Rhetoric and the origins of the human sciences: A Foucauldian tale untold

Michel Foucault’s famous history of the human sciences focused on “the order of things” and in doing so it overwhelmed a rhetorical perspective that can track the arts of moving souls: pedagogy, politics, and psychology. If we revisit Foucault from a rhetorical perspective there are consequences: (1) at the level of architectonic, we rediscover rhetoric’s role at the inception of the human sciences, and (2) at the level of thematic, we can make better sense of rhetorical phenomena such as the sixteenth-/seventeenth-century sacred arts of listening, which feature a “public ear.” Foucault’s late interest in the pastoral picks up this rhetorical thread, although he never was able to revise the disciplinary and biopolitical history implicated therein. This article initiates just such a revision, paying particular attention to historiographic questions, and to recent discussions of biopower that wind up looking very different from this rhetorical perspective.     

Vague Concepts in the Educational Sciences: Implications for Researchers

This article argues that many key theoretical concepts and core areas of study in the educational sciences are couched in paradigmatically vague terms. The shared features of vague terms and two different readings of vagueness are discussed. “Practice”, which is widely used both as a theoretical and an empirical term in the field of educational research, is used as an example of a vague concept that cannot be made more precise, regardless of the quality of definitions or theoretical agreement. Finally, in addition to giving an outline of how the term “practice” is used in the educational sciences, the article refers to contemporary educational research to discuss some of the key methodological implications of vague terms for researchers.     

高校“双一流”建设的范式创新

高校“双一流”建设背后遵循中国高等教育发展的历史逻辑、价值逻辑和目标逻辑,同时也面临空间布局、学科设置、人才布局、创新能力等不平衡发展的制约。高校“双一流”建设是一个辩证性、动态性过程,重中之重在于范式创新,优化教育资源配置,同时需要处理好5个关系：高峰与支撑、中央与地方、理科与文科、学科与育人、中国与世界,实现高校“双一流”建设的价值追求和建设目标。     

A model of small group facilitator competencies

This study used small group theory, quantitative and qualitative data collected from experienced practicing facilitators at three points of time, and a building block process of collection, analysis, further collection, and consolidation to develop a model of small group facilitator competencies. The proposed model has five components: communication, task, relationship or climate, organization, and professional ethics. “Listens actively” was the highest rated competency. Items under communication, in addition to listening, include “observes and attends to nonverbals in group members” and “uses questions skillfully.” Remaining competencies concern ground rules, creating a supportive climate, encouraging group involvement, and handling disruptive individuals, among others.     

高校行政化内涵辨析

学术界对高校“行政化”的内涵存在较多争议,主要分为三种观点:官本位观、过度科层观和政府同构观。官本位观未认识到官本位与行政化之间不存在必然关系;“过度科层观”忽视了中国熟人社会和党政权力系统特点,难以囊括高校各类组织的特点;政府同构观忽视了“行政”和“党政”在价值观念、决策方式、责任承担等方面存在根本不同。高校行政化是一个复杂的组织、制度及文化体系。在组织上高校形成与上级党政机构完全相同的党政组织;在管理制度上,规则与人情并存,专业性弱行政性强、服务弱于管理;文化土壤中的官本位是行政不正之风的文化根源,进一步加剧了高校的行政化。     

Educational sciences,morality and politics: international educational congresses in the early twentieth century

Internationalism became one of the keywords in the international intellectual and political debates at the end of the nineteenth century. As a political, cultural and social movement it also included science and education. The desire for international cooperation and global understanding was caused by the growing economic interdependence in the world and the threat to peace by nationalistic politics of the imperialistic powers. Within the context of discipline formation and fragmentation, cultural critique, social reform and pacifist movements, academic educationists, teachers and educational and social reformers in various countries tried to establish an international network to promote scientific cooperation, peace, mutual understanding and professional collaboration. In this article, the author will try to place the phenomenon of internationalism within the context of the formation of educational sciences in the early twentieth century. Drawing from the example of other scientific disciplines at this time, such as geography, meteorology and physics, one can assume that the internationalizing of education also increased its professional and scientific standards. The “disciplinarization process”1 Whereas this term is used by Hofstetter and Schneuwly, Van Gorp, Depaepe, and Simon prefer the notion “discipline‐formation process”. See Rita Hofstetter, “The Construction of a New Science by Means of an Institute and Its Communication Media. The Institute of Educational Sciences in Geneva (1912–1948)”, and Angelo Van Gorp, Marc Depaepe & Frank Simon, “Backing the Actor as Agent in Discipline Formation: An Example of the ‘Secondary Disciplinarisation’ of the Educational Sciences, Based on the Networks of Ovide Decroly (1901–1931)”, both in this issue. of educational sciences was closely intertwined with the genesis of an international scientific network through special institutions. In order to investigate this assumption, the genesis, structure, contents and effects of international cooperation in the field of education in the first decades of the twentieth century will be considered. This international cooperation took on different shapes. It included, among others, the international exchange of teachers and students, international educational exhibitions, international congresses, transnational institutions, multilateral standardization and international journals. The focus will be on the main agents of institutionalized internationalization, namely international congresses and associations, and individual forms of international communication and cooperation will therefore not be dealt with. The article begins with a short overview of the different kinds of international educational congresses. Two types of internationalization within this institutional setting will then be introduced: the research‐oriented, “scientifically” based model of academic educationists (“new educational sciences”) and the instruction and reform‐oriented, “politically and morally” based model of a social movement (New Education). Finally the geographical extension of internationalization will be analyzed briefly before the main argument is set out in the concluding remarks, namely that the internationalization of education through international institutions found its driving force in moral and political assumptions of the teaching profession and its goals of school reform within the New Education rather than in an international scientific paradigm of the academic “new educational sciences”.     

Human Sciences,Sport Sciences,and the Need to Study People “In the Round”

The current orthodoxy regarding science within sport science is rethought so as to enable the social sciences to enter the field and allow for a debate over the nature and purpose of the sport sciences. An alternative vision of the potential of the sport sciences is proposed: A more “scientific” picture of human beings may be produced if human beings are studied “in the round,” capturing them as whole selves, not as isolated physiological or psychological units. If a multidisciplinary synthesis were adopted, the subject, via its component disciplines, would provide a model for the reintegration of disciplines in the urgent need to study people in human-development and not performance-efficiency terms.     

大学校友组织:公共性建构与组织成长——以武汉大学校友抗疫应急救援行动为例

在相当长一段时间内,校友组织由于被担心涉入“帮圈文化”而成为限制发展的对象,其功能也大都局限在个人联谊、为学校筹集办学资金层面。结合2020年新冠疫情期间武汉大学校友组织的应急救援行动案例,可以从中发现,校友组织能在确定的角色下应社会需要变化适时调整自身的行动诉求,以同一校友身份为情感基点快速累积起大规模校友召集所需的信任,并在校友能人的拉动下快速响应、协同行动,从而在生产出多样公共产品的过程中完成了自身公共性的建构。而这种由“自在”走向“自为”的建构所带来的公共性增长又同时促进了其组织的成长,即在组织架构上从“校友的校友会”“大学的校友会”走向“社会的校友会”,在组织功能上从“联谊”“互谊”走向“公益”。案例表明校友组织在提供社会公共产品方面具有其他社会组织所没有的潜力和优势,为此应重新审视大学校友会的作用,那就是它们不仅是高校在拓展社会影响力、传承大学文化、筹集办学资金等方面的重要组织力量,也能成为政府应急管理体系中可以倚重的合作伙伴,成为国家治理体系和治理能力现代化进程中的重要组成部分。     

Perceptions of innovativeness and communication about innovations: A study of three types of service organizations

It was hypothesized that the three types of service organizations identified by Mills and Margulies (1980) would exhibit differences with respect to perceived “innovation communication” (communication about innovations that may precede and/or accompany diffusion‐adoption processes) as well as differences in perceived individual innovativeness and perceived organizational innovativeness. Three questionnaire instruments were completed by 131 employees from nine organizations: one bank, six advertising firms and three schools. These organizations represented the Mills‐Margulies types of maintenance‐interactive, task‐interactive and personal‐interactive, respectively. While most directional hypotheses received partial or no support, differences emerged across organization types for both perceived innovation communication activity and perceived organizational innovativeness.     

论沃勒斯坦的社会科学观

沃勒斯坦社会科学观的发展经历了形成、确立和完善三个阶段,在重现社会科学的演变历程及知识体系现状后,沃勒斯坦表达了重塑社会科学,建立整体社会科学知识观的愿望,在世界体系分析和历史社会科学的方法论支撑下,将“否思”批判和道德选择作为社会科学的价值追求。沃勒斯坦的社会科学观引起了社会科学内部的争论、反思,启发社会科学研究者要正视社会科学知识的动态建构,更新社会科学的方法论范式,重塑高等教育学术体系,秉持研究者的责任自觉,辩证对待全球化与民族文化。     

Improving social practice through the utilization of university-based knowledge

Traditionally, the university has been defined as a center for the production and communication of knowledge, much of it practice-relevant. As one looks-farther along the chain leading from knowledge production to its ultimate utilization, however, the results have been disappointing, notably in the “soft” sciences. One means of heightening knowledge use is that of strengthening the formal links between centres of higher education and centres of application. In the study reported here, formalized arrangements were made between colleges or faculties of education and surrounding school systems, and the knowledge flows between the two sets of institutions were studied from the perspective of knowledge transfer theory and interorganizational theory. The study yielded a set of “core” variables, that could then be clustered into a general model indicating how successful transfers of knowledge can be made.     

Codes of Conduct in the Soviet School System. Part 1: The Teacher as the Mouthpiece of the State

The purpose of this article is to analyze Soviet school codes as part of a continuous tradition in Russian education and as a way of arriving at a portrait of Soviet schoolchildren. The article is divided into two parts. The first part provides a brief historical overview of the codes of conduct in prerevolutionary and Soviet school policy and practice. The body of evidence that we consider includes resolutions of the Soviet government, Soviet regulations about schooling, as well as the corpus of codes of conduct for Soviet schools stretching from the 1930s to the 1980s. The history of codes of conduct in the Soviet school system can be told in several stages: an initial period of complete rejection of all codes of conduct (1917–27), a period of gradual legitimation through the issuance of government resolutions (1927–35), a transitional period of waiting for the adoption of regulations promised by government resolution (1935–43), a decade (1943–54) during which all requirements were based on the “Code for Students,” adopted in 1943, and finally a gradual transition period when disciplinary functions became subject to uniform requirements (1954–72). The “Code for Students” promulgated in 1943 differed from a similar set of rules issued in 1874 as the former sought to construct an ideal image of the Soviet school and student. The fact that the new “Code” came to play a largely symbolic function meant that it lost its ability to actually regulate school discipline on a day-to-day basis.     

Pentadic cartography: Mapping the universe of discourse

Expressions of time have increasingly infused the rhetorical experience of post-industrial war, especially since 9/11. This essay demonstrates how these “signs of time” operate as one of three tropes: deadline/countdown, infinite/infinitesimal war, and the ticking clock. The persistence of such signs of time in public discourse can be seen as an expression of what Paul Virilio has called the “chronopolis,” a political universe textured by real-time communication technologies. The chronopolitical will exhibits certain autocratic traits at odds with democratic ideals, primarily the refashioning of citizen identity into that of the “contemporary.” The analysis here charts the autocratic rhetoric of the chronopolis as a critical democratic project.     

精神权利法表现形式比较研究——以民法、著作权法的联系与区别为视角

作为大课题的“精神权利法”,目前存在着民法、著作权法两种法律制度形式,不同国家民法典采取“合二而一”与“一分为二”的处理模式。它们之间主要通过“人格权”“精神属性”等连接点建立联系,又在定义与范畴、主体与客体、确定性与从属性等多个方面有所区别。通过比较看出,从理论或制度层面确立民法中精神权利制度的法律意义和价值更大,更能全面保护人的精神利益。     

《福建文化》与近代中国海洋文化的传播

福建与台湾是中国海洋文化的重要舞台。“九一八”事变后,在“树立科学的文化”“致力地方的历史”等学术语境影响下,福建协和大学福建文化研究会创办、出版学术刊物《福建文化》,传播海洋物质文明、海疆管理机制、海洋人文思想、海洋精神品格,建构海洋文化认同,培植民族自信力;并通过田野调查、公开讲演、学社沙龙、乡村服务等公共传播渠道拓展海洋文化知识的社会影响。其所倡导实践的“历史的眼光” “科学精神”“分而为之”的学术传播理念,为中国海洋文化“科学化”进程提供了历史经验。     

高职学生职业素质本位大教育观刍议

高职职业导向且超越职业本身的职业素质本位大教育观,倡导回归人和教育的实践本质,把“和谐职业人”培养,视为高职教育的重要目标。以学校董事会为组织维度,多主体、多角度探寻学生自然素质、社会素质、专业素质这三种素质的层次构成及其自组织的动源。引企入校建立企业大学,将其作为素质、技能二位一体产学合作的辐射源与示范区,探析企业的市场化逻辑与学校教育逻辑之间因“和谐职业人”的桥梁对接,而渐趋于和谐共生的各种可能。     

Mature students’ access to higher education: A critical analysis of the impact of the 23+ policy in Portugal

Increasing mature students’ access to higher education (HE) is a worldwide priority. In Portugal, the 23+ policy which was launched ten years ago opened HE to these students. A critical analysis of eight years’ data on the universe of mature candidates in HE in Portugal shows that this “opening” varies in inverse ratio to the social prestige of institutions and subject areas. The private polytechnics and the soft sciences display a greater receptiveness than the public universities and the hard sciences. This article demonstrates that mature students save the HEIs that are less sought-after by “traditional” students and argues for fairer access to the most prestigious HEIs and programmes.     

西班牙语原版电影在文化教学中的应用--以电影《蝴蝶的舌头》为例

文章以影片《蝴蝶的舌头》为例,论女教师如何通过习语、历史人物、事件、对社会背景的思考等方面来进行文化输入,从课前准备、课中引导及课后组织三方面来提高学生的文化敏感度和跨文化交际能力。     

“全球史”与人文政治教育的危机

随着我国进入美国主导的“世界市场”,美国化的“全球史”学也适时进入我国走向开放的学术和教育空间。就史学视域而言,“全球史”与“世界史”并无不同,决定性的差异在于用怎样的政治观念看待整个人类的经历。“全球史”是18世纪启蒙运动时期“世界大同主义”的产物,其教育目的是培养“世界公民”意识。一旦“全球史”成为我国大学的世界史教学内容,我们的年轻人丧失“中国意识”就是迟早的事情。