一个原始的兰科新属进兰属(Tangtsinia)及其在系统发育上的意义

   Tangtsinia* S. C. Chen, a monotypic genus, is discovered in southeastern Szechuanin China.  It possesses a rather ordinary monocotyledonous habit, namely with a shortrhizome, non-thickend annual stem with scattered, spiral-arranged leaves and a terminalinflorescence.  Its habit somewhat similar to that of some very  primitive  genera,  viz.Apostasia, Tropidia, Cephalanthera and Selenipedilum, is  of much  morphological andphylogenetic interest.     The primitive and significant floral features consist chiefly in the erect, hardly twistedflower with nearly regular perianth and a unilocular ovary, in the column composed ofa terminal stigma and five small projections, in an erect anther with four naked pollinia,and in the absence of the rostellum.  Of special interest is the occurrence of five smallprojections in the upper part of the column, and this is, however, a unique instance inthe family, including the Apostasieae.  Among the five projections three are larger andopposite to the petals respectively.  Of these the two lateral ones bear a strong resem-blance in texture to the two auricles in the Orchideae and some members of the Limo-dorinae, which P. Vermeulen considered not as staminodia, but as appendages of thesingle fertile stamen as usually seen in Allium.  In the case of Tangtsinia, there exists thethird projection which, being situated in the front of the column and thus opposite to themedian petal  (lip), shows no difference both in appearance and texture from the othertwo.  These three projections are at equal distance  around  the  terminal  stigma.   Inview of these facts they can be no other organ than staminodia, representing the threestamens of the inner whorl. And the other two smaller projections are also staminodiawhich together with the single fertile stamen represent the outer whorl of three stamens.Now it is safe to say that the two auricles existing in Cephalanthera, Epipactis and theOrchideae are, in fact, also staminodia, representing the two lateral stamens of the in-ner whorl.  In consequence, there is fairly good reason to believe that the column inOrchidaceae has developed from the union of six stamens and a central style, and thisis in agreement with the conclusion drawn by Swamy from vascular anatomy of orchidflowers.  Furthermore it is also an interesting fact that the pollen grains in this genus,like those of Cephalanthera, Pogonia (sensu stricto), Aphyllorchis and some species ofthe Vanillinae, are single, while in the vast majority of the Orchidoideae they are unitedinto tetrads.  This feature, as well as the texture of pollen grains, is of considerablesignificance in the classification and phylogeny of Orchidaceae.     On the basis of its morphological characters mentioned above, the present genus isevidently one of the most primitive types in the  subfamily  Orchidoideae.   It bears astrong resemblance both in habit and floral features to Cephalanthera, especially C. falcata(Thunb.) Bl. The relationship between these two genera is apparently much closer to eachother than to any of other existing primitive orchids.  In addition, the similarity in someof significant floral characters between Tangtsinia and the saprophytic Aphyllorchis, especi-ally in the nearly regular perianth and a subterminal stigma  of  A. simplex  Tang  etWang, indicates their close relationship.  It is  quite possible  that  Cephalanthera  andAphyllorchis are derived from Tangtsinia or Tangtsinia-like  ancestor.  Thus, Tangtsiniais here placed as the most primitive genus in the  Limodorinae.  Furthermore  this  newgenus likewise shows more or less close affinity to Neottia, probably through N. gaudis-sarti Hand.-Mzt., in which the flowers consist of nearly regular perianth and a veryprimitive column with a terminal stigma and without the rostellum.  On the other hand,in comparing Tangtsinia with the Apostasieae, there occurs also some similarity, but acloser investigation of their ovaries, perianthes, stigmas and some other features indicatesthat there is little evidence of close or direct relationship  between these  two  taxa, al-though both are the ancestral types in this large family. The probable relationships be-tween Tangtsinia and its allies may be diagrammed as follows:     With regard to the pollination, Tangiorchis is found to be self-pollinated. In the greatmajority of cases, its flowers do not open at all, and none of which has been seen to bevisited by any insects.  It is interesting to note that in almost all nearly faded flowersexamined by the writer the bases of the pollinia together with the base of the anther havebecome attached to the stigma of the same flower,  and  thus  self-pollination has takenplace.  This type of pollination might be comparable with that of Cephalanthera dama-sonia Druce.     Finally the writer should say something about its geographical distribution. This mo-notypic genus is confined to Gin-fu-shan (Mt. Gin-fu) and its adjacent region in Nan-chuan District of southeastern Szechuan, where it occurs at scattered points within an areaof no more than 250 square km. at an altitude between 700-2100 m. In view of its mor-phology, pollination and geographical distribution, Tangtsinia might be an ancestral relic ofthe family Orchidaceae and would give a possible clue as to the origin of this complicatedfamily.     

鸟巢兰属与无喙兰属的蕊柱式样及其在系统发育和分类上的意义

  The column is the most characteristic part of an orchid flower.  It is consideredto be formed by the union of stamens with a central style and stigma.  In the Apo-stasieae, for example, the column is rather primitive in the stamens and style onlypartially united, whereas in the majority of higher orchids it becomes more advancedthrough a eomplete union of them into a single organ.  Within the family, indeed,the column structure is greatly diversified and of great taxonomic significance.  It is interesting to note that a great range of diversity of column structure isbund in Neottia (sensu lato), a small but widespread genus consisting of 14 species,about two thirds of which, however, are of local occurance and seem to be little knownto many botanists.  In some speeies of this genus we find a very primitive columnstructure which is quite unique in the family, while in the others it is much morecomplicated.  In all, five types of their column structure can be distinguished as fol-  lows: (1) column rather longer; anther erect with a short filament attached to theback of the column near the apex; stigma terminal; neither clinandrium nor rostel-lure; (f. 2, 4)  (2) as the preceding, 'except for the stigma more or less curved fore-ward and filament longer; (f. 6, 8)  (3) column rather longer with a clinandrium atits summit, upon which a sessile and incumbent anther sits; rostellum large, hori-zontally projecting out over the concave stigma situated in the front of the column;(f. 10, 13, 15, 17)  (4) as the preceding, except, for the anther and rostellum almosterect, and the stigma more or less bilabiate; (f. 19,21)  (5) column very short; an-ther and rostellum erect; stigma lamellate, erect; reflexed and almost clasping therostellum. (f.,2g) In these .five types, with the exception of the first one in which thelabellum (the median petal) is very similar to the lateral: petals, they all possesszygomorphic perianth with labellum bilobed or entire which is quite different from thetwo lateral petals.      Here, we see a great change in the column structure from one form with stamenand style not fully united to another form  in  which  they  have been well fused.Speaking strictly, these are two sorts of entirely  different column structure. Theformer one, represented by (1) and (2) as stated above, is, in fact, an incomplete ors very primitive column in having a terminal stigma and an erect stamen with itsfree filament attached to the back of the column; and the absence of clinandriumand rostellum.  Furthermore, there exists on the back of the column a thick ridgewith its upper end joined to the filament, with which it is of the same texture andappearance.  In Neottia pantlingii (=Arohineottia pantlingii) the free filament iseven rather longer than the ridge, (f. 6) while in the other three species (f. 2, 4, 8)they are shorter.  It is in my opinion the lower part of the filament adnate to thecompound style or column.  This is another fact of interest perhaps not occuring inany other living orchids.  On the other hand, the latter one, represented by (3), (4)and (5), is a more advanced column structure, in which a higher level of specialisa-tion with well-developed clinandrium and rostellum is reached.  The stigma becomesshallow depressed on the anterior side of the column, or sometimes in the form of so-mewhat a bilabiate lip projecting out before or under the long rostellum.  This isapparently a complete column both in structure and function quite different fromthe former and, contrarily, much like that of Listera.      Basing upon the facts just mentioned, we may subdivided Neottia (sensu lato)into two distinct genera, with two and three sections respectively.  They are as fol-lows:      1. Archineottia S. C. Chen, gen. nov.      (1)  Sect. Archineottia            1) A. gaudissartii (Hand.-Mzt.) S. C. Chen, comb. nov. (China)            2) A. microglottis (Duthie) S. C. Chen, comb. nov. (India)       (2)  Sect. Furciila S. C. Chen, sect. nov.            3) A. pantlingii (W. W. Smith) S. C. Chen, comb. nov. (Sikkim)            4) A. smithiana (Schltr.) S. C. Chen, comb. nov. (China)      2. Neottia Guett.       (1)  Sect.   Listeroides   S.C. Chen, sect. nov.            1) N. listeroides (L.) Rchb. f. (China, Sikkim, Kashmir)             2) N. camtschatea (L.) Rchb. f, (China, Soviet Union)            3) N. megalochila S. C. Chen, nom. nov. (China)            4) N. inayatii (I)uthie) Schltr. (Pakistan, Kashmir)            5) N. tenii Schltr; (China)      (2)  Sect. Neottia            6) N. papilligera Schltr. (Chinas: Japan, Korea, Soviet Union, Sikkim)            7) N. nidus-avis (L.) L. C. Rich. (Europe, Iran, Western Siberia)            8) N. brevilabris Tang et Wang: (China)      (3)  Sect. Hologlossa S. C. Chen, sect. nov.            9) N. acuminata Schltr. (China, Japan, Korea, Soviet Union, Sikkim)     Inperfeetly known species:      10) N. ussuriensis   (Kom. et Nevski) S6o (Soviet Union)     Thus, the subtribe Neottiinae are composed of four genera, namely, Diplandror-chis, Archineottia, Neottia and Listera.  The new genus Archineottia, as one of themost primitive genera in the family, is of great interest from a phylogenetic point ofview.  It shows dose similarity to Diplandrorchis and Neottia in habit, but sharplydistinct from them in column structure.  These genera, as indicated By some authors,also show affinity in some respects with the  subtribe  Limodorinae,  especially  toTangtsinia and Sinorchis, the other two quite primitive genera in the family.  Thereis, indeed, a great need of further study of these interesting or relic genera and this,I think, would go a long way towards solving the problems concerning the origin ofthe Orchidaceae.     

兰科植物区系中一些有意义属的地理分布格局的研究

 本文从兰科植物中一些属于中国-喜马拉雅植物亚区和中国-日本植物亚区典型分布属(或亚属的地理分布格局的研究,提出此两个植物亚区在我国四川省境内是以峨眉山和岷江为其分界,及这条线的走向是从南坪(九寨沟),松潘(黄龙寺)、茂汶、灌县(光光山)、宝兴、二郎山(天全以西)、峨眉山、石棉、西昌、德昌、米易至攀枝花市。     

凤仙花属种子形态及其在分类学上的意义

本文首次记载了对分布于峨眉山的凤仙花属Impatiens 12种植物的种子表面显微结构的观察,并分析了种子表面形态在该属种水平上的分类价值及可能的系统学意义。种皮表层细胞特化、排列方式、隆起状态、种脊上近合点端的突起、种子末端附属物的有无及其形态等性状被视为凤仙花属种子表面的主要特征。依据这些性状12种凤仙花种子形态分为两种类型：1．种子表面光滑,无明显大、小细胞分化。如白花凤仙I．wilsoni可能具3沟花粉凤仙花的种子形态的特点。2．表面粗糙,有明显大、小细胞的分化及不同程度的细胞隆起,并呈现出多种特异形态．这代表了以一年生草本,4沟花粉为特点的凤仙花种子形态特征。种子特征与植物体习性、花形态及花粉形态相关,在一定程度上反映了属内类群的分化,因而在凤仙花科、属的分类和系统研究中是不可忽视的性状。     

徐氏蕨属——中国云南早泥盆世陆地植物的一个新属

  A new psilophytic plant, Hsüa robusta, is found in the Xujiachong Formation (Emsian) of the Lower Devonian from the Qüjing (= Kütsing) district of Yunnan, China.  This plant is tentatively referred to the Cooksoniaceae of Rhyniales.      Hsüa gen. nov.      Type species: Hsüa robusta (Li et Cai) C. S. Li.      Diagnosis:  Plants erect and then creeping. Main axes dividing pseudomonopodial-ly and bearing dichotomous lateral branches which somewhat differentiate into vegeta,tire and fertile ones, with dichotomous root-like and rhizophore-like appendages.  Spo-rangia terminal, round to reniform or wide reniform, dehiscing along distal margin intotwo equal halves.  Spores homosporous, trilete.  Stomata anomocytic.  Protostele cen-trarch.      Hsüia robusta (Li et Cai) C. S. Li, comb. nov.      Cooksonia zhanyiensis Li et Cai, Acta Geologica Sinica, 52 (1) 1978, p. 10, pl. II,fig. 6.——Taeniocrada robusta Li et Cai,ib. p. 10, pl. II, fig. 7—14.      Diagnosis:  Characters same as in generic diagnosis. Main axes 6—10 mm wide andat least 24 cm long, with vascular strands 1.2—2.4 mm acr  oss.  Fertile branches 3—4times equally or unequally dichotomous, 10—1.5 mm in width and up to 11 cm in length,possessing a vascular bundle of 0.5 mm in its greatest diameter.  Branches circinatelycoiled in apical regions.  Axial tubercles, root-like and rhizophore— like appendages aris-ing from the main axes usually anterior to the lateral branches. Axial tubercle roundwith a diameter of 2.2—2.4 mm, having a vascular bundle about l mm across.  Root-like branches 3 times bifurcate, 1—0.3 mm wide and up to 1.5 cm long, with a vascularbundle about 0.1 mm across.  Rhizophore-like appendages forked, 3—1.7 mm in width,possessing a vascular bundle of 0.7 mm in its greatest diameter. Root-like protuberancessometimes arising from rhilzophore-like branches.   Epidermal cells of axes generallyelongate, measuring 60—290μby 25—60 μ.  Stomata mainly fusiform, 90—110 μ longand 50—60μ wide, consisting of a pair of guard cells enclosing a pore 6—15μ  in lengthand 1—3μ  in width.  Cuticle of guard cells quite thick.  Stomatal density about 5 permm2.  Sporangia 0.8—4.2 mm high, 1.0—8.2 mm across, usually having a dehiscent distalborder which measures 50—100μ broad.  Demarcation between sporangium and its stalkquite clear.  Epidermal cells of basal part of sporangial walls elongate, about 100 μ longand 30μ wide, but those of distal part isodiametrally polygonal, about 50μ in diame-ter.  Stomata, radially arranged scattering over sporangial walls, generally round about50μ in diameter and 50 per sporangium.  Spores round, 18—36μ (average 27μ) indiameter, and smooth.  Tracheids of protoxylem about 10μ across; those of metaxylemabout 30μ across, with scalariform thickening.     This plant is similar to Renalia hueberi Gensel in general morphology, but differsfrom the latter in possessing root-like and rhizophore-like branches.     The generic name is derived from Prof.  Hsü Jen.     This paper is a thesis for M. Sc.     

鼠尾草属植物的二萜醌类化合物和它在分类上的意义

  本文用不同的化学方法分析研究了唇形科(Labiatae)鼠尾草属(Salvia)79种植物根的二萜醌类化合物,其中38种植物含该类化合物。经查阅文献并联系它们的外部形态(具能育雄蕊2,并呈丁字形等)、根部的组织构造和地理分布的特点,我们初步认为：鼠尾草属(Salvia)从野芝麻亚科(Lamioideae)中分出,成立鼠尾草亚科(salviodeae)比较合适：二萜醌类化合物可以反映鼠尾草属植物的亲缘关系,并能作为种的化学分类特征;有些种需在组、系的归属上作适当的调整。     

栝楼属花粉形态研究及其在分类学上的意义

 本文收集了国内外栝楼属Trichosanthes 31种1变种,在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,进行了花粉粒形态的比较观察。该属花粉粒为3孔沟型,外壁表面纹饰可分为四个类型,即：疣状或皱波状(小苞组),粗网状(大苞组),细网状或光滑(叶苞组),近光滑或皱波状(王瓜组)。这四个类型的划分与植物形态分类基本一致,可作为分组及分种的依据之一。花粉特征支持将叶苞组分为叶苞亚组和柔毛亚组,如叶苞亚组有明显的沟,而柔毛亚组没有。     

我国曼陀罗属的花粉形态及其在分类上的意义

本文收集了国内曼陀罗属(Datura L.)  11个不同的生态型,在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,进行了花粉粒形态的比较观察。该属花粉粒均为球形或稍扁,具3孔沟型。花粉粒外壁表面的纹饰可作为分属、分组、分种的依据之一。可分为三个类型,与植物形态分类基本一 致,即：具皱波-细网状纹饰(曼陀罗组); 具网状条纹或条纹,条脊表面有细颗粒或粗糙(洋金花组); 具条纹,条脊表面有蚕体状环纹及细颗粒(木本曼陀罗组)。种以下的变种或栽培变种,花粉粒的形态特征不足以作为分类的依据。     

一个原始的苔类的目——藻苔目在中国的发现

 1961, a Japanese specimen of liverworts was named as Takakia lepidozioides byHattori and Inoue and they treated it to establish a new order Takakiales.  1963, “Le-pidozia ceratophylla” was determined by Grolle as the second  species  of Takakia.Hitherto, they were found in Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Sikkim, Aleutian Island and theQueen Charlotte Islands separately.  1980, 1982, Wang Mei-zhi collected Takakia lepi-dozioides in the forest ground of Abies delavaya in Bomi and Zayii, Xizang. Accordingto it's features, it is apparet that Takakialens is the most primitive one in liverworts,perhaps it could be treated as a kind of “living fossil”.     

茶藨子属植物的花粉形态及其在分类学上的意义

本文采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对茶藨子属Ribes L. 植物19种、2变种的花粉形态进行了观察。根据本属植物的花粉,在内萌发孔周围有一外萌发孔,有别于广义的虎耳草科Saxifragaceae(s．lato各类群的特点,结合本属其它形态特征,作者支持将茶藨子属独立为科的意见。从观察材料看,可将其归之为4个花粉类型：即醋栗型(Grossularia-type)、茶藨子型(Ribes-type)、拟醋栗型(Grossu- larioidestype)和单性花茶藨子型(Berisia-type),这正好与分类学家根据形态划分的4个亚属相吻合,而且它们之间存在着密切的联系,是一个不可分割的自然群。据此,作者认为过去划分的亚属是合理的,醋栗类群不独立成属,似更自然。