation, the results can be biased because of misspecifieation bias. A method intended to correct for selection bias is presented, and empirical results suggest that sample selection bias is present in SAT score regressions. Regression equations and state rankings are compared between the selection-corrected equation and equations for which the selection problem is not addressed. The proposed method is one of many available as possible solutions to the selection problem. Alternative methods may produce different results     

对等翻译的新视角：认知性对等——以陕北民歌的英译本为例

翻译对等历来都是翻译研究者关注的热点和焦点话题,但传统的翻译研究只集中于语言形式、意义、信息、功能、效果等层次上的对等,而忽视了翻译过程中的认知心理因素这一本质特征,很少从认知对等的角度去研究翻译。鉴于此,本文以陕北民歌的英译本为语料,通过对意象图式、隐喻转喻、框架映射、原型理论、映射等认知方法的分析,来具体说明译者如何通过这些认知手段使原文和译文达到认知性对等。     

转喻思维与大学英语阅读教学

一直以来,转喻被看作一种修辞,用某事物的名称替换相邻近事物名称。后来,认知语言学却认为,转喻不仅是一种修辞手段,更是一种重要的认知思维模式,它在语篇生成和识解过程中起到了重要的作用,也是语篇发展的主要模式。在大学英语阅读教学中,教师要引导学生把语篇看作一个衔接与连贯的整体,再运用转喻机制激活相关的内容,补充语篇中空白成分,达到准确理解文章内涵的目的,这样有意识地培养学生转喻思维能力,增加阅读的趣味性,提高阅读理解能力。     

论概念邻近性转喻观的不足

国内外一些学者主要从概念邻近性对转喻进行认知研究。这种转喻观是以结构主义的空间邻近性为基础,并从认知角度对其研究进行了拓展。但认知框架下的概念邻近性转喻观研究仍有一些不足,如未说明转喻是实体间关系还是域间关系,未澄清转喻是否必须要发生指称行为,未探讨影响常规转喻和新奇转喻形成的因素等。从概念邻近性角度对转喻定义不应忽视认知原则和交际原则的影响,概念邻近性转喻观仍有待研究。