Latins and Georgians and the Crusader Kingdom

Partly because the First Crusade had weakened the Seljuk Sultanate in 1097–1099, David III of Georgia was able to extend his power over much of the Caucasus. The rulers of the Crusader States who stood in need of Eastern Christian allies sought to co-operate with him. Yet although some Western knights served in his army, the practical difficulties of co-ordinating joint action against the Islamic powers of north Syria and Anatolia in the twelfth century proved insuperable. In the thirteenth century the Georgian crown offered an alliance to the leaders of the Fifth Crusade: their forces would attack the northern provinces of the Ayyūbid Empire while the crusaders were invading Egypt. This strategy was sound, but the rise of the Mongol Empire prevented it from being implemented. Nevertheless, the desire for military collaboration between Georgia and the Western powers persisted until the mid-fifteenth century.     

中韩出版交流感言

作为中国编辑学会代表团成员,我于2008年5月10～16日,赴韩国首尔参加了第13届国际出版学学术研讨会,感触良多。     

Independence and obedience in the United States and Japan

Are some Americans and Japanese beginning to think more similarly about independence and obedience? Middle-class adult respondents from the suburbs of Chicago and Tokyo (U.S.: 43 males and 54 females: Japan: 71 males and 80 females) were surveyed about their sex-role values. This report focuses on two values which have been recognised as constituting fundamental differences between Japanese and Americans: personal independence and obedience. The survey used a metric multidimensional scaling technique called Galileo^®. Analyses of the data and results of other comparative studies suggest that any convergence taking place between the two societies is occurring primarily within American society. There is growing evidence, including the findings of this study, that Americans are moving away from their traditional stress on the importance of the individual in society. The Japanese respondents did show a more liberal conceptualization of the ideal woman with respect to obedience, however, there was no indication that this less traditional image of women extended to their other traditional roles in society.     

中国古代建筑与宇宙观

哲学是关于宇宙观的学问。宇宙观就是人们对于宇宙的总的看法。宇宙是指一切物质及其存在形式的总和。对于宇宙的看法即相当于对于整个世界的看法，因此也可以说，宇宙观亦即世界观。     

上海小吃的市井民俗与源流

琳琅满目的海派小吃 上海日常的传统市井小吃不胜枚举，甜的小点、辣的抄手、素的菜包、臭的豆腐、粘的切糕，几乎是上海市井文化的缩影，很能让人感受到上海琳琅满目的海派小吃的名色。即使是名份相类似的小吃，在口味上、制作上、餐饮的文化氛围上，都能尝试出完全不同的品味来。在今日上海，海派小味在市井里阊中触目皆是，不过，相对说来保存得最完整最集中的当属黄浦区的城隍庙区。     

诸葛村的明清建筑

浙江省兰溪市诸葛村是全国最大的诸葛亮后裔聚居地。这是一个群山环抱、绿树掩映、隐蔽静谧、美丽富饶的古村落。这里自然环境优美,地理位置独特,村落布局精巧,至今仍完好保存着200余座明清建筑。无论是礼制建筑、民居建筑、商业建筑,还是建筑形制、建筑风格、建筑装饰,都充分体现出诸葛氏家族独特的文化意蕴,具有极为重要的历史研究价值。诸葛村村落布局没有中轴线,也不注重均衡对称,而是围绕钟池这个中心分布建筑群,道路呈放射状,构成八卦形,单体建筑缘势而建,星罗棋布,高低错落,井塘点缀,极富诗意。从该村《诸葛氏宗谱》(以下简称《宗谱…     

战国社会新风尚

战国是我国历史上社会急剧变革、思想空前活跃的一个时代。与春秋相比，战国在某些方面有了很大的变化，顾炎武《日知录·周末风俗》做了如此概括：“如春秋时，犹尊礼重信，而七国则绝不言王矣；春秋时，犹严祭祀，重聘享，而七国则无其事矣；春秋时，犹论宗姓氏族，而七国则无一言及之矣；春秋时，犹宴会赋诗，而七国则不闻矣；春秋时，犹有赴告策书，而七国则无有矣。邦无定交，士无定主。”因而王夫之《读通鉴论》称战国为“古今一大变革之会”。的确，战国出现了许多前所未有的新气象。的感情。一旦要离开时，便有割舍不开的眷恋。《孟…     

宫姓源流与宫氏家族

宫氏渊源，《中华古今姓氏大词典》记载有四。据本人考证，实有七或八，其中一支的渊源还不清楚。1．虞国上大夫宫之奇之后裔，系出姬氏；2.南宫氏之后裔，亦系出姬氏；3．周官“宫人”的后裔，以官为氏；4．龚氏有的改为宫氏；5．满族恭嘉氏，改为宫氏；6．回族、蒙族，亦有改为宫氏者；7.江苏     

中西交融的南京近代建筑

南京是一座六朝古都，也是（五代）南唐、明初、太平天国和国民政府建都之地，历代帝王都对她情有独钟。建筑是一个城市的重要标志，南京近代建筑不仅是洋务运动最早兴办近代实业的实录，而且记载着近代中国口岸开放以后，基督教及洋行给南京带来的西方建筑文化。民国时期的城市建筑具有一定的特色，形成了一批用现代建筑技术建造的中国传统形式建筑和新民族形式建筑，在我国的建筑史上具有一定的影响与价值。     

战国四大"学术中心"

我国历史演进到春秋后期，社会经济和阶级关系发生了很大变化，周王朝已名存实亡。政权下移，诸侯力政，礼崩乐坏。各诸侯之间争霸与兼并战争持续不断，而战国更成为古今一大变革之会。社会大动荡，导致化和教育被贵族阶级所垄断、“学在王官”的局面被打破，“私学”盛行。一大批掌握了知识的“士”，不仅作为一个独立的阶层登上我国历史舞台。     

Facework in Syria and the United States: A cross-cultural comparison

“The first rule when communicating with people from the Arab world is not to let them lose face” said J. Al-Omari. Face or one's social identity is cultural. A face threat is a situation which threatens to create a loss of face. When experiencing face-threats people guard their face with facework – behavioral actions enacted to protect one's face. Since facework varies across cultures, this study analyzed how cultural collectivism, power distance, masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance influence direct, indirect, competitive, cooperative, hostile, and ritualistic facework in Syria and the United States, employing a MANCOVA design with gender as the covariate. Significant findings (n = 336) showed that: (a) US Americans reported using more direct, competitive, and hostile facework strategies than Syrians while (b) Syrians reported using more indirect, cooperative and ritualistic facework strategies than US Americans (c) US American facework strategies corresponded to individualistic, weak power distance, masculine, and low uncertainty avoidance cultural dimensions while Syrian facework corresponded to collectivistic, high-power distance, moderately masculine, and high uncertainty avoidance and (d) VSM 94 results showed Syria to be more individualistic than Hofstede's original rankings.     

闽台陈姓源流

《左传·襄公廿五年》记载:“昔虞阏父为周陶正,以服事我先王。我先王赖其利器用也,与其神明之后也,庸以元女大姬配胡公而封诸陈,以备三恪。”说的是阏父为周的陶正即主管制陶之官,有功得到周文王赏识,把长女大姬下嫁给阏父子胡公为妻,“以备三恪”。恪为客异文,古制灭国不灭祭祀,周武王克殷后,分封虞、夏、殷之后为三恪,封阏父子妫满于陈,建立陈国,都城宛丘(今河南淮阳),以奉虞舜之祀。妫满去世后谥胡公,传至20代公廿三年(前479年)为楚国所灭,子孙遂以国为姓,是为陈姓由来,妫满为陈姓始祖。陈国后裔有的以首任国君妫满谥号胡公为胡姓。此前…     

Emerging Interpersonal Norms of Text Messaging in India and the United States

This study examines whether there are emerging interpersonal norms of text messaging—an etiquette (“textiquette”) of texting—that guide its use in India and the United States. One hundred and thirty-seven participants recorded multiple text messages sent and received in specially designed text logs. Each log secured data on the following dimensions: (1) the context in which a text was sent and received/read; (2) who each participant was with—and the reaction of this person(s)—when the participant sent or received/read a text message; and (3) what constitutes impolite text messaging behavior. Results reveal emerging interpersonal norms of text messaging in both countries that vary significantly across cultures on all three dimensions. Implications and limitations are discussed.