当前大学生现实感调查与分析

对当前大学生进行艾森克＂大学生现实感＂问卷调查发现,大学生现实感在年级、性别、学校类别上差异显著;大学生现实感各因子得分与常模都存在一定的差异。这种差异出现的原因,主要可能是由生理、社会现实和文化背景造成。可以考虑从招生政策、教育策略和心理辅导方面解决现实感幻想性问题。     

Can you leave high school behind?

In recent years, many states, including California, Texas, and Oregon, have changed admissions policies to increase access to public universities for students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. A key concern, however, is how these students will perform. This paper examines the relationship between high school quality and student success in college. Using administrative data from the University of Texas at Austin, we take advantage of the unique policy environment provided by Texas's Top 10% automatic admissions law, which has not only increased the diversity of high schools in the state that send students to the university, but also provides an admission criteria based on a sole observable characteristic: high school class rank. We find that high school characteristics do affect student performance, and these effects seem more pronounced for women and low-income students. In addition, there is little evidence that the effects of high school characteristics decay over students’ time in college.     

Why preferences in college admissions may yield a more-able student body

Critics of affirmative action policies contend that the elimination of racial preferences in college admissions would lead to a “more-able” student body. We develop a simple model comprised of three classes of college admissions—merit, race and legacy—to show that it is possible that a change in admissions policy that reduces racial preferences leads to a “less-able” student body. The change in admissions policy may serve only to ensure that more admissions are available for “sale” to wealthy alumni through legacy preferences. In other words, when there are multi-dimensional preferences, reducing or eliminating one dimension of preferences may lead to the unforeseen consequence of producing a “less able” student body.     

“双一流”大学招生倾斜政策下弱势学生发展的追踪研究

倾斜性招生政策是近年来我国面向贫困地区弱势学生实施的重要举措。使用国内某“双一流”大学追踪调查数据,分析国家专项与高校专项两类学生的在学发展情况。研究发现,两类专项学生受惠于倾斜性招生政策得以被录取,尽管高考成绩显著更低,但在各类能力自评得分方面没有劣势。不过,进入大学后,国家专项学生在自我认知方面和高校专项学生在批判性思维发展方面的自评得分均存在显著劣势。此外,高校专项学生入学时的毅力优势也在大三消失。在学业成绩方面,受学业基础较差影响,两类专项学生大一课业成绩显著偏低,且均在人文学科方面表现不佳。国家专项学生所获得的高考降分越多,大一挂科率和挂科数均显著越高,平均成绩显著越低,且在人文学科中尤为明显。研究认为,“双一流”高校在制定和实施国家专项招生政策时,应根据各自往年生源情况科学分配各学科专项招生名额,给予专项生更多的志愿填报指导,尝试放宽专项生转专业限制,并为专项生提供富有针对性的发展支持,在保障弱势学生入学机会的同时,更好地促进其在大学期间的良性发展。     

Statistical models for college admission and enrollment: A case study for a selective liberal arts college

In making admission decisions, selective colleges make choices that allow them to improve the quality of the college. Desired student attributes include leadership, noteworthy achievements and talents, and cultural and geographical diversity, as well as high academic performance. Since few applicants dominate in all these attributes, a delicate balancing act must be forged.In this study we construct probability models for college admissions and student enrollment. We have chosen a selective liberal arts college as a case study over a four-year period. In the first stage we estimate the probability of acceptance to the college for individual applicants. The logit model includes a number of academic factors as well as nonacademic components. In the second stage we estimate the probability of enrollment for an accepted student.The first stage results show that the actual outcome of the admissions decision does match the broader institutional goals of the college. However, in the second stage, the discrepancy between the acceptance and enrollment decisions frustrates the efforts of the institution to achieve its diversity goals and highlights the difficulty that admission officers have in targeting their efforts toward special groups of applicants.     

Art for a few: exclusions and misrecognitions in higher education admissions practices

In this article, we examine the policy and practice of admissions to art and design courses in the context of the UK widening participation (WP) agenda. We draw on our qualitative study of admissions practices funded by the National Arts Learning Network (NALN). To provide context and background, we outline and critique WP policy discourses, focusing on issues of admissions and access, followed by an analysis of our research data, drawing on the conceptual tools of subjectivity and misrecognition. In using this analytical approach, we attempt to expose the subtle and insidious workings of inequality and exclusion in processes of selection. We argue that admissions policy problematically conflates notions of ‘fairness’ and ‘transparency’ and fails to address complex socio-cultural inequalities in processes of recognition of the potential student-subject of art and design. We show how a focus on individual practices rather than on policy discourses and processes of subjective construction helps to hide the ways that ‘potential’ is constructed in ways that privilege and recognize particular student subjectivities, whilst excluding Others.     

Producing multiculturalism in higher education: Who's producing what for whom?

This essay explores ways in which multiculturalism is institutionally produced in a small liberal arts college. When the offices of admissions or student life deploy the categories multiculturalism and diversity, they are likely to seek academic expertise from humanities or African American, Latino, or Women's Studies Programs, the disciplines most closely matching identity slots on the college applicationforms. In doing so, they recreate the presupposed categories of person that shape U.S. perceptions of race. This leaves little room for an anthropological perspective that examines the bases on which concepts of person and social identities are constructed.     

“It’s Pretty Essential”: A Critical Race Counter-Narrative of Faculty of Color Understandings of Diversity and Equity in Doctoral Admissions

Using a short story fiction counter-narrative, this critical race study examines how faculty of color within higher education and student affairs doctoral-granting programs bring critical epistemologies to their decision-making in the student admissions process and work to decolonize the academy despite neoliberal pressures. Faculty of color depart from current accounts of faculty decision-making in doctoral education in two key ways—by disregarding standardized measures of success and by considering diversity throughout the entire admissions process—leading us to important insights about how faculty of color differ from white faculty in their perception of and in their emphasis on diversity, equity, and justice in the admissions process. The implications are both broad and specific for creating dynamically diverse campus climates in an era of persistent challenges to affirmative action. The findings speak to the ways that those concerned with educational diversity and equity can support diversity and equity efforts in a neoliberal, color-blind environment. In a world defined by such policy and practice and a country that determines options and opportunity based on race, this study centers the voices of faculty of color in their institutions and analyzes how identity and institutional logics influence behavior.

     

A multi-level modeling approach to investigating students’ critical thinking at higher education institutions

Twenty-first century and higher-learning skills such as critical thinking are highly desired for new college graduates entering the workplace, especially with rapid changing technology and a more globalized economy. As a result, the importance of critical thinking development at higher education institutions has increased. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of student and institutional variables on the difference in critical thinking scores between first-year and third/fourth-year students at higher education institutions. We examined the extent to which institutional variables moderate the relationship between student variables and the critical thinking score difference. We used a multi-level modeling approach to account for the clustering of students in institutions. Results of this study showed that: (a) institutional variability accounted for 15% of the variance in estimated critical thinking scores, (b) third/fourth-year students had higher critical thinking scores as compared to their first-year peers even when controlling for college admissions score, and (c) in the final model, the main effects of college admission scores, student-faculty ratio, and percent Black/African American were statistically significant; however, retention was the only significant moderator of the relationship between critical thinking scores and class level. Implications and future research are discussed.     

大学排行榜对高等教育的影响及思考——基于世界主要大学排行榜的分析

随着大学排行榜的不断流行和多样化,对大学排行榜影响的关注也不断增加。围绕大学排行榜对学生、高等院校和政府的影响的争论已成为高等教育研究和主流新闻媒体的一个普遍话题。越来越多的证据表明,大学排行榜对地区及国家的高等教育发展政策、高等院校的决策和发展战略的制定与实施、人事招聘及组织结构、资源分配和资金募集、学生择校和高校招生等方面都产生了巨大影响。如何避免大学排行榜的消极影响,提高大学排行榜的科学性和合理性,以发挥其应有的功能和作用是全球大学排名当前和今后面临的一个重要问题。     

The Impact of an SES-Based Model on a College's Undergraduate Admissions Outcomes

In Grutter vs. Bollinger, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the use of race as one factor, among many in admissions decisions is constitutional. It is not known, however, whether future legal opinions will continue to uphold the use of affirmative action policies. Some have argued that class-based preferences can achieve many of the same goals as in affirmative action while being more likely to withstand legal challenges. To date, no empirical studies have been conducted on the potential impact of a class-based admissions policy if implemented at an undergraduate institution. This paper reports on a study at a selective public college and compares a number of outcomes under three admissions models: the original admissions decisions, a purely academic model, and an socio-economic status (SES)-based model. The findings showed that use of the SES-based model would have led to a more academically qualified class than in the original admitted class while maintaining substantially greater student diversity that was found under the academic model. An admissions policy based on preferences for socio-economically disadvantaged applicants appears to hold promise for other colleges and universities with similar institutional and applicant characteristics. The ideas and research design reported in this paper are based on the doctoral dissertation study of the second author, Undergraduate Admissions Models Incorporating Socioeconomic Factors (Johnson, 2000).     

Do college admissions counselors discriminate? Evidence from a correspondence-based field experiment

I design and implement a correspondence based field experiment to test for race and gender discrimination among college admissions counselors in the student information gathering stage. The experiment uses names to identify student race and gender, and student grade, SAT score, and writing differences to reflect varying levels of applicant quality. I find that counselors do not respond differently by race in most cases, but there are measurable differences in response/non-response and in the type of correspondence sent that favor female students. I also find that the quality of the student induces large differences in the type of response.     

土地资源管理硕士研究生招生情况分析——以中国地质大学(北京)为例

从历年土地资源管理专业硕士研究生的招生情况入手,重点分析2004-2011年期间研究生的招生数量、生源结构、本科专业、性别比例、生源地及考试成绩的变化情况,总结了其变化特征。研究结果表明:(1)随着专业培养水平的提升及硕士研究生导师队伍的壮大,招生的数量有所增加;(2)学缘的结构逐渐多元化,外校生源的比例在增加,但是学缘结构有待进一步优化;(3)专业的交叉也越来越明显,越来越多的相关专业的学生报考土地资源管理专业;(4)考生成绩的分差相对比较大,学生成绩个体差异相对明显;(5)性别比例和生源地存在不均衡现象;(6)与国家线的分差在逐渐减少,并且录取学生的总体水平基本上与自划线高校考生的水平相当。因此,还需要适当调整招生政策,进一步优化生源结构。     

Does Work Harm Academic Performance of Students? Evidence Using Propensity Score Matching

In this article we analyze the effects of student work on academic performance for college students. In order to reduce the endogeneity bias due to selection into treatment, we use propensity score matching technique. This approach allows us to estimate the effects of student work separately for different years of study, which is not possible when inside instruments are used to deal with endogeneity of student work. We find predominantly negative effects of student work for all measures of academic performance (GPA, exam attempts, exams passed, and likelihood of passing a year), although many of these are economically and statistically insignificant. We supplement existing studies that do not estimate separate treatment effects for different years of study by showing that work while in college harms study outcomes mostly in the first year of study—by passing smaller number of exams and thereby increasing the likelihood of failing a year. Our results are consistent with evidence on difficulty with adjusting to college studies of first-year students, who face many uncertainties that affect finding the optimal allocation of time between studies, work and leisure.     

自主招生新趋势——“高校联考”的问题探析

高考是教育界乃至全社会极为关注的问题。我国高考制度一直处于不断改革和完善过程中,如保送生制度、特长生制度以及自主招生制度。近期,三大＂高校联盟＂的建立和扩大,使得自主招生问题再次成为人们关注的焦点。近几年平均每年至少有10多万人报考的自主招生考试已经并将继续影响越来越多的中国考生及家庭。从某种角度上讲,这场＂抱团大战＂隐喻着中国高考改革未来的方向。     

建立大学生个人信用制度,促进国家助学贷款

本文从国家助学贷款政策出台背景与实施现状出发 ,分析了银行“惜贷”的原因 ,着重提出了防范和化解银行风险、促进国家助学贷款健康发展的对策 ;依托专业网站 ,建立大学生个人信用制度 ;加强信用立法 ,出台相关政策 ;加强大学生道德教育 ,树立大学生信用观念     

Taking Race into Account: Charting Student Attitudes Towards Affirmative Action

This paper examines student attitudes towards affirmative action over 4 years of college. Asian American and Latino/a students were more likely than White students to disagree strongly or somewhat with abolishing affirmative action after 4 years of college. A student’s attitude towards the policy as a first-year student, peer group influence, and political orientation were significant predictors of student attitudes of affirmative action during the fourth year of college. The findings suggest that while college plays some role in shaping affirmative action attitudes, its influence is somewhat limited in comparison to the background traits and attitudes that students bring to college.     

高考志愿设置改革对地方高校生源的影响与对策

生源直接关系到高校的教育质量,招生政策是影响生源的杠杆。某地方高校生源在高考志愿改革后,出现城市生源和中心城市生源比例上升,生源分数段呈现扁平化趋势,且专业志愿满足率下降。它与信息不对称、高校综合实力差异存在因果关系。要改变新政策所造成的生源质量弱化现象,地方性高校应当从培养师资增强实力、制定合理的分专业制度、构建新的人才培养模式等方面着手,增强对优质生源的吸引力。     

Gender imbalance in college applications: Does it lead to a preference for men in the admissions process?

Using data from 13 liberal arts colleges, we test for a preference for men in the college admissions process. We find that gender does matter, but in a complex way. Men do appear to be given preference as college applicant pools become more female. Consistent with this pattern, we find clear evidence of a preference for men in historically female colleges—which have the highest percent female applicant pools. Being a male applicant raises the probability of acceptance at these schools by between 6.5 and 9 percentage points. We find no significant male preference in historically co-educational or historically male colleges despite the fact that their applicant pools are more than 50% female. We also find that the bottom quartile of both the applicant and acceptance pools, as measured by high school academic record, is disproportionately male. As a result, even with a gender-blind admissions policy, the lower tail of college classrooms is likely to be dominated by men.     

日本国立、公立大学自主招生考试制度的形成背景、表现形式及特点

自主招生考试制度是一个国家高等学校招生考试制度的重要组成部分。文章着重探讨日本国立、公立大学现行的自主招生考试制度,介绍了自主招生考试的形成背景、表现形式和特点,并说明各大学利用自主考试选拔学生的具体组织形式和录取方式,以期对我国大学招生考试制度改革提供借鉴和参考。