A derives grid-based model for simulation of pedestrian flow

We present a derived grid-based model for the simulation of pedestrian flow. Interactions among pedestrians are considered as the result of forces within a certain neighbourhood. Unlike the social force model, the forces here, as in Newtonian physics, are proportional to the inverse of the square of the distance. Despite the notion of neighbourhood and the underlying grid, this model differs from the existing cellular automaton (CA) models in that the pedestrians are treated as individuals. Bresenham's algorithm for line rastering is applied in the step calculation.     

Relationships de Confianza and the organisation of collective social action

This article examines the social and cultural organisation of learning and community change in a largely new immigrant and under-resourced neighbourhood in the US Situating our investigation within a local social movement for food justice, we use an ethnographic lens to study how learning is made to become consequential across relationships between people, across activities, and contexts. Our four-year ethnographic study highlights how community health workers (promotoras) build relationships de confianza as a tool that mediated new forms of action in the focal neighbourhood. We demonstrate how relationships de confianza have laid a foundation to (a) mediate social networks to organise for change and (b) promote solidarity through the response to urgent needs, creating a more holistic model of community health and sustainability. Drawing attention to relational resources foregrounds social actors and their ingenuity, promoting equity-oriented scale-making.     

刍议社区体育的建设与发展

社区体育是体育的一种新的构成形式,是国家精神文明建设的一项重要内容,落实<全民健身计划纲要>,实施社区体育建设势在必行,这也是国家提高全民身体素质的一项重要举措.社区体育的建设与发展应尊重科学,因地制宜,联合社会的多方面力量,充分利用好社会各方面的资源,进行有组织的建设与管理,使社区体育真正发挥其特有的功效.     

行人最大速度对行人流影响的研究

应用改进的格子气模型(即将行人的最大速度扩展到大于1)研究行人的最大速度对过道中单向和双向行人流的影响。模拟结果显示:最大速度为5时所对应基本图的临界密度跟实验值比较符合,说明该扩展是必要的;在一定范围内随着行人最大速度的增大道路的整体通行能力增强同时临界密度减小;双向行人流的时空斑图显示行人最大速度的增大加快了拥堵的形成过程(即缩短了行人从局部拥堵演化为完全拥堵的时间)。     

Does distance determine who attends a university in Germany?

We analyze the role of distance to the nearest university in the demand for higher education in Germany. Distance could matter due to transaction costs or due to neighbourhood effects. We use data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) combined with a database on university postal codes to estimate a discrete choice model of the demand for higher education. We show that – controlling for other socio-economic and regional characteristics – distance to the nearest university at the time of completing secondary school significantly affects the decision to enrol in a university. Our empirical results further suggest that the distance effect is driven mainly by transaction costs rather than by neighbourhood effects.     

Researching school choice in regional Australia: what can this tell us about the ethnographic imaginary?

This is an exploration of methodological debates related to ethnographic research. Reflection on conducting research on school choice in an Australian regional centre is the beginning point for a discussion of what Appadurai describes as a dialectical relationship between the neighbourhood and its capacity to exist and reshape itself in relation to outside forces. The place of the researcher is considered in relation to a regional context and the possibility that within such a context, the urban researcher could be a ‘stranger’. The notion of the ‘strange’ researcher is used to explore belonging and through it, geographic imaginaries of regionality. The case is made that the production of locality in this region contributed to a researcher ‘lock out’ because local knowledge about school choice was being unsettled. The paper takes up the question of how research in a region can contribute to understandings of ethnographic research as unbounded.     

Re‐examining format distortion and orthographic neighbourhood size effects in the left,central and right visual fields

Research has shown orthographic neighbourhood size effects (ONS) in the left visual field (LVF) but not in the right visual field (RVF). An earlier study examined the combined effects of ONS and font distortion in the LVF and RVF, but did not find an interaction. The current lexical decision experiment re‐examined the interaction between ONS and format distortion at fixation and in the LVF and RVF with the addition of several methodological improvements. Main results replicated previous findings and extended them by indicating that (a) ONS effects in the LVF are immune to the putatively disruptive effects of format distortion, (b) format distortion revealed ONS effects in the RVF and (c) large orthographic neighbourhood size slowed pseudoword rejections regardless of format distortion or visual field presentation. Results are discussed within the context of relevant literature on the visual field laterality of visuoperceptual‐orthographic processing.     

以行人为中心的十字路口行人过街模型研究

此文根据元胞自动机论分析道路交通流,以行人利益为中心,方便行人为第一前提,从双向行人需求、车辆需求、行人车辆交互三方面建立行人过街方式模型,研究设计同时满足行人和车辆需求的交通管制方案的可行性,并给出了特例分析。模型考虑了行人产生概率、违规概率、群聚违规概率对车流和行人流的影响。提出了在保证行人安全便捷的前提下提高道路交通效率的意见方法。     

Cellular automata modeling of pedestrian’s crossing dynamics

Cellular automata modeling techniques and the characteristics of mixed traffic flow were used to derive the 2-dimensional model presented here for simulation of pedestrian's crossing dynamics.A conception of "stop point" is introduced to deal with traffic obstacles and resolve conflicts among pedestrians or between pedestrians and the other vehicles on the crosswalk.The model can be easily extended,is very efficient for simulation of pedestrian's crossing dynamics,can be integrated into traffic simulation software,and has been proved feasible by simulation experiments.     

The influence of neighbourhood crime on young people becoming not in education,employment or training

ABSTRACT

The influence of living in a disadvantaged neighbourhood on young people’s transitions from education to the labour market has not received much attention in past research. This study examines the extent to which social disorganisation, understood as the level of crime experienced in the neighbourhood, can influence young people’s educational and employment outcomes. It draws on data collected from Next Steps, a longitudinal nationally representative cohort of English young people. Using logistic regression and propensity score matching techniques and controlling for family background, prior educational attainment, ethnicity and gender, victimisation and risk behaviour of the young person, the results suggest that living in a disadvantaged neighbourhood increases the probability of young people experiencing Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET) status at ages 16–19. Sensitivity analysis shows that these results are robust to selection bias.     

School neighbourhood socio-economic status and teachers’ work commitment in Finland: longitudinal survey with register linkage

The extent to which school neighbourhood affects teachers’ work commitment is poorly known. In the current study, we investigated whether school neighbourhood socio-economic characteristics predicted teachers’ organizational and professional commitment. Primary school teachers (n?=?1042) responded to surveys in 2000–2001 (baseline) and 2004 (follow-up). Their responses were linked to records of the school neighbourhood income and unemployment levels obtained from nationwide registers. Teachers working in areas with a high income level and low unemployment rate had longer job tenure and higher probability of organizational (school) commitment at follow-up compared to teachers working in areas with a low income level or high unemployment rate. Less consistent associations were found for professional commitment. These findings suggest that school neighbourhood characteristics may affect teachers’ work commitment, especially their organizational commitment. Further research is needed to determine whether this increases inequalities in children’s learning opportunities.     

Promoting pro‐environmental behaviour: collection of used batteries by secondary school pupils

This research is based on Kollmuss and Agyeman’s mode, and aims to determine if the prerequisites for pro‐environmental behaviour, such as the collection of used batteries at school, are ethical, cognitive and environmental. A questionnaire/opinionnaire was given to 102, 14–17‐year‐olds to gather data on: (1) their current recycling habits, (2) their environmental values, (3) their level of knowledge about the harmful effect of used batteries on the environment, (4) their attitude towards collecting used batteries, (5) their attachment to the neighbourhood, (6) their perceived behavioural control and finally (7) their intention to act. The number of used batteries brought by each school child was recorded over a four‐month period. Results show that young people’s behaviour of collecting used batteries can be predicted by ethical (pro‐environmental values), affective (neighbourhood attachment) and cognitive (perceived behavioural control) variables (R ² = .38; p > .01).     

信号交叉口行人穿越时间模型研究

为了研究信号交叉口行人穿越时间的特性规律,应用间隙理论和实际观测数据,建立了行人穿越的概率统计模型．进而建立了3种不同穿越条件下行人穿越数的估算模型．在此基础上,构建了行人平均过街时间模型、第85分位行人过街时间模型和第90分位行人过街时间模型．采用定量分析和模型实证分析方法,发现行人穿越的主要影响因素有：人行过街横道长度、车头时距小于临界间隙的概率以及交叉口内的转弯车辆数．结果表明模型估计误差均小于5％．     

Evaluation of education quality and neighbourhood well-being: a case study of Independencia,Peru

Information systems can play a vital role in supporting the planning and management of development programs and, as such, they are fundamental to improving people’s health, education, training, and enhancing the transparency of decisions and actions taken by public and private agencies in these and other domains. This paper examines how information systems in general, and geographic information systems (GIS) in particular, can contribute to an understanding of local educational contexts and needs through the provision of information tools that bridge national-level goals and policy to local-level action and outcomes. First, utilising the frameworks from global initiatives such as Education for All and A Framework for Action, direction is provided as to what types of data are required to evaluate education systems and education quality, especially given the absence of detailed local-level data. Second, the relationship between neighbourhood context and the quality of education is assessed. Third, the available educational and contextual information for a case study in the urban district of Independencia, Peru is described. Utilising information available at the local level and general international frameworks, a method is outlined for the analysis of education quality and neighbourhood well-being and is applied to the case of Independencia, Peru.     

Muhammad Ali's Fighting Words: The Paradox of Violence in Nonviolent Rhetoric

While Muhammad Ali has been the subject of countless articles and books written by sports historians and journalists, rhetorical scholars have largely ignored him. This oversight is surprising given both the tradition of social movement scholarship within rhetorical studies and Ali's influential eloquence as a world renowned celebrity espousing nonviolence. Ali's rhetorical performances played a pivotal role in radicalizing the civil rights movement as it (d)evolved into twin forces: Black Power and anti-Vietnam war movements. Ali's rhetoric conjoins messages of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, enabling critics to re-envision civil rights texts. Ali's enduring rhetoric provides a model for analyzing texts and social movements invoking the paradox of the violence in nonviolent civil disobedience.     

中小城市交通秩序混乱的空间特征及其影响路径分析——基于空间生产的视角

交通秩序混乱是造成交通拥堵的主要原因之一。文章以空间生产理论三重空间逻辑为框架,以河南省信阳市为案例,致力于揭示中小城市交通秩序混乱的空间特征。研究发现:道路侵占和无序行驶是交通秩序混乱的主要空间特征,基于不同交通主体和道路空间类型,可概括为三类道路侵占和二类无序行驶模式。道路侵占是无序行驶的直接原因,且表现为在道路横断面视角下自外向内的空间作用路径。导致中小城市交通秩序混乱的根本原因是交通产品提供者和管理者构想的交通空间秩序和交通产品使用主体空间感知和行动的对立;直接原因是交通影响者违规挤占交通空间、非机动车驾驶者及行人交通意识淡薄和交通执法人员执法不严或无法可依。     

Community-based environmental monitoring goes to school: translations,detours and escapes

Community-school partnerships are an established practice within environmental science education, where a focus on how local phenomena articulate with broader environmental issues and concerns brings potential benefits for schools, community organisations and local communities. This paper contributes to our understanding of such educational practices by tracing the diverse socio-material flows that constitute a community environmental monitoring project, where Australian school students became investigators of and advocates for particular sites in their neighbourhood. The theoretical resources of actor-network theory are drawn upon to describe how the project – as conceptualised by its initiators – was enacted as both human and non-human actors sought to progress their own agendas thus translating the concept-project into multiple project realities. We conclude by identifying implications for sustaining educational innovations of this kind.     

高等教育资源配置:规律与变迁趋势——学术、市场、政府在优化高等教育资源配置中制衡的约束条件

高等教育资源配置转换过程是学术、市场、政府三种配置力量不断调整与选择的过程。“三种配置力量制衡”模型可用来描述在三种配置力量的作用下能够实现资源相对优化配置的约束条件。对改革开放以来我国高等教育资源配置制度转换过程的考察表明,确立在法律框架下的产权主体和产权制度,确立政府在新的市场经济与法制框架下的行为“重构”,是实现资源配置相对优化的基本条件,也是约束条件。大学组织治理模式深受社会制度的约束,我们应该研究它的不同组织治理模式与市场、政府、学术三种力量制衡背后的制度关系,从中把握某种规律和变迁趋势。     

Institutional Innovation and Public Extension Services Provision: The Marche Regional Administration Reform in Central Italy

Abstract

This paper describes how Marche Regional Administration (MRA) introduced an innovative institutional reform of an Agricultural Knowledge and Information System (AKIS) in central Italy. In order to study the main features of the MRA reform we used a methodological approach based on three steps: (i) first we applied a desk analysis to sketch the main elements of the reform; (ii) we then analyzed farmers' assessment of the institutional change by using information derived from a field survey on a sample of beneficiaries, and (iii) using a focus group technique. We found that MRA reform introduced an institutional innovation in the domain of public extension services (ES) provision within the Italian context. However, the assessment of the short-term effects indicate that the original objectives of the reform have been only partially achieved. This is in line with other experiences presented in the literature and confirms the difficulties to introduce institutional innovation in the domain of AKIS. The paper describes the analysis of an institutional reform in the AKIS domain which has been considered a ‘best practice’ within the Italian context. Using an institutional analysis approach the paper provides an original way of looking at a ‘new’ model for organizing public ES.     

THE EFFECT OF LONG SUMMER HOLIDAYS ON CHILDREN'S LITERACY

The summer holiday was used as a device for holding steady the school‐based variable in order to investigate a possible connection between pupils’ home/neighbourhood backgrounds and their ability to retain reading skills.

A small pilot scheme using a language‐based battery of tests to assess a small number of children (N = 30) from disparate backgrounds yielded encouragingly significant results: a survey was therefore carried out with 83 municipally‐based children, and 143 children from owner‐occupied property. Analysis of results indicated a strong correlation between background and retention of reading ability; it also yielded interesting comment on the effect of absence from school upon the attainment of children in different age‐groups and within different bands of ability (IQ).