Science,Values and Objectivity

This article attempts to ascertain whether thepresence of biasing values in the practiceof science is an inbuilt feature of an idealisedinstitution, Science, and judges that thosevalues inbuilt to Science are not a source of bias.     

客观性是科学的特采

客观性是科学的特采,而科学的客观性有三个维度--对象的客观性、方法的客观性和评价的客观性.在肯定科学具有和达到客观认识的可能性之后,从七个方面为科学客观性做了辩护.     

论价值的主体性与客观性

价值的主体性和客观性之关系问题，是价值论研究首先必须解决的问题。从厘清价值的主体性和客观性出发，扼要地探讨了价值的主体性和客观性、多样化与一元化的统一。     

Objectivity and Science Education

Science & Education -     

情感态度价值观概谈

利用“定义”以及适当分析的方式对情感态度价值观三个概念加以界定并考察它们之间的关系，并加以直观的比较阐释。     

如何评价情感、态度和价值观

如何评价学生的学业成绩是课程改革的难点之一,情感、态度和价值观评价更是难点中的难点。从评价范围、评价指标体系、评价工具和评价实施办法等方面论述对情感、态度和价值观的评价,对研究情感、态度和价值观评价具有一定参考意义。     

The Distinction Between Epistemic and Non-Epistemic Values in the Natural Sciences

In this paper I examine the particular question of the meaning of the distinction between epistemic and non-epistemic values in the natural sciences and, if this would make sense, the possibility to transcend this distinction. I claim that the distinction between epistemic and non-epistemic values maintains its necessity as long as a certain sort of unity between the theoretical and the practical sides of the scientific endeavour has not been achieved. The distinction in question would cease to have meaning only from the perspective of such a unity, since in this manner the normative dimension of science would become an internal term for its historical construction.

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预言、科学和对未来的人文主义态度

预言在文明中有一定的文化地位,因为未来对人类有永久的魅力。科学是人类预测未来最可靠的理性方式,帮助人类更清楚地看到了世界的复杂和秘密,但科学也有明显的局限性,不是人类透视未来的唯一通道。未来中蕴涵事物发展的多种可能性和不确定性,人类通过科学理性预测未来,也通过人文情怀影响和对待未来。     

新课程中的情感、态度与价值观目标

情感、态度与价值观是新课程目标的重要组成部分。正确理解情感、态度与价值观的涵义，认识其对教学和学生成长的意义，探寻属于情意领域的情感、态度和价值观的教学及评价方法，提高教师在教学中渗透情感、态度与价值观教育的自觉性，对提高教学实效实施素质教育具有极其重要的意义。     

数学教学中的情感、态度、价值观的形成

数学教学的情感、态度、价值观的形成，可以促使学生感受到数学的美、学习数学的快乐，感受到数学的强大威力和数学的广泛应用性。对教师优化教学过程，提高数学教学质量，培养学生的数学观和价值观，有积极的促进作用。     

波普尔科学客观性理论的"社会学转向"

波普尔在科学客观性问题上,颠覆了科学哲学的传统理念,开启了从“心理学方法”向“社会学方法”的转向。这一转向的最大特点,就是对客观性的追求不是奠基在科学家个体在研究过程中自我心理控制活动的基础上,建立在价值中立的、排除个人主观偏见的研究态度上,而是奠基在科学家群体乃至整个社会开放式的“批评性讨论”的基础上,奠基在这种批评性讨论社会机制的建立和完善的基础上。     

情感、态度与价值观目标的分类及表述

由于一些数学教师对教学目标与教学目的的概念内涵及表述的行为主体不清,对情感态度价值观的教学目标的表述有许多不当之处。学生应为教学目标表述的行为主体,要说明学生能做什么,可用体验性和表现性目标方式来陈述。     

Drawing Nature of Science in Pre-service Science Teacher Education: Epistemic Insight Through Visual Representations

Developing pre-service science teachers’ epistemic insight remains a challenge, despite decades of research in related bodies of work such as the nature of science (NOS) in science education. While there may be numerous aspects to this problem, one critical element is that the NOS is a meta-concept that demands higher-order cognitive skills. One possible strategy to facilitate pre-service teachers’ understanding of epistemic aspects of science is visualisation. Visual representations of objects and processes can be tools for developing and monitoring understanding. Although the NOS and visualisation literatures have been studied extensively, the intersection of these bodies of literatures has been minimal. Incorporating visual tools on the NOS in teacher education is likely to facilitate teachers’ learning, eventually impacting their students’ learning of the NOS. The objective of this paper is to illustrate how the visual tools of scientific knowledge and practices aspects of the NOS can be integrated in science teacher education in order to develop pre-service teachers’ epistemic insight. The paper presents an empirical study that incorporated visual tools about the NOS in primary science teacher education. Data on 14 pre-service teachers’ are presented along with in-depth case studies of 3 pre-service teachers illustrating the influence of the teacher education intervention. The qualitative analysis of visual representations before and after the intervention as well as verbal data suggests that there was improvement in pre-service teachers’ perceptions of the NOS. Implications for future research on visualisation of the NOS are discussed.     

Values in Science: An Educational Perspective

Science is not value-free, nor does it provide the only model of objectivity. Epistemic values guide the pursuit and methods of science. Cultural values, however, inevitably enter through individual practitioners. Still, the social structure of science embodies a critical system of checks and balances, and it is strengthened by a diversity of values, not fewer. Science also exports values to the broader culture, both posing new values- questions based on new discoveries, and providing a misleading model for rational decision-making. Science teachers who understand the multi-faceted relationship between science and values can guide students more effectively in fully appreciating the nature of science through reflexive exercises and case studies.     

Addressing Challenges to Public Understanding of Science: Epistemic Cognition,Motivated Reasoning,and Conceptual Change

Science is of critical importance to daily life in a knowledge society and has a significant influence on many everyday decisions. As scientific problems increase in their number and complexity, so do the challenges facing the public in understanding these issues. Our objective is to focus on 3 of those challenges: the challenge of reasoning about knowledge and the processes of knowing, the challenge of overcoming biases in that reasoning, and the challenge of overcoming misconceptions. We propose that research in epistemic cognition, motivated reasoning, and conceptual change can help to identify, understand, and address these obstacles for public understanding of science. We explain the contributions of each of these areas in providing insights into the public's understandings and misunderstandings about knowledge, the nature of science, and the content of science. We close with educational recommendations for promoting scientific literacy.     

Role of Epistemic Beliefs and Scientific Argumentation in Science Learning

We hypothesized that instruction in the criteria of scientific arguments, in combination with constructivist epistemic beliefs, would produce greater learning about physics concepts. The study was a randomized experiment, where college undergraduates (n = 88) discussed, in pairs over the Web, several physics problems related to gravity and air resistance. Prior to their discussions, one‐half of the dyads received information on the nature of scientific arguments. All students were classified epistemologically as relativists, multiplists, or evaluativists. We found that students in the treatment group incorporated more scientific criteria into their discussion notes and accordingly developed better arguments on several dimensions. In addition, significantly more participants in the treatment group adopted the correct answer to one of the problems. Outcomes also differed in relation to students’ epistemic beliefs. Specifically, multiplists were less critical of inconsistencies and misconceptions, and interacted with their partners less than other belief groups, whereas evaluativists interacted more critically, bringing up different ideas from their partners. Evaluativists also solved one of the physics problems more accurately and tended to demonstrate a reduction in misconceptions. We discuss the results in light of instruction in scientific argumentation, conceptual development and change, and epistemic beliefs.     

Attitude Formation in High-School Seniors: A Study of Values and Attitudes

Abstract

In order to measure attitude changes as a function of studying and as a function of teaching the Minnesota Teacher Attitude Inventory (MTAI) was administered to fifty-two students in an experimental fifth-year graduate program in elementary education. Three test administrations followed the structure of the program: (1) before classes began, (2) after completing the academic program, (3) following a 4 Vi -month internship. During the academic program MTAI scores increase significantly, attitudes become more tolerant and more child-centered. In contrast, attitudes decline during the internship. Frustration in the internship is significantly correlated with a decrease in MTAI scores. Being placed in an inner city school or a school in a lower socio-economic neighborhood is not significantly correlated with a decrease in MTAI scores.     

Science and Values in Undergraduate Education

Science & Education - While a conception of science as value free has been dominant since Max Weber defended it in the nineteenth century, recent years have witnessed an emerging consensus that...     

高中物理教学中学生情感、态度与价值观的培养

情感、态度与价值观是物理新课程标准的三维目标之一,它关注教育过程中对学生的动机、兴趣、情感、意志、性格、科学态度、科学素养等因素的培养。在具体的教学实践中,可通过创设教学情境、提供典型习题、利用物理实验、开展实践活动、引入物理学史、关注现代科技等途径,促成学生上述目标的实现;情感、态度与价值观不能孤立于知识与技能、过程与方法之外而单独培养,只有将这三维目标整合起来,才能达至目标的实现。