Theatrical Feature Film Trade in the United States,Europe, and Japan Since the 1950s: An Empirical Study of the Home Market Effect

Abstract

This article reviews the test of a home market model of international trade in media products using a movie industry database covering 6 major countries (the United States, Japan, Germany, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom) over the 1950 to 2003 period. In support of the model, this study finds a consistently positive relation between domestic theater box-office market shares and various measures of domestic movie spending or domestic movie attendance, and negative relations between domestic movie spending and the market shares of imported American film products. Based on these results, declining domestic film production industries in Europe and Japan after about the 1970s, along with growing dominance of the world film market by the United States, is attributed to a relatively rapid growth of domestic consumer spending on movies in the United States.     

Book Review: Susan Tyler Eastman,Douglas A. Ferguson,and Robert A. Klein (Eds.). Promotion and Marketing for Broadcasting and Cable,Third Edition.

Using a home market economic model, this article explains the changing competitive balance between the U.S. and Japanese film industries. I test the hypothesis that the domestic movies' market share in Japan has decreased because consumer movie spending has increased more rapidly in the United States than in Japan. The results of using information from a database (1955-2000) of media industry development in the United States and Japan generally support the economic hypothesis.     

Devising Video Distribution Strategies via the Internet: Focusing on Economic Properties of Video Products

This article tries to link economic properties of video products to strategies that can be used by Internet-based video distributors. First, this study suggests 4 economic properties of video products: video as an experience good, returns to scale, video as a public good, and interdependency of willingness to pay. Second, based on economic attributes, this study synthesizes several strategies. Finally, this article uses a case study to compare theoretical strategies to actual strategies used by 2 Internet-based movie distributors. As a result of this study, we found that there are several possible strategies that are not yet being used in practice. It is expected that as the market becomes more mature through the development of technologies (e.g., digital rights management), more strategies will be adopted by online video distributors.     

中美农村信息化建设的特点比较研究

在当今世界,各国都是从国家经济发展与国家安全的战略高度重视加强农村信息化建设。通过对中国和美国农村信息化建设的特点进行比较分析,从中借鉴美国成功的经验来加快我国农村信息化建设,以市场信息体系建设带动整个信息服务体系建设;以农业信息化带动农业现代化。     

Shaping the future: Mergers,acquisitions, and the U.S. publishing,communications, and mass media industries, 1990–1995

Between 1990 and 1995, a substantive reconfiguration took place within the publishing, communications, and mass media industries in the United States. These changes were triggered primarily by five pivotal developments: (1) the direct impact of strategic planning theories and practices on a relatively small number of U.S. and foreign media executives; (2) a dramatic technological convergence within the entire communications industry; (3) a quest to gain hegemony over the creation, production, and distribution of electronic and print information and entertainment products and services in the United States and the global marketplace; (4) a sharp increase in media usage and expenditures in the United States; and (5) the impending passage of a massive, revolutionary telecommunications bill. This legislation (the Telecommunications Act of 1996) changed drastically the ground rules created by the Communications Act of 1934, lifted restrictions on the ownership of media properties, allowed media companies to enter formerly forbidden markets, and reduced or eliminated governmental controls over the burgeoning communications business. The deeply etched lines separating “newspapers” from “books” and “magazines”, or “television” from “telephone”, “radio”, “film”, and “video” became hazy, and, in some instances, disappeared. Media scholars and industry experts realized that the communications landscape had to be viewed as a totally interconnected industry, albeit a rather diverse one.     

The Changing Role of Hollywood in the Global Movie Market

Does Hollywood dominate world cinema markets with American taste, culture, and values through the exportation of films produced mainly for its domestic (US and Canada) market? Or does Hollywood supply the films that world audiences demand and, because of the logistics of distribution, screen these films first in the domestic market prior to exhibition in foreign markets? In this article, the authors empirically analyzed the global market for motion pictures to provide statistical evidence that can speak to these questions. They examined data on nearly 2,000 films exhibited from 1997–2007, inclusive, in the United States and Canada, Australia, France, Germany, Mexico, Spain, and the United Kingdom—markets that today collectively account for over 75% of worldwide cinema box-office revenue. The empirical evidence provides support for the hypothesis that the supply of Hollywood films has accommodated global demand as the relative size of the U.S. domestic market has decreased. There is no evidence that box-office success in the United States creates a contagion that spreads to other film exhibition markets; however, box-office success in international markets appears to be less uncertain for films that have been successful in their U.S. releases.     

Crowdfunding for Video Games: Factors that Influence the Success of and Capital Pledged for Campaigns

Crowdfunding has become an important funding method for video game developments in the United States. Interestingly, video game crowdfunding projects have significantly lower success rates compared to other product categories. Recognizing this challenge, this study examines factors influencing the success of crowdfunding campaigns for video games. The analysis of 447 crowdfunding campaigns suggests that human capital, geography, media choice, and the intensity of media use influence the success of crowdfunding for video games.     

美国大学图书馆学术书刊的经济学分析

论文通过对美国大学图书馆学术书刊的经济学分析，提出提高经济和社会效益是图书馆建设和发展的永恒主题和奋斗目标，并指出了我国图书馆在强化经济效益、市场经济观念和科学化管理水平等方面存在的问题及努力方向。     

Media Coverage of Adolescent and Celebrity Suicides and Imitation Suicides among Adolescents

Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents in the United States. Imitation plays an important role in adolescent suicides. Identification theory suggests that media coverage of adolescent suicides can increase imitation suicides among adolescents. The present study examines this possibility using data collected from South Korea. It also explores the relationship between media coverage of celebrity suicides and suicide rates among adolescents. We found that adolescent suicides increase after media coverage of either an adolescent’s suicide or a domestic celebrity’s suicide.     

Sport and the Transnationalizing Media Corporation

This article contributes to the understanding of how transnational media corporations enter, operate, and are structured in different national contexts. Specifically, it provides a detailed examination of News Corporation's use of sport as an instrument for successfully penetrating national television markets within the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. The discussion is divided into 3 sections, focused on (a) the cultural and economic rationales underpinning News Corporation's use of sport as a core aspect of transnational television market entry strategies, (b) examples of News Corporation's use of sport programming to enter and manage local media markets, and (c) the changes wrought in News Corporation's organizational structure and focus resulting from its transnational sporting orientation.     

Nationalistic Notions of the Superpowers: Comparative Analyses of the American and Chinese Telecasts in the 2008 Beijing Olympiad

Ranging from enhanced media exposure to increased athlete mentions, to biased on-air dialogues, nationalism percolates within the mosaic of the Olympic media framework. This study incorporates the dialogue of 2 national telecasts (United States and China) of 5 sports to determine the degree to which the 2 athletic superpowers framed athletic performances using “us vs. them” dichotomies. Significant differences were uncovered within discourse taxonomical attributions, leading to a conclusion that the telecasts from these two nations described the same athletic performances in substantially different manners which were largely based on whether the athlete competed for the United States or China.     

定位·重组:媒体应对WTO

我国媒体目前面对的主要是拥有巨额资本的国际性媒体集团的竞争。同它们的竞争不仅是意识形态的竞争 ,而且是资本、设备和技术、传播人才的竞争。在竞争中最有发言权的是有钱人 ,传播权利的获得建立在充足资金的基础上。在国际性媒体集团纷纷将目光投向我国市场的今天 ,我国媒体如果不能及时完成经营观念的重新定位 ,不能及时融入世界传播体系之中 ,将面对被排斥、被挤压的恶劣传播环境 ,失去在世界传播市场上平等竞争的权利和机会。     

Market Competition and Cultural Tensions Between Hollywood and the Korean Film Industry

The market shares of Hollywood movies in European and Asian markets are so large that policymakers around the world are concerned about the import domination not only in theaters but also in the subsequent windows. Media economists acknowledge that domestic producers have an advantage in terms of a "cultural discount," referring to the unavoidable disadvantage of imported films. However, expenditure on a film's production also determines the extent of popular appeal, thus creating an advantage for films that have a large and wealthy home market base such as Hollywood. In this article, I aim at understanding the dynamics of these 2 seemingly opposing forces in the motion picture market in Korea. I review the film market in Korea, explore the relation between performances of 2 windows, theaters and home video, over the two countries-the United States and Korea-and compare the determinants of performance of Hollywood and local films in Korean box offices. A strong hit orientation and preference for local content was empirically found.     

中国国产图书馆集成系统面向世界发展之机遇与挑战

对当前国产图书馆集成系统的优势、国外图书馆集成系统的研发特点和售后服务模式,以及国产图书馆集成系统如何走向世界市场,探求可持续发展道路等问题进行讨论分析。     

The Indirect Effects of Partisanship and Partisan Media on Knowledge About Same-Sex Marriage Policy: Exploring the Knowledge and Belief Gap Hypotheses

This study applies the knowledge gap and the belief gap hypotheses to explore knowledge about same-sex marriage rights in the United States. Whereas the knowledge gap predicts that individuals of higher socioeconomic status will be better informed on political issues, the belief gap suggests that that political ideology is a stronger predictor of knowledge and beliefs than education or income levels. Results from this study indicated that higher income levels were a significant predictor of more knowledge about same-sex marriage policy but education was not related to knowledge. As for the belief gap, political party affiliation was not a stronger predictor of knowledge than education level. However, political party affiliation and partisan media (both conservative and liberal) indirectly impacted knowledge through attitudes toward homosexuality, such that Democratic partisanship and liberal media use indirectly led to more knowledge about same-sex marriage rights and conservative media indirectly led to less knowledge about same-sex marriage rights.     

欧美数字作品著作权保护问题研究

网络时代为信息共享提供了便利,也增加了数字化产品的风险利用的可能。欧美各国在数字化产品著作权保护方面各有特色,试图通过立法、管理制度、技术保障兼顾著作权人与利用者的合法权益。     

Radio,TV and literacy in Mexico

When radio and television are touted as the “greatest media for education” or the “promoting of social change” that the world has ever known, the need of the developing countries of the world for these media is often cited. It is probable that most citizens of the United States think of “developing nations” as those newly‐formed countries of Asia and Africa whose political, social and economic problems often are featured in the day's news reports. However, there are more than a score of developing nations in the western hemisphere, and one of these is right at the back door of the U. S. This country, Mexico, has been using radio and television effectively for a major literacy program since 1965, and the following article describes that program. Dennis Lowry is a doctoral candidate in mass communication in the University of Minnesota School of Journalism and Mass Communication. Information for this article was gathered during a six‐week study trip to Mexico in the summer of 1968.     

Transnational Media Management: Western News Organizations’ Web Operations in China

In 2008, China surpassed the United States as the largest Internet market in the world. This study examines how four prominent Western news organizations respond to this new era of Internet publishing. A series of in-depth interviews with senior managers at The Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, Reuters, and The New York Times revealed how these news organizations serve Internet users in China through their Chinese-language Web editions—how they overcome geographic, language, cultural, and political barriers to explore this remote market. These cases demonstrate the viability of different operating models and the challenges and opportunities facing these media organizations as they manage transnational news operations in this seemingly lucrative market.     

Changes in archives’ philosophy and functions at the turn of the 20th/21st centuries

In the last 20–30 years the archives in Europe have undergone tremendous changes. Although the archives have always been ever changing but the changes have accelerated in the 1980s. Nowadays the archives have different requirements, way of thinking and values, they act and react differently as 30 years ago, i.e. they have a different philosophy. The new philosophy can be described in a few words: popularisation, transparency, openness, market approach, media culture and information-centricity.Archives have had basic functions such as to ensure rights, to provide historical sources, to participate in administration and to disseminate culture. The contents of these functions have also changed by the end of the century.Changes are determined by society. In my article I would explore how the dominant ideas and values of the Western world such as equality, freedom, democracy, free market and fair competition, as well as the societal and economic implementation of these ideas such as respect of human rights, transparency, globalisation, IT revolution, market approach, media culture, alienation and individualism have compelled the archives to change their philosophy and functions.     

"大阅读"活动的发展历程及特点分析

“大阅读”活动是一类阅读活动的统称,倡导通过阅读提升社区、社群的氛围,形成社区、社群的凝聚力,从而建设书香社会.它最早起源于英国,随后兴盛于美国,并逐步影响全世界,形成一个世界范围内广泛而持续不断的阅读热潮.“大阅读”活动的组织机构不一,有的由单一的传媒组织推动,也有的由阅读推广组织、传媒组织和图书情报机构等联合推动.通过对“大阅读”活动的发展历程及特点的总结、分析,将对我国开展“大阅读”活动、建设书香社会提供可资借鉴的启示.