Removal and transformation of organic matter during soil-aquifer treatment

This study investigated the removal and transformation of organic matter through laboratory-scale soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) soil columns over a 110-day period. Reductions in total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), nonbiodegradable dissolved organic carbon (NBDOC) and absorbance of ul-traviolet light at 254 nm (UV-254) averaged 71.46%, 68.05%, 99.31%, 33.27% and 38.96% across the soil columns, respectively. DOC/TOC ratios increased slightly with depth while BDOC/DOC ratios showed a converse trend. DOC exiting the soil-column system contained only a very small biodegradable fraction. SAT decreased the concentration of DOC present in feed water but increased its aromaticity, as indicated by specific ultraviolet light absorbance (SUVA), which increased by 50%～115% across the soil columns, indicating preferential removal of non-aromatic DOC during SAT. Overall, laboratory-scale SAT reduced triha-lomethane formation potential (THMFP), although specific THMFP increased. THMFP reduction was dominated by removal in chloroform. All samples exhibited a common general relationship with respect to weight: chloroform>dichlorobromomethane >dibromochloromethane>bromoform.     

Removal and transformation of dissolved organic matter in secondary effluent during granular activated carbon treatment

This paper focused on the removal and transformation of the dissolved organic matter （DOM） in secondary effluent during the granular activated carbon （GAC） treatment. Using XAD-8/XAD-4 resins, DOM was fractionated into five classes： hydrophobic acid （HPO-A）, hydrophobic neutral （HPO-N）, transphilic acid （TPI-A）, transphilic neutral （TPI-N） and hydrophilic fraction （HPI）. Subsequently, the water quality parameters of dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, absorbance of ultraviolet light at 254 nm （UV-254）, specific ultraviolet light absorbance （SUVA） and trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP） were analyzed for the unfractionated and fractionated water samples. The results showed that the order of the DOC removal with respect to DOM fractions was observed to be HPI〉HPO-A〉HPO-N〉TPI-A〉TPI-N. During the GAC treatment, the THMFP of the unfractionated water samples decreased from 397.4 μg/L to 176.5 μg/L, resulting in a removal efficiency of 55.6%. The removal order of the trilaalomethanes （THMs） precursor was as follows： HPO-A〉TPI-A〉TPI-N〉HPO-N〉HPI. By the GAC treatment, the specific THMFP of HPO-A, TPI-A, TPI-N and the original unfractionated water samples had a noticeable decrease, while that of HPO-N and HPI showed a converse trend. The Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） results showed that the hydroxide groups, carboxylic acids, aliphatic C-H were significantly reduced by GAC treatment.     

社会转型时期的制度创新

健全的制度体系是社会得以正常运行的保证。在社会转型时期 ,利益矛盾和冲突正制约着社会的正常发展 ,为此 ,政府必须提供有效的制度供给。稳妥地处理各方利益是政府主导的制度创新适度性的切入点。     

Measurement and analysis of soil nitrogen and organic matter content using near-infrared spectroscopy techniques

Near infrared reflectance （N1R） spectroscopy is as a rapid, convenient and simple nondestructive technique useful for quantifying several soil properties. This method was used to estimate nitrogen （N） and organic matter （OM） content in a soil of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou County. A total of 125 soil samples were taken from the field. Ninety-five samples spectra were used during the calibration and cross validation stage. Thirty samples spectra were used to predict N and OM concentration. NIR spectra of these samples were correlated using partial least square regression. The regression coefficients between measured and predicted values of N and OM was 0.92 and 0.93, and SEP （standard error of prediction） were 3.28 and 0.06, respectively, which showed that NIR method had potential to accurately predict these constituents in this soil. The results showed that NIR spectroscopy could be a good tool for precision farming application.     

浅谈城乡风貌改造中的文物保护问题

在开展城乡风貌改造中,要充分认识到加强文物保护的必要性和紧迫性。在肯定这些年来各地开展文物保护工作取得显著成绩的同时,也要正视存在的主要问题。当前要及时采取有力的措施：一是正确认识城乡风貌改造与文物保护之间的辨证关系;二是积极营造良好的文物保护舆论氛围;三是深入做好城乡风貌改造涉及到的文物资源的调查并做好保护计划;四是在城乡风貌改造中切实对文物进行有效保护与合理利用。     

麦秸还田对土壤有机质含量及夏玉米

通过比较试验,对目前华北平原小麦-玉米一年两熟农作制度下麦秸还田与否对土壤有机质含量的影响及其动态性变化规律进行探索,以寻求最佳耕作措施.结果表明:不同耕作措施下,各处理麦收后的肥力基础相同.苗期、拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽雄吐丝期、灌浆期、成熟期的土壤有机质含量有差异,且随时间推移差异表现越明显.各期各处理平均值表明:麦秸不还田+免耕处理的土壤有机质含量最低,绝对值降低了1.24～2.11 g/kg,相对值降低了90.073‰～153.270‰.为了作物高产,不断培肥地力,增加耕层土壤有机质含量,推广秸秆还田是一项行之有效的措施.     

分析化学实验中土壤有机质含量测定的教学研究

结合新疆不同区域和不同土壤类型,首次在本科生的教学实验环节中引入了土壤有机质含量、颗粒度以及土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)的分析实验的综合设计,有助于学生建立合理保护和利用土壤的思想意识,同时学会和掌握利用重铬酸钾法测定土壤有机质含量、简易比重计法表征土壤颗粒、用乙酸铵缓冲法测定土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)的方法和原理。     

社会转型时期价值观念作用的可能与现实

面对社会的转型，人们的价值观念必然随之发生变化。就目前的社会现实而言，价值观念在社会发展中仍起着不可或缺的作用，这种作用既具有内在可能性，也具有实现这种可能性的现实性。因此，建构新价值观念对社会转型和社会稳定是非常必要的。     

体制转型时期我国财政政策与经济发展研究

无论是发达国家还是发展中的国家,经济是其不可或缺的支柱,特别是在我国,目前正处于经济发展的重要体制转型时期,财政政策的调控对经济的增长和发展,发挥了极其重要的作用。在经济转型时期,不断完善我国的财政政策和支出收入机制,有着非常重要的现实意义。本文基于如何促进国民经济的发展,如何使财政政策和经济发展有效地结合,在体制转型时期来推动经济长足稳定健康的发展,然后分析了财政政策和经济发展的关系,以及如何推动经济的发展,最后对在经济转型时期财政政策实践中的得到的若干结论进行阐述。     

基于稳定性同位素的有机质分解测定在生态学实验教学中的应用

稳定性同位素技术是生态学的重要研究手段,该文将稳定性同位素技术应用于生态学开放实验教学,设计了基于稳定性同位素的有机质分解测定实验。该实验探究性强,学生参与度高,拓宽了学生对生态学研究方法的认知,有助于学生了解稳定性同位素技术在生态学研究领域中的应用,同时大大提高了学生设计、参与相关生态学实验的能力。     

社会转型期我国高校校园文化建设研究

高校校园文化建设是推动学校发展的有力保障,社会转型时期经济结构、文化形态、价值观念等方面发生巨大变化,对校园文化建设提出了严峻考验。从学生工作的视角,以分析社会转型期我国高校校园文化发展特点为入手点,提出主导与兼容相结合、传统与现代相结合、虚拟与实体相结合等基本原则,并以培养和提升学生的文化自觉、文化自信为线索,从组织、思想观念、手段等方面探索推动高校校园文化建设的实现路径,以期为高校校园文化建设的实践提供参考和借鉴。     

谈线性变换与逆变换

线性变换是高等代数学中的一个重要组成部分,与逆变换有着密切的联系。依据线性变换及逆变换的定义,得到了σ可逆的4个充要条件。     

灰霾不同阶段含碳颗粒物的污染特征及湿清除

为了研究南京市北郊冬季灰霾不同阶段中的含碳颗粒物化学组分变化及湿清除作用,采用DRI Model2001A热/光碳分析仪对2015年1月南京市北郊采集的大气PM2.5样品中的有机碳(organic carbon,OC)和元素碳(elementary carbon,EC)的质量浓度进行分析。结果表明,南京市北郊冬季PM2.5、OC和EC的平均质量浓度分别为279.64、18.58和6.29μg/m3,属于国内较高水平,并存在一定程度的二次污染。与清洁日相比,灰霾日PM2.5、总碳(total carbon,TC)、OC和EC的质量浓度更高、变化范围更大,灰霾期间的二次污染作用强于清洁日期间,含碳颗粒物对PM2.5的贡献率在灰霾的生成和消除阶段都较为稳定;降水过程对含碳颗粒物的湿清除作用显著,清除效果与降水强度有关,且降水对于OC、EC的清除效率大于二次有机物(secondary organic carbon,SOC)。     

Characterization of natural organic matter and disinfection byproducts formation potential in pilot-scale coagulation-ultrafiltration membrane combined process in winter

A pilot-scale ultrafiltration membrane plant was set up for treating Luanhe River water with flocculating and precipitation process of waterworks.The aim is to investigate the variation and characteristics of natural organic matter and disinfection byproducts formation potential in the whole process in winter.The results show that dissolved organic matter(DOM),UV254,trihalomethanes formation potential(THMsFP) and haloacetic acids formation potential(HAAsFP) of Luanhe River water were mainly distributed in t...     

The transformation of an online learning community from an organised facility to an organic fraternity

An online community of learning within a distance doctoral programme was explored to determine if and how the community evolved and transformed over time. This part-time doctoral programme gathers students into cohorts and runs a structured community with students and faculty for 18 months before students confirm candidatures and begin individual work with their own supervisors for the remaining 4–5 years of study. In particular, this study sought to determine if and how the community of learning continued and developed after the 18 months of shared structured learning had been completed. This research was initiated and conducted by the students, giving insights into the community from the students’ perspective. Findings are that the community has survived and will continue in the short-term at least, but with fewer members and operating in a different manner. There has been an ongoing transformation of the community, largely driven by choice and necessity.     

社会转型时期的高校学生管理工作

在社会转型时期,我国的高校学生管理工作也因高等教育改革不断地深入,高等教育大众化以及办学主体多元化等这些变化给学生管理工作带来了巨大的挑战,各种变革也给我国的高校学生管理与服务带来了新的难题。传统的学生管理工作与服务越来越难以满足和适应教育服务国际化的办学需求和趋势,而人性化管理理念将是提高高校学生的日常管理工作和服务质量,引领高校走出学生管理工作困境的关键。     

广义逆变换与广义变换群

本文根据可逆变换与变换群的理论,给出了广义逆变换与广义变换群的概念。并通过对广义逆变换与广义变换群的研究,给出了相应的定理及其证明。从而使变换群的理论得到进一步的推广。     

转型期提升政府公信力的路径探索

现阶段我国政府公务人员履行职能时,部分行政部门还存在着公权行使不透明、腐败现象、行政外部权力机关监督失衡等问题,这些问题的存在,在一定程度上弱化了我国政府的信用。因此,提升政府公信力要培养政府行政人员良好的行政品德,加强行政意识,以行政信息公开为突破口,培育以公共利益为出发点的基本服务理念。     

论台湾光复初期教育转型的历史定位

台湾光复初期的教育转型,是中华民国教育史的重要组成部分,是20世纪台湾教育发展的转折,也是20世纪海峡两岸教育交流与融合的关键。正确把握台湾光复初期教育转型的历史定位,可以进一步丰富对中华民国教育史的认识,可以防止对这一历史进行“孤岛式”的研究。     

物质结构与信息

世界的物质统一性问题应该在信息哲学的基础上获得新的理解和丰富。在信息哲学的研究中，我们认为，信息也是物质世界的基本属性，传统的物质结构理论，正在被现代科学所丰富、深化，应该在信息哲学的层面加以综合。本尝试地提出以物质世界的信息统一性来丰富和深化传统的物质统一性理论。并对传统哲学中的物质、理性、逻辑、秩序、结构等等范畴作出新的理解。